CSEC Additional Mathematics Formulas
Uploaded by
jodellemulrainCSEC Additional Mathematics Formulas
Uploaded by
jodellemulrainCommon questions
Powered by AIThe probability of the union of two events A and B is determined using the formula P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B). This accounts for the overlap (intersection) of the two events being subtracted, avoiding double-counting .
The chain rule in calculus is used to differentiate composite functions. It states that if a function y = f(g(x)) is a composition of f and g, then its derivative is f'(g(x)) * g'(x). For example, if f(x) = (2x + 3)², then using the chain rule, the derivative f'(x) is 2(2x + 3) * 2 = 4(2x + 3).
To find the area of a triangle when two sides and the included angle are given, you would apply the formula Area = (1/2)ab sinC, where a and b are the lengths of the sides, and C is the included angle .
The sum to infinity of a geometric progression exists when the absolute value of the common ratio r is less than 1, i.e., |r| < 1. When this condition is satisfied, the sum to infinity is calculated using S∞ = a / (1 - r), where a is the first term .
The laws of indices are used to simplify expressions by allowing the manipulation of exponents. For multiplication, a^m * a^n = a^(m+n), so you add the exponents. For division, a^m / a^n = a^(m-n), so you subtract the exponents. These rules help simplify expressions like 2^3 * 2^4 = 2^(3+4) = 2^7 and 2^7 / 2^3 = 2^(7-3) = 2^4 .
To solve calculus problems involving trigonometric functions, differentiation uses formulas such as d/dx sinx = cosx, d/dx cosx = -sinx, and d/dx tanx = sec²x. Integration uses formulas like ∫ sinx dx = -cosx + C and ∫ cosx dx = sinx + C. These techniques allow precise calculation of rates of change and accumulation involving trigonometric expressions .
To determine the gradient of a straight line segment between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), you use the formula m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1). The midpoint M of the line segment is found using the formula M = ((x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2).
The difference of squares is applied in factorization using the formula a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b), meaning any expression of this form can be factored into two binomials. For example, the expression 9x² - 16 can be factored as (3x - 4)(3x + 4).
For a 2x2 matrix A = [a b; c d], the determinant is calculated as |A| = ad - bc. If the determinant is non-zero, the inverse A⁻¹ can be found using the formula A⁻¹ = (1/det(A)) * [d -b; -c a]. This approach ensures the matrix transformations can be correctly reversed .
An arithmetic progression (AP) is identified by a sequence in which each term after the first is produced by adding a constant difference to the preceding term. The nth term of an AP is calculated using an = a + (n - 1)d, and the sum of the first n terms is given by Sn = (n/2) [2a + (n - 1)d], where a is the first term and d is the common difference .