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Chemistry of Natural Products Exam Questions

The document contains a series of questions related to the Chemistry of Natural Products for a Master of Science course, focusing on various topics such as the structure of compounds, biological functions, and medicinal uses of natural substances. It includes short answer questions, multiple choice questions, and fill-in-the-blank questions. The questions cover a wide range of subjects, including hormones, vitamins, lipids, and specific chemical reactions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views28 pages

Chemistry of Natural Products Exam Questions

The document contains a series of questions related to the Chemistry of Natural Products for a Master of Science course, focusing on various topics such as the structure of compounds, biological functions, and medicinal uses of natural substances. It includes short answer questions, multiple choice questions, and fill-in-the-blank questions. The questions cover a wide range of subjects, including hormones, vitamins, lipids, and specific chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

abakoleyla8
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Course Name:- Master of Science

Subject Code:- 81566

Subject Name:- [Link]. Part No - 2(Sem-4) CBCS - Chemistry of Natural


Products

Questions for question number 1.

Shorts answers questions/Multiple choice/Fill in the blanks/ one sentence


answers/one word answers.

Note: Please consider only integer number for number of questions.

1). Write the structure of the starting materials used in the synthesis of riboflavin.

2) Enlist any two adrenocortical hormones.

3) Calculate the double bond equivalent in camphor.

4) Enlist any two biological functions/applications of prostaglandins.

5) Reserpine on hydrolysis gives ---------------.

6) Oestrone contains ------------ chiral centers.

7) Santonin on distillation with Zn dust gives -----------, -----------and ------------- as the products.

9)

10)

11)
12)

13)

14) State the uses of Reserpine in medicine.

15) What are primary and secondary metabolites?

16) What are Vitamins and provitamins?

17)

18)

19) How will you confirm α-Santonin is γ-Lactone?

20.)

21.)
22.) What is isopyrene rule?

23) Draw the structure of aldosterone?

24).

25.

26.)

27) What are fatty acids?

28) Write the structure of Cholesterol.

29) Write the structure of methyl morphol.

30) Define the term vitamins.

31) State any two medicinal uses of morphine?

32) Give any two functions of Vit-B6


33) Zingiberene ?

34.)

35.)

36) What are Vitamins and pro-vitamins?

37) Give any two physiological functions of progesterone.

38.)

39) What are sex hormones?

40) What are lipids? Give one examples.

41)

42) Define the term biosynthesis?

43.)
44. ) What are the major five classes of lipids?

45). Identify class of reaction involved in following transformation.

OAc
O OAc
CN
O
H O
?
H
O H H
O H H
O
O

a) Elimination b) Substitution c) Addition d) Addition followed by Elimination

46). Which of the following can be used as a precursor for synthesis of sex hormones?

a) Androsterone b) Cartisone

c) Aldosterone d) Diosgenin

47). Which of the following hormone can be synthesized from Diosgenin ?

a) Androsterone b) Cartisone

c) Aldosterone d) Progesterone

48). Which of the following is not recognized as sex hormone?

a) Testosterone b) Cartisone

c) Estrone d) Progesterone

49). Which of the following best describes hormones?


a) Hormones are relatively unstable and work only in the area adjacent to the gland that
produced them.

b) Hormones are stable, long-lasting chemicals released from glands.

c) All hormones are lipid-soluble.

d) Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the environment.

50.) The biosynthetic precursor for the steroids is ____________.

a) secologanin b) shikimic acid

c) mevalonic acid d) α-ketoglutaric acid

51.) Identify the name reaction by which following transformation can be carried out.

HO
HO

Triton B
+ OH
OH

O
O
O

a) Michael addition b) Aldol condensation

c) Robinson annulations d) Dickmann condensation

52.) The most important compound in the synthesis of cortical hormones is__________.

a) Sarette’s ketone b) Aldosterone acetate

c) Cortisone d) Cortisone acetate

53.) Correct order of reagents in following transformation is ..........

H ? H

H H H H

O O

a) OsO4, MsCl : Pyridine, t-BuOK b) t-BuOK, MsCl : Pyridine, OsO4

c) MsCl : Pyridine OsO4 , t-BuOK d) OsO 4, t-BuOK, MsCl : Pyridine


54.) Identify the proper sequence of reagents and name reaction involved in following
transformation.

O
COOMe

?
COOMe

AcO HO

a) t-BuOK, Aldol condensation, HCl b) t-BuOK, Knoevenagel condensation, HCl

c) t-BuOK, Robinson Annulation, HCl d) t-BuOK, Dieckmann condensation, HCl

55.) Bile acid can synthesise from________.

a) Cholesterol b) Amino acids c)Bilirubin d) Protein

56.) What is mol. Formula of reserpine?

a. C33H42O8N2 b. C33H40O8N2 c. C33H40O9N2 d. C33H41O8N2.

57.) The natural source of reserpine is …………….

a. Rauwolfia serpentina b. Cucumis sativa c. Lantena camera d. Argemona


Mexicana
58.) How many chiral carbons are present in reserpine?

a. Five b. Six c. Seven d. Eight.

59.) Methyl resrpate on alkaline hydrolysis gives………………

a. Reserpic acid + 3,4,5 tri-methoxy benzoic acid


b. Reserpic acid + Methanol
c. Reserpic acid + Benzoic acid \
d. None of these.

60.) Reserpine on reduction with LiAlH4 produses…………….

a. Reserpine diol + Benzyl alcohol


b. Reserpine diol + Trimethoxy benzyl alcohol
c. Reserpine diol + Trimethyl benzyl alcohol
d. None of these.

61.) α-yohimbine on KOH fusion gives………………..

a. Tetrahydro harmine
b. Iso-phthalic acid
c. Oxalic acid
d. Both b and c.

62.) Reserpic acid on treatment with ------------ gives γ lactone.

a. LTA b. Ac2O c. PPA d. I2


63.) Reserpine on reaction with Hg(OAc2) produces……………

a. 3-hydroreserpine
b. 3-dehydroisoreserpine
c. Collidine
d. No reaction.

64.) How many methoxy groups present in deserpidine?


a. Five b. four c. Three d. None of these.

65.) Codenine on oxidation with CrO3 forms……………..

a. Morpholine b. Reserpic acid c. Tnebeinine d. Codeinone

66.) What is product of reduction of Codeine with H 2 and Pt?

a. Tetrahydro codeine b. Dihydrocodeine c. Codeinone d. None of these.

67.) Codeine on reaction with CH3I produces…………….


a. Codeine Methiodide b. α-codeimethnine c. Morphenol d.
dihydrocodeine.

68.) Morphine produces…………………..on reacting with Conc. HCl.

a. Dihydro Morphine b. dihydroapomorphine c. Apomorphine d. Morphenol


69.) Thebaine on treatment with concentrated HCl gives…………..

a. Thebainine b. Morphine c. apomorphine d. none of these.

70.) How many moles of CH3I requires to quaternize codeine?

a. Four b. Two c. Three d. One.

71.) Which color is formed when codeine treated with FeCl 3?

a. Violet b. Red c. Blue d. None of these.


72.) Morphine on reaction with Me2 SO 4 produces…………..

a. Dimethyl codeine b. codeine c. Thebaine d. None of these.

73.) Which one of the example belongs from terpenoids class?

a. Abietic acid b. Morphine c. Ascorbic acid d. Cholesterol.

74.) What is molecular formula of isoprene unit?


a. C12H24 b. C5H8 c. C10H12 d. C6H6

75.) How many –COOH groups are present in Abietic acid?

a. Two b. Three c. Four d. One

76.) Which type of diene system present in Abietic acid?

a. Homoannular diene system b. Heteroannular diene system c. Both a and b d.


None of these.

77.) How many double bonds are present in Abietic acid?

a. Two b. Three c. Four d. One

78.) What type of carboxylic group present in Abietic acid?

a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary


79.) What is mol. Formula of camphor?

a. C10H16O b. C5H8 c. C10H12O d. C6H6

80.) How will you confirm α-Santonin is γ-Lactone?

a. IR sepctra b. Mass spectra c. Both a and b d. None of these

81.) Camphor on oxidation with HNO3 gives…………….

a. Tetrahydroxy Abietic acid b. Camphoric acid c. Fatty acid d. Biotin.

82.) Camphor on treatment with NH2OH gives……………

a. Ketone b. Aldehyde c. Carboxylic acid d. Oxime.

83.) β-Cuparenone on oxidation with HNO 3 gives…

a. Benzene 1,4-dicarboxylic acid b Benzene 1,3-dicarboxylic acid c. Benzene 1,2-


dicarboxylic acid d. 1,4-dicarboxylic acid.

84.) Which one of the following is poly-terpenoids?

a. Abietic acid b. Zingiberene c. Cholesterol d. Rubber.

85.) How isoprene units are attached in terpenoids shown by Sci. Ingold?

a. Head to Head b. Head to Tail c. Tail to Head d. Tail to Tail.

86.) Abietic acid on dehydrogenation with Se and charcoal gives……….

a. Retene b. 1-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene c. Both a and b d. All of these

87.) Abietic acid has……………λmax (π--- π*)


a. 214 nm b. 190 nm c. 239 nm d. 320 nm
88.) Zingiberene on reduction with Hydrogen and Pt in acetic acid
produces………….
a. Tetrahydro zingiberene b. Dihydro-zigiberene

c. Hexahydro zingiberene d. None of these.

89.) Sat. formula of zingiberene is C15H 30. So it is …………..

a. Bicyclic in nature.

b. Tricyclic in nature

c. Both a and b

d. Monocyclic in nature.

90.) What type of diene system is present in zingiberene?

a. Homoannular.

b. Heteroannular

c. Acyclic

d. All of these.

91.) Santonin on treatment with red phosphorous and HI gives…………..

a. d-santonous acid .

b. dl-santonous acid

c. Santinic acid

d. Both a and b.

92.) Abietic acid evolves ………….gas when warm with H 2SO4.

a. CO2 b. CO c. H2 d. CH4

93.). Camphor is ……………….

a. Bicyclic in nature.

b. Tricyclic in nature

c. Acyclic in nature
d. Monocyclic in nature.

94.) Camphor on oxidation gives compound A. A has mol. Formula C 10H16 O4.

Where A is a ……………

a. Monocarboxylic acid.

b. Dicarboxylic acid

c. Tricarboxylic acid.

d. Tetracarboxylic acid

95.) Which is true in case of vitamin biotin?

a. It is a monocaroxylic acid b. It is a optically active compound c. It contains N


and S d. All of these
96.) Which side chain is present in Vit. H or Biotin?

a. n-propyl side chain b. 1-methyl-butane c. n-butyl side chain d. δ-valeric acid


side chain
97.) What is hydrolysis product of biotin with barium hydroxide?

a. Di-amino carboxylic acid b. butyric acid c. δ-valeric acid side chain d.


Adipic acid
98.) Riboflavin on acetylation forms tetra-acetyl derivative, which confirms…… ..

a. Riboflavin contains two double bonds b. It posses four hydroxyl groups c. It


is bi-cyclic in nature d. None of these.
99.) Riboflavin on oxidation with lead tetra acetate gives…….. ……..

a. Carboxylic acid. b. One mole of acetone c. One mole of formaldehyde


d. None of these.
100.) Vit. D deficiency causes……………….disorders.
a. Night Blindness b. Rickets c. Beriberi d. None of these.

101.) Which one of the following ring is present in structure of Vit. B6?

a. Thiophene b. Furan c. Pyrole d. Pyridine


102.) What are the sources of Vit. C?

a. Lemon b. Citrus fruits c. Orange Fruits d. All of these


103.) How many nitrogen atoms are present in lactoflavin?
a. Two b. Three c. Four d. One
104.) Vit. B2 on treatment with acetone forms di-acetone acetate. What this
observation indicates?
a. Presence of glycol linkage b. Presence of alcoholic hydroxyl groups c.
Both a and b d. All of these.

105.) What is one of the main functions of PGE2?

a. Gastric acid secretion b. Uterus contraction c. Inhibit platelet d. All of these.

106.) What is one of the main functions of PGF2?

a. Gastric acid secretion b. Uterus contraction c. Urinary bladder contraction d.


Both b and c.

107.) From which prostaglandins are synthesized in the cell?


a. arachidinic acid b. valeric acid c. Uric acid d. None of these.

108.) . Lipids are made from………

a. Fatty acids b. Uric acid c. Fatty acids and glycerol d. Glycerol.

109.) Which of the following belongs from the lipids?

a. Triglycerides b. Uric acid c. Cholesterol d. Both a and c

110.) Biotin is composed of ………….

a. Ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.

b. δ-valeric acid side chain

c. Both a and b

d. All of these.

111.) Vitamin H is a………

a. Dicaroxylic acid. b. Monocarboxylic acid

c. Hydrocarbon d. Tertiary Carboxylic acid.

Long answer Questions and Short Notes. (For question no. 2


to 7)
1. Outline the steps involved in the conversion of

2.

3.

4. How will you establish the following?

i) Nature and position of ethanamine side chain in morphine

ii) Position of hydroxyl group and ethereal linkage in morphine

iii) Stereochemistry of reserpine at C15 and C20.

5. What are prostaglandins? How they are classified? Describe Corey’s approach for the synthesis

of PGE2.

6. Outline the synthesis of Biotin.

7. Establish the structure of camphor on the basis of analytical evidences.

8. How will you prove position of two double bonds in Abietic acid?

9. Discuss the biosynthesis of lanosterol.

10. Outline biogenesis of coniine.

11. Synthesis of α-santonin.

12. Classifications and functions of lipids.

13. Biological functions of Vitamin D and E.

14. Discuss the synthesis of reserpine investigated by Woodward.


15. Discuss the biogenesis of terpenoids taking suitable examples.

16. Nature and position of the double bond in the structure of cholesterol

17. Stereochemistry of morphine at C5 and C6

18. Structure of Vitamin B6 on the basis of synthetic evidence

19. Give the analytical evidence for the structure of Vitamin E

21. How is the structure of abietic acid established?

22. Give the synthetic ingredients for the structure of Cuparenone.

23.

24. Give evidence for the nature of sulfur in Biotin.

25. Abietic acid shows a Maxima at 238 nm (E 16,000) in [Link].

26. Discuss the various steps involved in identification of important structural features of
Morphine (Stereochemical details are not expected).

27. Predict the product and justify your answer.

28. Interpret the observations of the following reactions in order to establish the structure of
the camphor.
29. Outline anyone synthesis of riboflavin.

30. Give analytical evidences to establish the position of two double bonds in Zingiberene.

31. Discuss in brief chemistry of prostaglandins with special reference to their origin,
classification and biological functions.

32. Progesterone from Ergosterol.

33. Barbier Wieland degradation.

34. Cis-fusion rings in biotin.

35. Total synthesis of Santonin.

36. Discuss the synthesis of morphine investigated by Gates.

37. How is the structure of santonin established?

38. Discuss the various approach for the synthesis of PGF2.

39. Diel’s hydrocarbon

40. Synthesis of vitamin-B1.

41. Point out the steps involved in the synthesis of progesterone from cholesterol.

42. How will you establish structure of carvone on the basis of analytical evidences?

43. How will you prove the structure of Camphoric acid?

44. How will you confirm the following?

i) Configuration of ephedrine.

ii) Stereochemistry of morphine of C 14


iii) Stereochemistry of Reserpine at C 3.

45. What are Vitamins? Give functions of it in brief and discuss the analytical evidences in

support of structure of Vit. B1.


46. Give an account on physiological functions of prostaglandins.

47. How will you establish the position of two rings and functional nature in biotin? .

48. Point out the synthesis of cholesterol.

49. Outline the synthesis of Sarett ketone using appropriate reaction sequences as well as reagents

50. Discuss the classifications of lipids.

51. Write a note on biogenesis of prostaglandins.

52. Highlights the role of lipids in physiology.

53. Write a note on classification of terpenoids based on number of isoprene units.

54. Elaborate the biosynthesis of the morphine.

55. How will synthesize lysergic acid?

56. Explain in detail the structure of the papaverine.

57. Point out the total synthesis of papaverine.

58. Write a note on structure of lysergic acid.

59. Explain the biosynthesis of reserpine.

60. Discuss the synthesis of camphor, camphoric acid and camphoronic acid.

61. Comment on the biogenesis of the Abietic acid.

62. Establish the structure of carvone.

63. How will synthesize carvone?

64. Write a note on occurrence and nomenclature of steroids.

65. Discuss the basic skeleton of the steroids.


SF – 347
Seat Total No. of Pages : 3
No.

[Link]. (Part - II) (Semester - IV) (CBCS) Examination,


November - 2019
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Paper - XV)
Chemistry of Natural Products
Sub. Code : 61432
Day and Date : Thursday, 21 - 11 - 2019 Total Marks : 80
Time : 03.00 p.m. to 06.00 p.m.
Instructions : 1) Attempt in all five questions.
2) Q.1 is compulsory.
3) All questions carry equal marks.
4) Answer to the all questions (Section - I and II) should writtren in the
same answer book.
5) Figures to the right indicate marks.
6) Attempt at least two questions from Section - I and any two questions
from Section - II.

Q1) Answer the following (One mark each) : [16]

a) State the isoprene rule.

b) Which steroid is useful in treatment of asthma?

c) How will you prove presence of gamma lactone in santonin?

d) State the common amino acids involved in biogenesis of alkaloids.

e) Give any two functions of corticosteroids.

f) How many and what type of methyl groups present in Abietic acid?

g) Write the name and structure of the product when morphine is treated
with Zn-dust.

h) Write the structure of shikimic acid.

i) What is oxidation product of codeine?

P.T.O.
SF – 347
j) How many chiral centre’s present in naturally occurring oestrogen
molecule?

k) Define the term biosynthesis.

l) Give any two important functions of Vit. B1.

m) Give the name of any one ‘Hemlock Alkaloid’.

n) Name any two adreno-cortical hormones.

o) How many stereoisomers are present in ephedrine?

p) Enlist the functions of Vit. H.

SECTION - I

Q2) Suggest suitable routes, reagents and steps for the following conversions.
(Any two) : [16]
a) Diosgenin --------------- → Progesterone
b) Cholesterol --------------- → Testosterone
c) Sarett’s ketone --------------- → Aldosterone

Q3) How will you establish the following?


a) Nature and position of double bond in the structure of cholesterol. [6]
b) Structure of Vit. B6 on the basis of synthetic evidence. [6]
c) The presence of angular methyl group at C10 in Abietic acid. [4]

Q4) How will you prove the following in morphine.


a) Stereochemistry of morphine at C5 and C6. [8]
b) Phenantherene nucleus. [4]
c) Structure of camphoronic acid on the basis of synthetic evidence. [4]

-2-
SF – 347
SECTION - II

Q5) a) How would you establish the structure of santonin on the basis analytical
evidences. [12]
b) Presence of heteroannular diene system in Abietic acid. Explain. [4]

Q6) Discuss the synthesis of reserpine investigated by Woodward. [16]

Q7) Write short notes on following (Any Two) : [16]


a) Classification of prostaglandins.
b) Biosynthesis of cholesterol from squalene.
c) Synthesis of zingiberene.

ïïï

-3-
SR - 159
Seat Total No. of Pages : 2
No.

[Link]. (Part - II) (Semester - IV) Examination, November - 2018


ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Paper - XV) (CBCS)
Chemistry of Natural Products
Sub. Code : 61432
Day and Date : Wednesday, 28 - 11 - 2018 Total Marks : 80
Time : 02.30 p.m. to 05.30 p.m.
Instructions : 1) Attempt in all five questions.
2) Q. 1 is compulsory.
3) All questions carry equal marks.
4) Answer to the all questions (Section-l AND II) should written in the
same answer book.
5) Figures to the right indicate marks.
6) Attempt at least two questions from Section-I and any two questions
from Section-II.
Q1) Answer the following. (One mark each) : [16]
a) What is biogenesis and biosynthesis?
b) Give the stereoisomers of ephedrine.
c) What are vitamins? How they will differ from hormones.
d) Draw the structure of Testosterone.
e) State the important biological functions of Aldosterone.
f) Write the structure of cholesterol.
g) Enlist the functions of Vit. B1.
h) Identify the chiral centres in biotin.
i) _______ steroids are used in treatment of asthma.
j) Oestrone conatins _______chiral centres.
k) How will confirm bicyclic nature of caryophyllene.
l) Write the structure of Vit. H
m) (C5H8 )n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Distructive
distillation
→ ?
O3
n) β − Cuperanenone ⎯⎯ → ?
o) Give the name of any one 'Hemlock Alkaloid'.
p) State any two medicinal uses of morphine.

P.T.O.
SR - 159
SECTION - I
Q2) a) Highlights the classification of vitamins. Discuss the structure of riboflavin
on the basis of analytical evidences. [10]
b) Explain biosynthesis cholesterol from squalene. [6]

Q3) a) How will you prove the following in morphine. [10]


i) Phenantherene nucleus
ii) Cyclic tertiary nature of Nitrogen.
iii) Relation of C5-oxygen to C6 hydrogen in morphine.
b) Explain the stereochemistry of reserpine at C16 and C18. [6]

Q4) a) Give an outline of various analytical evidences to establish the structure


of caryophyllene. [12]
b) Abietic acid shows absorption at 238 nm in Ultra Violet spectroscopy.
Explain. [4]
SECTION - II
Q5) a) What are hormones? Explain the key steps in conversion of diosgenin
into progesterone. [10]
b) How will you convert Sarett's ketone to Aldosterone? [6]

Q6) Outline the following conversion with appropriate reagents and steps involved
in it.
a) Cholesterol ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ → Testosterone.
⎯⎯ [8]

b) ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ → Santonin.
⎯⎯ [8]

Q7) Write short notes on following (Any Four) : [16]


a) Stereochemistry of reserpine at C16, C17 and C18 positions.
b) Classification and Physiological Functions of prostaglandins.
c) Barbier-Wieland degradation.
d) Synthesis of zingiberene.
e) Configuration of ephedrine.

-2-
SD - 203
Seat Total No. of Pages : 3
No.

[Link]. (Part-II) (Semester-IV) (CBCS) Examination, April - 2019


ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chemistry of Natural Products (Paper-XV)
Sub. Code: 61432
Day and Date : Monday, 08 - 04 - 2019 Total Marks : 80
Time :11.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m.
Instructions : 1) Attempt in all five questions.
2) Question no. one is compulsory.
3) All questions carry equal marks.
4) Answer to the all questions (Section-I And II) must be written in the
same answer book.
5) Figure to the right indicate marks.
6) Attempt at least two questions from Section-I and any two questions
from Section-II.

Q1) Answer the following. (One mark each) [16]

a) How will you prove that santonin contains lactone ring?

b) What is physiological action of (-) ephedrine?

c) What are disadvantages of morphine as an analgesic drug?

d) Write the structure of heroin.

e) Provide the structure of ergocalciferol.

f) State the structure of cholesterol with its stereochemistry.

g) Give any two examples of steroid hormones.

h) State any two important functions of vitamin E.

i) Which precursors used in biogenesis of indole alkaloids?

j) What do you mean by sesquiterpenoids?

P.T.O.
SD - 203
k) Abieticacid 
Warm
H 2SO 4
?

l) Santonin 
[O]
KMnO4
?

m) Morphine 
[Link]
?

n) Reserpic acid 


KOH
Fusion
?

o) Draw the structure of Aldosterone.


p) What are sex hormones?

SECTION-I
Q2) a) Discuss the structure of (-) ephedrine on the basis of analytical evidences.
[8]
b) How would you establish the 'Trans' relationship between C5 oxygen to
C6 hydrogen in morphine? [8]

Q3) a) Discuss the total synthesis of progesterone with its desired stereochemistry
and comment on its physiological role in human body. [16]

Q4) a) Illustrate the structure of zingiberene on the basis of analytical evidences.


[12]
b) Illustrate the functional nature of nitrogen in reserpine. [4]
SECTION-II
Q5) a) Outline the biogenetic route of the tyrosine. [10]
b) How would you establish the nature sulfur in biotin? [6]

Q6) a) Point out the steps involved in the synthesis of abietic acid reported by
Sci. Storck. [10]
b) What are sex hormones? How diosgenin is converted into estrone?.[6]

-2-
SD - 203
Q7) Write short notes on following. (Any Two) [16]

a) Synthesis of vitamin E.

b) Clinical importance of prostaglandins.

c) Biosynthesis of Conin.



-3-

Common questions

Powered by AI

The arrangement of isoprene units is significant because it determines the structural diversity and biological functions of terpenoids. Isoprene units are typically linked in a 'head-to-tail' manner, which affects the molecular shape and properties of terpenoids. This specific linkage influences the three-dimensional conformation and steric interactions within the molecule, which in turn impacts how it interacts with biological receptors or enzymes, explaining the vast range of functions exhibited by terpenoids .

The molecular formula of terpenoids provides crucial insights into their classification and function. For instance, abietic acid, C20H30O2, consists of isoprene units that define it as a diterpenoid. This structure underpins its function as a resin acid influencing plant defense mechanisms. The conjugated diene system implied by its formula contributes to its chemical reactivity and UV absorption characteristics, facilitating its identification and industrial application as a varnish component .

The synthesis and reduction of codeine involve distinct chemical transformations. The synthesis often entails methylation or acetylation of morphine, introducing functional groups to enhance analgesic efficacy. In contrast, reduction processes like hydrogenation reduce double bonds or carbonyl groups, typically affecting the morphinan skeleton to produce compounds like dihydrocodeine. Both processes alter codeine's pharmacological properties by modifying the secondary interaction potentials crucial for receptor binding .

Analytical techniques such as IR and mass spectrometry confirm the presence of γ-lactone in α-santonin. IR spectroscopy provides characteristic absorption bands around 1730 cm^-1 indicative of a lactone carbonyl group. Mass spectrometry further corroborates this by showing fragmentation patterns consistent with lactone ring systems. The combination of these techniques offers a definitive structural elucidation, crucial for verifying synthetic routes or natural product extractions .

The stereochemistry at C16 and C18 in reserpine plays a critical role in its binding affinity and selectivity towards biological targets, influencing its pharmacological activity. The three-dimensional orientation can alter receptor binding, modulating the therapeutic efficacy and side effects. Reserpine's interaction with adrenergic receptors depends greatly on the specific spatial arrangement of these atoms, thus impacting its use as an antipsychotic and antihypertensive agent .

The structure of cholesterol, characterized by its four-ring backbone, influences its biosynthesis from squalene through enzymatic cyclization and isomerization processes. This pathway highlights the interplay between molecular structure and biological function, as subtle alterations in the ring structure can affect cholesterol's role in membrane fluidity and hormone synthesis. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing interventions in lipid disorders and cardiovascular diseases .

A compound is classified as a lipid based on hydrophobicity, solubility in organic solvents, and structural features. Cholesterol exemplifies this classification, possessing a long hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophobic ring system which makes it insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. Its amphipathic nature allows cholesterol to integrate into lipid bilayers, influencing membrane dynamics and contributing to its regulatory roles in cellular signaling and function .

Analytical evidence is crucial in establishing the structure of morphine. Techniques such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography provide details of the phenantherene nucleus, confirming the cyclic and planar arrangement of the rings. The cyclic tertiary nature of nitrogen in morphine is deduced from its reactivity with specific reagents, and the 'trans' relationship between oxygen at C5 and hydrogen at C6 is derived from stereochemical analysis. Each analytical method contributes to a comprehensive understanding of morphine's molecular architecture, supporting its synthesis and reaction pathways .

UV spectroscopy helps identify the position and conjugation of double bonds in abietic acid. The absorption maximum (λmax) at 238 nm provides evidence for the presence of a conjugated diene system, confirming the double bond position. Such spectral analysis is pivotal for understanding its electronic transitions, informing both the chemical properties and reactivity associated with abietic acid .

Corey’s synthesis of PGE2 revolutionized its pharmaceutical production by providing a more efficient and stereoselective route to this critical prostaglandin. It enabled large-scale synthesis, which is essential for the drug's application in inducing labor, managing gastric ulcers, and controlling intraocular pressure. The method's precision in constructing the intricate prostaglandin structure influences the metabolic and receptor interactions, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects .

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