RESPIRATION
• Respiration is the process by which our body takes in oxygen
and releases carbon dioxide. It occurs in two main stages:
[Link] Respiration: The exchange of gases between the lungs and
the environment. Oxygen is inhaled, and carbon dioxide is exhaled.
[Link] Respiration: The transfer of oxygen from the blood to the
cells and the removal of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular
activity.
• Respiration is essential for energy production in our cells and
maintaining overall body function.
ROLE OF RESPIRATION
• Oxygen Supply: Essential for cellular
energy production.
• Carbon Dioxide Removal: Prevents a
dangerous build up of CO2, which is
acidic and can disrupt body PH.
• Energy Production: Cellular
respiration provides energy for all
body functions, from muscle
movement to brain activity.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
1 Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to
inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
2 Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls
are damaged due to which respiratory surface is
decreased. One of the major causes of this is cigarette
smoking.
3 Occupational Respiratory Disorders In certain industries,
especially those involving grinding or stone-breaking, so
much dust is produced that the defence mechanism of the
body cannot fully cope with the situation. Long exposure
can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis
(proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious
lung damage. Workers in such industries should wear
protective masks
The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, includes
the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It is responsible for transporting
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
1. Heart: The central pump that drives blood through the vessels. It has
four chambers—two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower
chambers).
2. Blood Vessels:
1. Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body
(except pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to
the lungs).
2. Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except
pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs).
3. Capillaries: Small, thin vessels where oxygen, nutrients, and waste
products are exchanged between blood and tissues.
3. Blood: The fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. It
consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
[Link] Circulation:
1. Blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta
(the largest artery), distributing oxygenated
blood to the body.
[Link] the blood delivers oxygen and nutrients, it
returns deoxygenated blood through the venae
cavae (the large veins) to the right atrium of the
heart.
Pulmonary Circulation:
1. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is
pumped into the pulmonary arteries, which
carry it to the lungs.
[Link] the lungs, blood exchanges carbon dioxide for
oxygen, and the oxygenated blood returns to the
left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary veins.
The Role of Circulation
• Oxygen and Nutrient Transport It ensures that oxygen and nutrients reach cells for
energy production and proper functioning.
• Waste Removal It carries waste products like carbon dioxide away from cells to be
exhaled or excreted.
• Hormone Transport It helps distribute hormones, which regulate various bodily
functions.
• Temperature Regulation Blood flow helps regulate body temperature by transferring
heat through the body.
High Blood Pressure Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
(Hypertension) Coronary Artery Disease, often
blood pressure consistently exceeds referred to as atherosclerosis,
120/80 mm Hg, with readings of affects the vessels that supply
140/90 mm Hg or higher blood to the heart muscle. It is
indicating high blood pressure. It caused by deposits of calcium, fat,
can lead to heart disease and cholesterol and fibrous tissues,
damage vital organs like the brain which makes the lumen of arteries
and kidneys. narrower.
Angina Heart failure
chest pain caused by insufficient occurs when the heart cannot pump blood
oxygen reaching the heart muscle. effectively to meet the body's needs. Often
It can affect both men and women called congestive heart failure, it is
of any age but is more common in characterized by lung congestion. It is
middle-aged and elderly different from cardiac arrest (when the
individuals. It occurs due to heart stops) and a heart attack (when the
conditions that reduce blood flow heart muscle is damaged by reduced
to the heart. blood flow).