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WEEK 7 | METAPHYSICS

WEEK 7

METAPHYSICS

KHAYMA BALAKRISHNAN

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Explain the relationship between man

and nature in the context of ancient
cosmology and current ecology

• Explain beliefs and the relationship

between man and God in the context
of theology, beliefs, and spirituality

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LESSON CONTENT

1. What is Metaphysics
2. Metaphysics: Philosophical Perspectives
3. Metaphysics: Religious & Supernatural
Perspectives
4. Metaphysical Theories
5. Theory of Existence: Materialism
6. Theory of Existence: Idealism
7. Divinity in Metaphysics

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WHAT IS METAPHYSICS

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WHAT DOES METAPHYSICS MEAN

Metaphysics is
Physics is hence defined
Meta is defined as : as something
It’s a
Meta + defined as: matter or that goes
combination of
Physics above and nature that is beyond
two words
beyond material or physical
physical boundaries or
limitations

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FIRST ORDER THINKING VS SECOND ORDER THINKING

First-order thinking is fast and easy. It happens when we look for something that only
solves the immediate problem without considering the consequences. For example, you
can think of this as I’m hungry so let’s eat a chocolate bar.

Second-order thinking is more deliberate. It is thinking in terms of interactions and time,

understanding that despite our intentions our interventions often cause harm. Second
order thinkers ask themselves the question “And then what?” This means thinking about
the consequences of repeatedly eating a chocolate bar when you are hungry and using
that to inform your decision. If you do this you’re more likely to eat something healthy.

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THE STUDY OF METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics study is free

Second Order refers to:
to criticize scientific
Second order thinking is knowledge, NOT from the
Metaphysical study is a
First Order refers to the a. If science is an at object
the process of tracing content or theories
physical realm, or physical level
second order study realities.
down and unraveling the perspective, BUT from the
implications of those first limitation of science as
b. The philosophy of
order impacts. well as science’s
science will be at a meta –
relationship with other
level ( a higher level)
fields of knowledge

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TWO MAIN CONCEPTS OF METAPHYSICS

2 MAIN
CONCEPTS OF
METAPHYSICS

RELIGIOUS AND
PHILOSOPHICAL
SUPERNATURAL
CONCEPT
CONCEPT
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METAPHYSICS:
PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVES

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METAPHYSICS : PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Metaphysics is an
abstract and general
study

According to Aristotle It is a study about

in his book objects and
Metaphysica: phenomenon's

It is related to nature

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METAPHYSICS : PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

When we think of materials or objects from the most general perspective, we ask
questions such as:

1. What is the object?

2. What is the material?

We put aside all the specific properties / special characteristic of the object

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METAPHYSICS: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Example: A chair
• A chair has:

a. Color
b. A place in a space
c. Can be hard / soft
d. Has a shape
e. Has its own smell

• Imagine is we take away all these characteristics. What will

remain of that chair?

• Now imagine, we took away all characteristics from all other

objects, what will remain of these objects?

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• What remains ins known as SUBSTANCE

• According to Aristotle, SUBSTANCE is:

a. A composite of matter and form. This will
mean it is a combination of the shape and
mass.
B. Does not have specific qualities

• Metaphysics from a philosophical

perspective will mean studying physical
objects at a general and abstract level.

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METAPHYSICS: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Kicking a ball. The ball

Fire burning paper. There Fire is related to smoke.
hits the goal. There is a
is a cause-and-effect There is a cause-and-effect
cause-and-effect
explanation for this explanation for this
explanation for this
phenomenon phenomenon
phenomenon

In metaphysics, there are specific

phenomenon's that are studied. For
example:
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METAPHYSICS: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

In Metaphysics:
a. We do not observe anything from a specific perspective.
b. We do not observe specific characteristics or perspectives in each phenomenon

However, we ask abstract questions:

a. What is the causal relationship in a phenomenon? What is the cause of something happening?
b. What are the consequences of that action?

What is studied / researched / observed is the relationship between cause and effect from a general
standpoint and not referring to any specific phenomenon.

Metaphysics from a philosophical context is when we observe cause and effect in general. Hence, we see
this physical realm from a metaphysical perspective

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METAPHYSICS: RELIGIOUS &
SUPERNATURAL
PERSPECTIVES

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METAPHYSICS: RELIGIOUS & SUPERNATURAL

PERSPECTIVES
• The meaning of metaphysics that is commonly understood by the general public is:

a. A realm beyond the normal phenomenon

b. A realm beyond our current realities
c. Deals with life after death
d. Is based on the concepts of heaven and hell

• What metaphysics is:

a. Cannot be determined if it exists or not

b. Cannot be determined via our senses ( sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch)
c. Cannot be seen from the perspectives of space and time
d. A phenomenon / concept that cannot be understood or recognized using the
common way
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METAPHYSICS: RELIGIOUS & SUPERNATURAL PERSPECTIVES

Example: Discussions that revolve around:

1. Life after death
2. The existence of God
God cannot be understood from a rational
viewpoint nor an empirical viewpoint

God could be realized through revelations

Through this discussion, we have entered the

metaphysical realm.

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METAPHYSICAL THEORIES

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METAPHYSICAL THEORIES

In metaphysics,
Metaphysics philosophers philosophers are more
are not interested in the interested in studying: Metaphysics is the study
existence of mountains, of the of this universe in
rivers, stones, chairs, etc a. what is the nature of the most abstract or
BECAUSE these exist in existence? general level.
specific shapes. B. What are the things
that exists in the world

What is the meaning of

Existence is considered as
essential existence / the
essential existence.
real existence?

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METAPHYSICAL THEORIES

• Hence, to answer this question, there are 2 theories.

• These two theories tries to answer the question of what truly exists in this universe?

1. Classifying if something is
a. material or physical
b. nonmaterial or nonphysical

2. Categorizing and classifying:

a. types of existence
b. Things that exist in this universe.

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE:
MATERIALISM

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: According to the Materialism

MATERIALISM Theory, only mass or matter exists.

For example: chair, table, mountains,

river, water, stone etc

These are objects with mass /

matter and is known as MATERIALS

It is accepted at existing objects.

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: MATERIALISM

The question that arises will be, what about things / objects that are not material or does
not have material characteristics?

For example:
Ideas in our mind:
1. They are not physical
2. They don’t have matter
3. They don’t have mass

But we do know they exist.

Denying the existence of ideas will mean we are denying our thoughts and discussions

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: MATERIALISM

• The Materialism philosophers answer these questions by stating:

a. Ideas do not have their own realities.

b. Ideas are reliant on something that has matter and mass which is
our brain and thoughts, which are physical.

c. Materialists deny the existence of something that is not material.

d. So, the idea comes from the use of brains, the brain function and
the brain’s mechanism,

e. According to Materialists, the idea is a fruit of the brain’s function.

The brain is characterized as something material.

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: MATERIALISM

• Materialists' answers questions on phenomenon's such as:

a. Believe in ghosts
b. Believe in the supernatural world
c. Believe in angels
d. Believe in souls

• They say that these aren’t realities and do not exist

• It’s part of human’s imagination

• In conclusion, materialists deny anything that has to do with spirituality of any form.

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE:
IDEALISM

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

• According to the Theory of

Idealism, reality is not
material. Reality does not
have to have mass or matter.
• Reality is characterized as
ideas
• The pioneer of the Theory of
Idealism was George Berkely.
• According to him, only the
realm of the mind exists
• The physical realm is not
known directly.
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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

According to George Berkely:

1. If we thought about it deeply, what do

we know about this universe?
2. We will not know the matter that is
beyond this universe directly
3. However, we only have a sensation and
an image of the matter in our mind
4. The reality is not the physical object that
is out there
5. But the sensation that is related or
connected to those objects
6. Sensation is not physical, but mental.

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

• Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher.

• He produced the idea of noumenon – which is the contrast of phenomenon
• What does Noumenon mean?

1. Noumenon cannot be directly identified

2. The reality is not out there
3. Reality is within ourselves
4. It is in the mind that understands the external reality

• This idea opened the space towards spiritual understanding

• It perceived that reality is not physical but nonphysical
• Concepts such as soul, religion and God is accepted in this theory
• Soul is also considered as nonmatter, but something that could be understood through our mind.
• It is connected to something that is characterized as spiritual and does not have any material
characteristics to it.

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

• OXYGEN & WIND - Can these be categorized as Idealism?

MATERIALISM OXYGEN & WIND QUESTIONS

1. What is known as 1. What about oxygen and 1. Does wind and oxygen
materialism? wind? fall under the category of
2. The existence of 2. Both cannot be seen idealism or materialism?
something must have with the naked eye, but 2. If we consider it as part
mass and matter we accept its existence of the idealism theory, it
3. Something that has mass 3. We cannot deny it’s cannot be accepted as
and matter can be seen existence something with mass or
with the naked eye matter

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

Oxygen:
The concept of oxygen is something that scientists have already
accepted as existing
In chemistry, oxygen has properties that interact with other
elements
Oxygen is said to combine with hydrogen to make water
Water contains oxygen. Although we cannot see oxygen, but we
can see water.

The criteria for scientists to say that something is physical is:

can be associated with something

we can perceive with our senses
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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

Although oxygen cannot be seen with the naked eye, it

produces certain effects when chemical interactions occur
involving oxygen.

So, scientists have concluded that: oxygen is physical in

nature even though we can detect its effects through
experiments

If oxygen is removed from the air, fire will not burn. this
is because fire requires oxygen.

If an abstract idea is used to produce something practical

and visible like the concept of oxygen in chemistry, then
scientists have no problem accepting it as physical in
nature

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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

Wind:
We cannot see wind, but we can feel the effects of the wind.
If there is a gust of wind or a strong typhoon, the effect is obvious. Trees can
fall, roofs can be torn off and so on
Although the wind is not visible, but because of its very real effect, we accept it
as existing.
According to scientists, something cannot possibly influence something that is
matter / mass in nature, if it is also not a body in nature.

So if the wind has an effect on a tree or a roof, then it must be physical in

nature.
An idea can make the roof come off. It must be something of a physical nature
that acts on something else of a physical nature
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THEORY OF EXISTENCE: IDEALISM

Wind:

Scientist explains:

Wind has the concept of gas molecules

Gas exists but cannot be seen

Gas consists of:

Molecules

Small particles

Had the effect which could cause pressure

Can fill space

Gas has volume

All this characteristic:

It can be said to be physical in nature. So, whether or not something can be seen with the naked eye,

it is not the yardstick to say whether if something is physical in nature or not.

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS

What is the relationship between Metaphysics and Divinity?

1. According to religious understanding, reality is:

a. Not limited to what counts as matter / mass
b. Can also be something that is not characterized as matter / mass
c. For example, it can be characterized as spiritual
2. For example:

a. The soul in our body

b. The existence of angels
c. The existence of what we cannot see such as jinn etc

All of these are accepted in religion BUT it is NOT CHARACTERIZED as matter / mass

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS

From a spiritual perspective: Reality from the spiritual This is different from the
perspective ALSO includes: perspective of materialists
a. Reality is not limited who deny the idea of a
Mass / Matter & also spiritual reality or an
b. Reality is characterized as spirituality idealistic reality
material and non- material

c. Reality can also be

entirely spiritual in nature

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS

There are five concepts related

to divinity in metaphysics:
Atheism
Agnosticism
Theism
Monotheism
Polytheism
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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS – ATHEISM

An understanding that says that God does not exist. The concept of Atheism is:
• Convinced of the non-existence of God
• That reality is only limited to things that have mass/ matter and an idea
Among the dials of atheism to deny the existence of God are:
• God's existence does not meet the criteria of an existence
• Human senses or machines are not capable of detecting god
• God does not have a body and is considered only an illusion
The existence of God is denied because:
• Misery on earth
• They feel that there is no God who has absolute power and is good
• There is still misery and evil in the world
The problem of emphasis through the morality factor assumes that: the human ability to act well or
otherwise does not require the existence of God and the devil
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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS – ATHEISM

Understanding Atheism
• Reinforced by the argument of Stephen Hawking, a famous philosopher of Physics,
Mathematics, and Cosmology from Cambridge University in his book ‘BRIEF ANSWERS TO THE BIG
QUESTION’ which was published in 2018 which states:
• God is non-existent.
• Nothing created the universe and determined the destiny of man
• Therefore, life after death does not exist. There is no concept of heaven and hell.
• According to Hawking, after death, human turns into ashes and are no longer on earth.

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS – AGNOSTICISM

• Agnostic comes from two Greek words This understanding is of the view that
“A” and “Gnastos”. • Humans does not know if God exist.
• Human’s understanding on God is limited
• “A” means No. • It is caused by limitation or constraints of
human sensory and human thought to know.
• “Gnastos” means know.
Agnosticism does not deny, it just states
• Hence “Agnostic” means Don’t know.
• Human does not have the ability to know if God
exist.

Question of God’s existence is set aside or Keep In

View or not answered directly.
People with Agnosticism understanding does not
have confidence on the existence of God.

They just say that human cannot know for sure what
is the right answer.

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS - THEISM

1. Theistic understanding states that God does exist.
2. This group believes in the existence of God. However, the existence cannot be discovered through:
• The usual ways
• Our five senses
• Rational mind
3. However, they do not deny that,
• God exists
• is part of the of essence of reality of this religion.
4. Theistic also is part of Theology studies. Theology is a study on divinity. Theistic is divided into 2 streams
which is understanding of:
• Monotheism
• Polytheism
5. Theistic understanding states that God exists. However, does not provide details bout the existence.
Monotheism and Polytheism are those details.

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS - MONOTHEISM

• Monotheism is derived from 2 Greek which

is “Mono” and “Theos”. “Mono” means single
while “Theos” refers to God.
• Hence, Monotheism means God exist as one.
• In the understanding of Monotheism, God is
only one, it emphasises on the singularity of
God.
• Examples of religions that practise
Monotheism are Islam and Judaism.

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DIVINITY IN METAPHYSICS – POLYTHEISM

• In the Polytheism
understanding, God does exist,
however it believed that there is
more than one God.
• This group believes that
there are many Gods within the
same religion. They also worship
Gods and Goddesses.
• Example: Taoism

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