Table of Contents

1. Clause & Phrase

a. Noun Clause
b. Adjective Clause
c. Adverb Clause
2. Noun, pronoun, adjective
3. Preposition
4. Gerund vs participle
5. Dangling Modifier
6. Subject-verb agreement
7. Countable & uncountable Noun
8. Subjunctive Mood
9. Causative verb
10. Inversion
11. Sequence of Tense
12. Embedded Question
13. Parallelism
14. Comparison
15. Conditional Sentence
16. Redundancy
17. Run-on sentences
18. Voice
Others
1. Vocab
2. Translation
3. Spelling
4. Proverbs/idioms
5. Comprehension
 Gerund VS Participle
Gerund
• Gerund has no types
• Used as noun
• Gerund can be found in 3 places
• Gerund is stable situation
• For should be used
Subject- Shoplifting is a serious crime
Object- You should practice singing
Object of preposition- He is fond of eating
Complement- Seeing is believing.
Compound noun- Swimming pool is so clean
Participle
• Used as an adjective
• Participle is continuous situation
• Place before noun and after object
Exception, I bought a walking stick (walking stick is the same
thing, cannot be separated, so it is a gerund)
• Present Participle= v1+ing
Past participle = v3
Perfect Participle= having+v3
• Is should be used
Example-
I like his writing. (gerund)
I like his writing pen. (participle)

Flying bird, running bus, smiling face, rising sun (participle)

Reading table, sleeping bed, eating plate, sitting chair (gerund)
 Clause & Phrases
• Preposition attached word won’t be sub or obj
• In term of Group of word, the last word would be sub or obj

The People of our country is/are lazy.

The Color of your eyes is/are blue.

I don’t like your father’s valuable advice. (object)

Finite Verb Clause Marker

• V1 Sub-ordinate
• V2 • All WH
• To be/to have + v3 • That
• To be/to have + (v1+ing) • if
• As/ Since
Non-finite verb • Though/ Although

• Infinitive (to+v1)
• Gerund (V1+ing) Principal
• Participle • And
• Present (v1+ing) • Or
• Past (v3) • But
• Having+v3 • So

Sub- ordinate clause markers are situated before sub ordinate clause and
principal clause makers are situated before principal clause.
Rules
I sentence must have one principal clause
It should be confirmed that every clause should have 1 sub and 1
obj
2 clauses cannot be joined without clause marker.
Question cannot be posed with dependent clause. Question have to
be asked in principle clause.
Example- Do I know what your name is?
He is absent because of his illness
Going to market with my father I met Halima.
Types of dependent clause
Noun clause
Adjective clause
Adverbial clause
Noun clause
When a clause act as a noun then it is called noun clause.
Position of noun clause
Before verb as a subject
Ex- What he said was not correct.
Where she lives is known to all.
After verb as on object
Ex- I know where she lives.
As an object of preposition
Ex- I know nothing about what she wants.
As an appositive
Ex- The news that my mom coming is known to all.
(both have same meaning and omission of one doesn’t change
meaning. Both can be used interchangeably)
Adjective clause
When a clause act as an adjective and give additional information about
a noun or pronoun then it’s called adjective clause.
Rupa who lives in Jessore is my friend
I was born in Dinajpur which is an old town
The news that he is dead is not true
The news which he told me is not true
Reduced adjective clause
1. Relative pronoun and auxiliary verb will be removed.
2. V1+ing if active voice
3. V3 if passive voice
Ex- The women who is waving to us is the tour guide.
The letter which was written last week arriver today.

Adverbial Clause
question the verb where, when, why, how, how much
Adverbial Clause Marker: though, although, after, before, as, unless, if,
so that, while, when, till, until, as much as etc.
NB- If the clause marker has any antecedent then it is adjective clause

Though she was fit, she was not qualified

The video is better than the previous video was
I will go to the place where you want me to go
 Subjunctive Mood
Subject+ Specific word+ that+ v1
Modal verb cannot be used
Do not / does not / did not is no applicable. Directly not + verb
should be used
Be verb (am is are was were) directly will be used as BE
Subjunctive Word
Propose Command Suggest Advice
Insist Move Require Ask
Demand Urge Request Prefer
Stipulate Doubt Regret Wish
 Noun
Foreign Plural
Singular Plural Singular Plural
[Link] Appendices 9. Datum Data
[Link] Agenda 10. Phenomena
Phenomeno
n
[Link] Crises [Link] Bases
[Link] Formulae/Formula [Link] Theses
s
[Link] Memoranda [Link] Analyses
m
[Link] Vertices [Link] Bordeaux/Bureau
s
[Link] Oases [Link] Foci
[Link] Media [Link] Syllabi/syllabuses

NB- um> a, is>es, us>i

Fundamental differences between countable and uncountable noun
Article+ countable noun, but no article+ uncountable noun
He has a pen.
I don’t like sugar.
Numerical word+ countable noun, but no numerical word+
uncountable noun.
I have five cows.
News has been telecasted.
Countable noun can be plural, uncountable noun cannot be plural.
I have two pens.
I need furniture.
 Countable noun+ singular/plural verb, but uncountable noun+ must
singular verb.
Boys are playing.
Information has been provided.

Determiner- countable- many/few, uncountable- much/little.

NB-only few/little means negative. A few/A little positive.
Incorrect- Give me little butter
Correct- Give me a little butter.

Some frequent/important uncountable noun

Advice, Courage, Furniture, Equipment, Knowledge, Patience,
Permission, Scenery, Information, Leisure, Music, Money, News,
Accommodation, decision, Soap, Grammar, Vocabulary.

To make any uncountable noun singular/plural

Singular- A piece of Plural- Two/Five pieces of

Nouns with both count and non-count meaning

Count noun Meaning Non-count Meaning
An Agreement A contract Agreement Same opinion
The activity of trade
A Business A company Business
and commerce
An artistic
A work/works Work Employment
creation
A Paper Document Paper Material
The absence of
A Light A lamp Light
darkness
Count and non-count noun with similar meaning
Count noun Non-count Count Non-count
A climate Weather Journey Travel
A laugh Laughter A snowflake Snow
A job Work A machine Machinery
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Example= Incorrect- Bangladesh has a good weather.

Correct- Bangladesh has good weather.
Correct- Bangladesh has a good climate.

Pronoun
Pronoun should be in subjective form after BE verb
Ex- this is she who is talkative.
After preposition/let/infinitive/gerund/participle, pronoun will be
in objective form
Ex- Police is looking for him.
Let me do the work.
NB- but if there is a new clause after preposition, then subject form
will be used. Ex- We left after she had called.
In term of 3 personal pronoun 213, in erm of guilty 123.
Ex- You, he and I have passed.
I, you and he are guilty.
Subject compare subject. Object compare object.
Ex- He is better than I.
She worries about you more than me.
Who/whoever/whom/whomever
Who sub, whom object
Who/whom definite, will have antecedent. Whoever/whomever
indefinite, don’t have any antecedent.
Ex- I know a boy who/whom is talented.
He is the boy who/whom I like.
I know the boy who/whom I think is very talented. (who)
He is the person who/whom I think can help you. (who)
Exercises
I know a boy (who/whom) is talented
I know the boy (who/whom) I think is very talented
He is the boy (who/whom) I like
He is the person (who/whom) I think can help you
None but (he/him) saw (I/me) leaving the place
Choose (who/whom/whoever/whomever) you are confident can do
the work
He interviewed several candidates ___ had the experience and
qualification the position required
a) Who he thought?
b) Whom he thought
c) Of whom he thought
d) He thought who
It was (I/me) (who/whom) he wants to see
I had two eggs for breakfast and __ of them was fresh
a) Neither b) Either c) Both
 Adjective/Adverb
Adjective sits before nouns, after linking verb.
Adverb is used to modify the verb, adjective, participles, another
adverb.
Adverb will follow the sequence MPT. Manner, place, time.
Use of enough
Enough sits before noun and after adjective/adverb.
Ex- He is enough talented/talented enough to pass this test
I do not have enough money/money enough for a holiday.

Appositive/Reduced adjective clause shifting error

If the modified word is personal pronoun, then appositive should
be sited before Pronoun. But if noun, then after noun.

Ex- Inc- He, a simple person, needs clear verbal confirmation.

Cor- A simple person, he needs clear verbal confirmation.

Action verb vs linking verb

If the verb can be replaced by be verb then it is linking verb.

The dog smells bad

The dog is bad

The dog smelled the man’s boot

The dog is the man’s boot
 Restrictive/Non-restrictive clause
Modified noun+ comma + relative pronoun = non-restrictive
clause (which will be used)
Modified noun + no comma + relative pronoun = restrictive clause
(That will be used)
Ex- res- Contract terms that are approved by the board are vague.
Non-res- Contract terms, which are approved by the board, are
vague.

Original: Edward Johnson who has been accepted by several

colleges will go to Harvard this fall.
Correct: Edward Johnson, who has been accepted by several
colleges, will go to Harvard this fall.

Original: We are looking for someone who went to Harvard.

Correct: We are looking for someone who went to Harvard.

Original: I see you are wearing the jacket that Mother bought you for
Christmas last year.
Correct: I see you are wearing the jacket that Mother bought you for
Christmas last year.

Original: Mr. Hawkins who is an avid antique car enthusiast bought a

1929 Ford coupe.
Correct: Mr. Hawkins, who is an avid antique car enthusiast, bought
a 1929 Ford coupe.

Original: People who are uncomfortable in crowds shouldn’t go to

the movie theater.
Correct: People who are uncomfortable in crowds shouldn’t go to the
movie theater.
 Dangling Modifier/Illogical participle
Pre modifier+ root word+ dangling modifier
Subject won’t be identified clearly.
If the modifier indicate subject, then subject should be used and
vice versa for object
Structure –
1. present participle +…
Inc- Walking in the park, a snake bit me.
Cor- Walking in the park, I was bitten by a snake.

2. past participle+ ….
Inc- Attacked by an angry mob, the health condition of the
boy was very bad.
Cor- Attacked by an angry mob, the boy’s health condition
was very bad.

3. perfect participle+….
Inc- Having written his composition, it was handed to his
teacher by Antor.
Cor- Having written his composition, Antor handed it to his
teacher.

4. preposition+ v1+ ing+….

Inc- After jumping out of the boat, the shark bit the man
Cor- After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by the
shark. Which one is right?

Walking in the park, a snake bit him.

Walking in the park, he was bitten by a snake.
Walking in the park, bit a snake.
Walking in the park, a snake was bit him.
 I bought a jacket in a west wood shop made of leather.
I bought a jacket made of leather in a west wood shop

They decided after the next meeting to hold a dance

They decided to hold a dance after the next meeting

bivinno adverbs bisesoto only, just, almost, nearly, even, hardly

and merely er bebohare bishessotorko thakte hobe karon eder
placement e bhul hole word e meaning change hoy jay.

I almost ate the whole fish

I ate almost the whole fish

Tag Question
Thank you, ---- don’t I/we----?
Thank them, -- will you/won’t you---?
You, he and I are responsible ---- aren’t we---?
You and he are trying a lot---- aren’t they---?
He read the novel, --- didn’t he----?
For the boys the task was easy, --- wasn’t it----?
The presence of you is certain, ---- isn’t it--?
Everyone is trying, - aren’t they ----?
He’d inform you, ---- wouldn’t he----?
He’d sought you, --- hadn’t he -----?

Redundancy
That was the time when I hit a home run
We have sufficient enough money to buy the house
After Jill had shown Tim how to insert the paper once, she
repeated the operation again
Rita and her sister competed together in the musical talent show
The minister joined the bride and groom together in holy wedlock
My cousins love to play with the two twins from across the street

So/such
Such +a/an+ adj+ noun+ that
Ex- It was so/such a hot day that we couldn’t we couldn’t go
outdoors.
Such +adj +plural noun/uncountable noun+ that
Ex- They are so/such beautiful pictures that everybody will want
one.
So + adj +a/an+ that
Ex- It was so/such hot a day that we couldn’t go outdoors
It is so/such interesting a book that he can’t put it down.

Subject-Verb Agreement
Along with, together with, in addition to, and not, as well as,
accompanied by, but not. After these expressions, verb will follow
the 1st n/p.
Ex- He as well as his two brothers is/are skillful drivers.
Either…or, neither … nor, not only… but also, not… but, … or…|
after these expressions, verb will follow the closest n/p.(plural n/p
2nd a boshbe)
Ex- either he or his two brothers is/are skillful drivers.
If infinitive, gerund, verbal phrase, dependent clause sit as a
subject, then the verb will be singular.
Ex- What they have is/are nothing.
A number of+ plural noun+ plural verb
The number of+ plural noun+ singular verb

A many+ plural noun+ plural verb

Many a+ singular noun+ singular verb
More than one+ singular nouns+ singular verb
More than two/three + plural noun+ plural verb
If a sentence has one positive subject and one negative subject,
then the verb will follow positive subject
Ex- You but not I am/is/are ruining your/my future.

Each of/ either of/ one of/ neither of/ everyone of + noun(plural)+
verb(singular)
Ex- One of my friends is/are not present
Each of the girls was/were told to bring the papers.

After percentage and fraction, if the n/p is singular, verb will be

singular. If the n/p is plural, verb will be plural.
Ex- Sixty percent of the news is/are fake.
Sixty percent of the books is/are old.

After addition, subtraction, multiplication, division the verb will be

singular.
Ex- two plus three is not equal to six.

Antecedent
He is one of the students who is/are honest.
He is the one of the students who is/are honest.
He is the only one of the students who is/are honest.

After collective noun, the verb should be singular. But if the

collective noun indicates to be divided or having different opinion,
then the verb should be plural.
Ex- The team is/are winning the match.
The team is/are divided into two parts.

Measurement+ noun+ singular verb

Ex- Fifty dollars is a huge amount.
 No/ none/ majority of/ plenty of/ half of/ a lot of/all of after these
phrases; if the noun is singular, the verb will be singular. If plural,
the verb will be plural.
Ex- Majority of the people is/are lazy.

Inversion
Only after Not until Not only Seldom
Never again Very seldom Scarcely No sooner
Only once Never before Never Only until
Not Only when Neither Hardly
Barely Only if Until Rarely

Specific word+ auxiliary verb+ subject+…(independent clause)

Ex- Only once have I been to America.

Parallelism
Unnecessary shifts in verb tenses
Incorrect- She bought her ticket and sits in the first row.
Correct- She bought her ticket and sat in the first row.
Unnecessary shifts from active to passive
Incorrect- I play ball well but card is played even better by me.
Correct- I play ball well but I play card even better.
Unnecessary shifts in person
Incorrect- One should drive slowly and you should keep your eyes
on the road.
Correct- One should drive slowly and keep one’s eyes on the
road.
Correct- You should drive slowly and keep your eyes on the
road.

Gerund, infinitive