Basic Design Concepts
The main object of reinforced concrete design is:
to achieve safe and economical sol to structure or part
structure.
The design problem consists of the following steps:
Idealization of structure for analysis
Estimation of loadings.
Analysis of idealized structural model
Design of structural elements
Detailed structural drawings and bar
schedule.
Design Philosophies (Methods)
Structural design should be performed to satisfy
three criteria:
Strength:-integrity and safety of the structure
under extreme load conditions; withstand
occasional overloads without severe distress and
damage during its lifetime.
Serviceability:-the proper functioning of the
structure under service load conditions.
Economy concerns the overall material and labor
costs required in all processes of the structure.
Design Philo Con’t
To achieve safe and economic structures, three
philosophies of design had been adopted by codes
of practices.
These are:
Working Stress Design (WSD) or Elastic
Design Method)
Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method, and
Limit State Design (LSD) Method.
Design Philo Con’t
1 Working Stress Design (WSD) method:
It is based on the assumption that concrete is
elastic, steel & concrete together act
elastically. Obey Hooke’s law.
The allowable stresses of materials
= material strengths
factor of safety.
Safety factors for load is not considered.
WSD Method Con’t
The elastic theory assumes a linear variation of
strain & stress from zero at NA to a maximum at
the extreme fibers.
The main drawbacks of WSD method are as
follows:
Concrete is not elastic material.
There is no way to account for uncertainty of
loadings.
Beside these drawbacks, the method does not
ensure consistence safety of structure and also
provide uneconomical section.
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method
It is based on ultimate load theory;
In ultimate load theory, it is assumed that the
section of member of structure failed
plastically when the maximum compressive
strain of concrete reaches the ultimate
compressive strain of concrete.
The desired ultimate loads are obtained by
increasing sufficiently the service loadings
using specified factors.
USD Method Con’t
Structures designed by USD method require
less reinforcement than those designed by the
WSD method.
The main draw backs of USD method are as
follows:
No way to account the uncertainty in
material strengths variation.
There is complete disregard for control
against excessive deflections.
3. Limit State Design Method
It has developed from USD method in
order to apply service load and ultimate
load conditions.
Thelimit state of structure is the
condition of its being unfit for use.
Thatis, it will not reach any of the
specified limit state.
LSD Method Con’t
A structure with appropriate degrees of
reliability and withstand safely all
possible combinations of design loads.
It satisfy the serviceability requirements,
such as, limitations on deflection and
cracking.
Able to maintain the required structural
integrity during and after accidents.
LSD Method Con’t
These limit states examined in design are
broadly classified in to two:
These are:
Ultimate strength limit state (Limit
state of collapse), and
Serviceability limit state
LSD Method Con’t
A. Ultimate strength limit state: which deals with
the strength and stability of the structure under
the maximum over load it is expected to carry.
Whole of the structure or part of it should not fail
under any combination of expected design load.
Ultimate strength limit state may include ultimate
limit state for:
flexure - shear - compression -torsion
tension and stability of structure for over-turning
& sliding
LSD Method Con’t
B. Serviceability limit state:-which deals with
conditions such as deflection, cracking of structure
under service loads, durability, excessive vibration,
fire resistance, fatigue, etc.
associated with safety and serviceability
requirements of the structure.
The various criteria required to define the
serviceability or usefulness of any structure can be
described under the following headlines.
- Deflection - Cracking - Vibration
-Durability - Fatigue -Fire resistance
Partial Safety Factors
A. Partial Safety Factors for Materials (m)
The value of partial safety factor for material
strength account for the following parameter:
Deviation of the strength of material
Deviation of the sectional dimensions
Accuracy of the calculation procedure
Risk to life and economic consequences
Hence the design strength of a material is
given by: Table
B. Load safety factors
Characteristic Load: -It is load which has a 95%
probability of not being exceeded during the life of
structure
o The nominal values given by codes may be taken
as characteristic values.
Design loads: - loads that may actually come on a
structure as compared to their characteristic value.
o The design load, Ld = γf. Lk
Where Lk - characteristic load
γf - partial safety factor appropriate to
the nature of loading and LS being considered.
Patterns of Live Load Arrangement for Maximum
Effects
A structure should be analyzed for all possible
arrangement of live loading (including dead load)
which produce the maximum stresses-resultant at
particular point of structure.
Live load arrangement on continuous beam to cause:
a) Max +ve span moment is to load that particular
span and alternate span.
b) Max -ve support moment is to load the adjacent
span of that support and then alternate span.
Load Combination
Design load combinations for Limit state according to EBCS-1, 1995
are given as follow:
i) Ultimate Strength Limit State:
DL & LL → 1.3DL+1.6LL
DL, LL & WL→ 1.3DL+ 1.35(LL+WLi)
DL & WL → 0.9DL+1.3WLi
→ DL+1.6WLi
DL, LL & EQ → 0.75*(1.3DL+1.6LL) +EQi
→ 1.3DL + 1.35(LL + EQi)
DL & EQ → 1.3DL +1.6EQi
ii) Serviceability Limit State:
DL & LL → DL+LL
DL, LL & WL→ DL+0.9(LL+WLi)
DL, LL & EQ →DL +0.9(LL + EQi)
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete