MODULE 4: INTRODUCTION TO CELL STRUCTURE

AND FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify and differentiate the major and subcellular organelles

of plant and animal cell

2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular

organelles of plant and animal cell

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL STRUCTURES

PLASMA MEMBRANE - is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that

separates the internal contents of the cell from its
surrounding.
- aka CELL MEMBRANE or CELLULAR MEMBRANE
- regulates what goes in and out of the cell (that's why it is
also called "SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE")

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum - "rough" due to the RIBOSOMES attached to the

membrane
- for PROTEIN synthesis MITOCHONDRIA - "powerhouse" of the cell
- responsible for making ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - cells'
SMOOTH Endoplasmic Reticulum - "smooth" because there are NO main energy carrying molecule
RIBOSOMES attached to it
ATP - short term stored energy of the cell
- for CARBOHYDRATE, LIPIDS, - produced through the process called CELLULAR RESPIRATION
STEROID HORMONE synthesis
CYTOSKELETON - network of protein fibers that:
CYTOPLASM - entire region between plasma and the nuclear envelope 1. maintain the shape of the cell
cell where organelles appear to be floating
- fluid portion of the cytoplasm 2. secure organelles in specific positions
Cytosol - maintains shape to the cell, hold cell organelles and, carry out metabolic 3. allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell
processes (glycolysis, cell division, protein synthesis, etc.) 4. enable cells within multicellular organisms to move

- are very essential for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

RIBOSOMES - PROTEINS help in the production of enzymes, hormones, antibodies,
MICROFILAMENTS - for cellular movement
- for crawling and pinching during cell division
LYSOSOMES - contains high levels of degrading (digestive/hydrolytic) enzymes for rapid breakdown of pigments, structural components and, surface receptors
CELL WALL - outermost covering of the plant cell
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and, carbohydrates
Digestive/ Hydrolytic - "SUICIDE BAGS" of the cell INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS - made up of CELLULOSE which is a type of carbohydrate
Enzymes * when a cell is about to die- lysosome bursts- release of digestive enzymes- to eat up the GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUS - several strands of fibrous proteis wound together - protects the cell, structural support, gives shape to the cell
dying cell- creates space for new cells - function is pure structural: they bear the tension so that organelles
- named after Camillo Golgi (Italian physician)
stay anchored in place
- destroy pathogens that might enter the cell through phagocytosis or endocytosis - sorting, tagging, packaging and, distribution of lipids and proteins CHLOROPLAST - plant cell organelles that carry out PHOTOSYNTHESIS
destined to leave the cell or for use within the cell - composed of protein TUBULIN - contains CHLOROPHYLL (photsynthetic pigment which
MICROTUBULE gives plants their green color)
- helps the cell resist compresion, provide a track along which vesicles move
PEROXISOMES - carries out enzymes which are involved in oxidation reactions that
through cell
break down fatty acids and amino acids PHOTOSYNTHESIS - series of reactions that use CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER and,
Oxidative Enzymes *pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends during CELL DIVISION
- detoxification of harmful compounds that may enter the body LIGHT ENERGY to make their own food in the form of GLUCOSE
ex. hydrogen peroxide (released from oxidation reactions)
NUCLEUS - "governor" of the cell AUTOTROPHS - ex. Plants
- controls all the activities of every organelle inside the cell - organisms that have the ability
- house the genetic material called DNA (contains instructions for the structure and to make their own food
function of all living organisms)
HETEROTROPHS - ex. Animals
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE - outermost portion of the nucleus that - organisms that must ingest food
separates the nucleus from cytoplam
- phospholipid bilayer VACUOLE - regulates the plant cell's water concentration in constantly
- semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus changing environmental conditions
NUCLEOPLASM
- where we can find the chromatin and the nucleolus
ex. not watering plants for a few days
NUCLEOLUS - region of intensive synthesis of Ribosomal RNA