th of how much it will
=
move
didn't that ?!
i
get
Repeatability :
closeness of agreement btw measurements of the same
thing.
basically repeating the same
exp .
Tolerance max diff . bto the actual value of a
quantity and the value specified for the
(this helps the manufacturer easily create what I want by giving a
range)
Causes and of Errors
Types
data
·
Single-sample
this means when repeat the experiment we
get the same data
-
we .
(uncertanities aren't found
by repetition)
·
Multi-sample data
those values that for the same
are
changing each time experiment.
-
are
*A
know the diff . btw
uncertainty & error !
LAB notes : -
-e
Series
-- > Sam volt.
ohn's law = V =
IR
E
I =
2
,
+
E2
Whestone Bridge I =
Im +
12 F =
12
=> Therefore
In =
Is + Im
Is = Ix
I =
22 +
12
Misuse a wheatstone bides
ymayo
Requirements :
-
record the values of variable resistance
werecord weck
After e
rode of the
the color
Then we cal. the other
Lecture notes
Types of errors
There are random errors which may cause personal
fluctuations
• fixed error you will always get the same reading however,
random error changes from one time to another
Error analysis
• P= EI
• E= 100v I 2V
• I= 10A I 0.2A
&
eps:
7 Oiled
.
up the Dead weight tester set .
2
. Put the weight platform onto the set
Bar
Gange is reading O
Added weights
platform (2Kg)
3 to
.
the .
Grage is reading 13
. Bar
4.
Added a second weight (10 N)
Guage is reading 1 9 Bar
.
5
. Added the mird weight [10N)
2 3 . Bar
6 .
started again with an empty weightplatform .
&
All the same steps weights .
Readings :
7
.
Unloading :
-
10 N C
trorm is 13
.
cm in with e
Pr =
ERFR
ER A
Wop
Wer)" -(Apri
=
(con, was t +
Pe =
E APR R APP
0
E -s
-
:
= =
, ,
Wom :
WeR)" (= Wis) ( =
RES -
-
+
wis
von
2006 1))"
(06 (0 00s)) [ 0000165)
(0 .
+ .
+ < 0 .
2
=
20 1 .
Prenomi
C
nal) :
EEs =
= 1818 18 W
.
PR =
1818 18W
.
= 20 18W
.
=
1818 18W .
I 8
=
1818.
18 N I 1 1
.
Cotel
&-
,
Selection of measurement method .
1) p = P =
P(E R) ,
X Wc)
(E WR) We)2
) wi)
= :
wo = +
= +
R =
100 = 1 % = 1on2
=WR
E = 180V = 1 % =
1000 = We
I = 10A 1 1 % =
10 A I
. WI
Up rox))2 +
( = x01)2 = 22. 3
:
-
2
p = 1
; p =
P(E , 1)
up :
TNs)
(w) = T
(SW)
=
+
2
+
Wp =
Mo
(100x0 1) + .
>
- Do cak.
Wp = 14 14 . W Wp = 22 36
.
(p El) =
(p =
-)
Why is Up = 22 36
larger ?
.
the
its bis E is
squared so its
multiplying by itself twice .
Chapter 2
What is pressure ?
o force per unit area
-
same units as stress ; considered a
type of stress as well .
Types !
1- Abs· pressure force per unit fluid.
: area exerted on
containing wall by a
2-
gage pressure : -
the difference btw the als
. E local atm ·
pressure
3-vaccum: the amount by which the atm pressure exceeds the abs pressure
/application
.
-
·
.
Intro-back
~
it
wasor
Cohen made historyf
A 2 p(x) 2
about
= -
gage Theor
+
1
a
f(x) =
eS-2 de
dy = -
24 O = e
-
2
-talk
f f2xd dy bourdono tPlatfor about is
, theedei
=
war
o Leathe
Ily) - =
*
eig I
-
while-UP
I
?
Le O
ex /
ly/ =
pics
2 I Aren
Ce
-
y =
o
act
thatexperiment
Bernoulli's Equation
~
flow within a pipe
in
· a
straight line
!
Inviscid ->
neglecting
viscosity
-
A We have a couple of pressures
Pv2
C Ep + Pgz
=
Pu + K
2
+ Pgzz = const
static
press
.
ad pressure
body
Celevation
tre
Pr)
Come to
Velocity) I can be ignored if the density +
the same !
gravity force are
P + EPV , P2 += Pre 2
2
·
,
=
=
Ptotal
-
/ E
> Static ↑
dynamic =
Ptotal
· Pstat +
Pdy .
=
Ptotal
- ligh
,
-
Venturi Meter btw P
Relation
, & P2 :
me
42)
it i
AP = P, -
P2 =
99(h ,
-
from bernoulli : -
Pdynamise
P1-P2 =
9g(h h) - =
p (v,
2 -
44)
solving for
=
U2 :
v
from the mass conservation :
mi z
-
Ju ,
A
,
I
JUzAz = const
=
Therefore :
ra
=
Volume
flow (QM) rate :
theoretical
V(t) Oth =* VA
A (m2) 9th = VA =
KAz =
A2
* Actual volume flow rate (Qactual) :
Pact .
=A (from water
tank)
-
- -
Dischard coefficient
4 :
Nai ; Coventari = 0 .
98
Bernoulli
equation (Head form)
dividing by the
specific weight
it !
·singh, (mm) U2
Sim
vena
&
catructo
=.--- -
-
-
Cd = 0 .
9-0 98 .
ventori
---
\
Edorific
~0
.
6-6 8
.
Rotameter
Pi P2- = f(bh)
· y
= Nice meter
Kris
&
h e <d Rotter
I
time rot Oth
I
&
of an
-
Plot &actual + Theoretical
-
compare & values against U actual -
Measurement devices
Manometer :
Widely used to measure fluid pressures
AP (P2-P1) is determined
-
When we have the density Im > If
·
then sensitivity is calculated by : -
To
length for accuracy
more
& less
-
clearance .
* Percent error for dead weight
(fAP) # b3
percent error -
MDL
LAB5 -
Pipe friction losses
fp :
the term that accomadetes for the flow
↓ resistance to flow
Resistance force is increased
by
-
length
roughness
-
diameter
velocity
-
flow type
Shape/obstacles
-
fp =
& th =
tr
e >
-
calculating the friction factor
depends on the
type of flow
it's the frictional head loss
(diff . in head) laminar
↓
Turbulent
inertia forces PVD
·
Reynolds = Re >
=
-
viscous forces M
Re < 2300 >
-
laminar I
Re > 2300 >
- Turbulent
Re = 2300 >
- Critical Reynolds no .
Blasins Equation Reynolds Pipe roughness :-
fthe =
A (laminar flow) i E
fine. =
bes (turbulent flow
l Reynolds no .
Darsy eq
.
Re =
Ad
fmeasured
=BRO =
(2gDA e
Moody diagram
i
↑
·
-
God - -0 -------------
0 .
004
&
=
0 .
04
Quiz I (lab)
sources of error
~
(paralax ,
induced resistance hysterisis, ,
bubbles
,
human error
,
residue (dirty gage) , etc ) . >
= Asked to list them
know the procedure for each of the 4 experiments (will be asked to list them)
-
Adv) disad of bourdan other device
-
gage ,
or
any
Application of Bernouli
principle (fd ,
pressure... )
What is the rotameter + its uses !
[short answers]
-