Convolution

MARKERBOARD
4.1

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 I

x[-I] x[0] 1 x[2]

-lIOJ
fr2 TRANSPARENCY
x[0] 4.1
A general discrete-
x[O]8a[n] time signal expressed
as a superposition of
-.- e--.-0- n weighted, delayed unit
-1 0 I2
x[o]8[n]+x(I] 8[n -1] impulses.

X[1] x[1]8[n-1] + x [-I]8[n+ ]+.--

+X kr
-1 0 I 2
=2 x[k]8[n-k]
0-0 -- *- n k= -c
x[-I]8[n+1]

-1 0 I 2

X[-] x [-2]8[n +2]

0--0-0 n
-1 0 1 2
Signals and Systems

TRANSPARENCY
4.2 jj)x[ x[2]
The convolution sum
for linear, time-
invariant discrete-time -1 0 I 2
X10{
systems expressing
the system output as a
weighted sum of -I 0 1 2
x[0]8[n]
-0-0-0-0--
0
m- x[0] h [n]
delayed unit impulse n
responses. x [ 1] h [n-I]
X x[1]8[n+1] 0

x [-I] h [n+1.
0
91T n
x[ 2 ] x[-2]8[n+2]
x [-2] h [n.2]
-1 0 i 2 0
 x[n] =E x[k] S[n-k]
k = -o

TRANSPARENCY
4.3 Linear System:
One interpretation of +0n
the convolution sum
for an LTI system. y [n] =E x[k] hk [n]
Each individual k = - 010
sequence value can be
viewed as triggering a
response; all the 5 [n - k] - h [n]
responses are added
to form the total
output. If Time-invariant:
hk [n] = h [n-k]

LTI: y[n]
+
=E
o0 x[k] h[n - k]I

Convolution Sum
 Convolution
4-5

TRANSPARENCY
4.4
Approximation of a
x(-2A)&a(t+2A)A
continuous-time signal
x(-2A) as a linear
combination of
-2A -A t
weighted, delayed,
rectangular pulses.
[The amplitude of the
fourth graph has been
corrected to read
-A 0 t x(O).]

X (0) BA A
t
I X(0)

0 A t

- xA)
x (A) 86 (t-A)

A 2A t
 A 2A t

x(t) x(o) 6A(t) A + x(A) 6 A(t

TRANSPARENCY
+ x(- A) 6A(t + A)A+... 4.5
As the rectangular
pulses in Trans-
parency 4.4 become
increasingly narrow,
X(t) x(k A) 6,(t - k A) A the representation
approaches an
integral, often referred
to as the sifting
integral.

x(t) = lim 1 x(k A) S(t - k A) A

A+O k=-oc
+W

x(,r) 6(t -,r) d-r

f --00
Signals and Systems
4-6

x(t) = (Eim x(k A) 56(t - kA) A

'L+0 k=-o

TRANSPARENCY
4.6 Linear System: +o
Derivation of the
y(t) = 0 x(kA) hk(t)
A
convolution integral +O k=- o
representation for
continuous-time LTI +00
systems.
=f xT) hT(t) dr

If Time-Invariant:
hkj t) = ho(t - kA)

h,(t) = he (t - r)

+01
LTI: v(t) f x(r) h(t-7) dr-
1 -0

Convolution Integral
 Convolution Integral

x(t)

0 t ti

TRANSPARENCY x (0) h Mt
4.7 x (0)
Interpretation of the
convolution integral as
a superposition of the
responses from each
of the rectangular x(A)
pulses in the
representation of the
input.

x(kA)
oA
kA t
AA
y(t)

0 t
x(t) y(t)

0 t oA
 Convolution
4-7

Convolution Sum:
+0o

x[n] =E x[k] S[n-k]

k= -0ok TRANSPARENCY
4.8
Comparison of the
convolution sum for
discrete-time LTI
y [n] = x [k] h[n-k] =x[n] * h[n] systems and the
k= -o00 convolution integral
for continuous-time
LTI systems.

Convolution Integral:
+00

x(t) =f x(-) 6(t-r) dr

+fd
y(t) = X(r) h(t-,r) dr-= x(t) -*h(t)
y(t) = X(r) h(t-,r) dr-= x(t) -*h(t)

y [n] Z x[k]h [n-k]

x [n]= u [n]
TRANSPARENCY
h[n]=an u[n] 4.9
Evaluation of the
x [n]
convolution sum for
an input that is a unit
step and a system
impulse response that
0 n is a decaying
exponential for n > 0.
h [n]

x [k]

t k

h [n-k]

n k
Signals and Systems

y(t)f x(r)h(t-r)dr

x(t) u (t)
TRANSPARENCY h (t )=e~43 u t)
4.10
Evaluation of the x (t)
convolution integral
for an input that is a
unit step and a system
impulse response that
is a decaying
exponential for t > 0. O t
h (t)

r
x (r)
0

h (t-r)

t T
 t T

MARKERBOARD
4.2
 Convolution

MARKERBOARD
4.3

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E J r) t t