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Thermodynamics: Equations and Solutions

The document presents a series of thermodynamic problems involving calculations of changes in internal energy (ΔU), enthalpy (ΔH), Helmholtz free energy (ΔF), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for various processes, including isothermal compression and changes in surface area. It also discusses the heat capacity of materials under different conditions and the effects of temperature and length on the properties of elastic wires and paramagnetic solids. Solutions to each problem are provided, detailing the numerical results for the respective thermodynamic quantities.

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10 views2 pages

Thermodynamics: Equations and Solutions

The document presents a series of thermodynamic problems involving calculations of changes in internal energy (ΔU), enthalpy (ΔH), Helmholtz free energy (ΔF), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for various processes, including isothermal compression and changes in surface area. It also discusses the heat capacity of materials under different conditions and the effects of temperature and length on the properties of elastic wires and paramagnetic solids. Solutions to each problem are provided, detailing the numerical results for the respective thermodynamic quantities.

Uploaded by

jorgeciruelobalado
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PRACTICAL EQUATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS

39. A cylinder contains 100 g of water at 15 ºC. By means of a piston, the pressure
applied on water is increased isothermally and reversibly from 1 to 100 bar.
Determine U, H, F and G in this process.
Data: =1.5 10-4 K-1, T = 0.47 10-9 Pa-1.
Sol.: -40, 42 J; 949.58 J; 2.35 J; 992.35 J

40. Determine U, H, F and G in the reversible isothermal compression, at 25ºC,
of 0 .9 kg of water from 1 a 100 bar, knowing that in this pressure range
the molar volume, at 25ºC, is given by:

v = 18 – 7.15 10-4 p + 4.6 10-7 p2 (cm3/mol)


and (v/ T)p = 4.5 10-3 + 1.4 10-6 p ( cm3/mol K )
where p is measured in bar.

Sol.: -666.4 J; 8352,1 J; 16,55 J; 9035,1 J

41. The surface tension of a liquid water layer is an exclusive function of temperature:
 = 0.145 − 2. 5 10-4 T (J / m2)
a)- Determine the change in the internal energy of the water layer when, at a constant
temperature of 300 K, its surface area A increases by 100 cm2.
Sol.: 1.45 10-3 J

b)- Assuming constant the heat capacity, CA= 4.25 J/K, calculate the change of the
temperature of the water layer, if the surface area change is isentropic.
Sol.: -1.76 10-4 K

c)- What would have been the change of the internal energy in the isothermal process a)
if the surface tension varied in the form:  = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. (𝑇⁄𝐴)?
Sol.: 0

42. The restoring force of a stretched elastic wire is related to its length and
temperature by the expression F = a T2 (L – L0) where a and L0 are positive
constants (L0 is the length of the unstretched wire). For L=L0, the heat capacity
of the wire, measured at constant length, is CL0= b T, being b a constant. Determine:
a)- The general expression of the heat capacity CL (L,T).
Sol.: CL=bT - aT(L-L0)2

b)- The entropy change of the wire when its length is increased reversibly and
isothermally, from L0 to 3L0/2.
Sol.: S=-aTL02/4
c)- The entropy S(L,T) at any length and temperature, assumed known S(L0,T0).

Sol.: S(L,T)=S(L0, T0)+ b(T-T0)-a(L-L0)2(2T-T0)


d)- The final temperature Tf, when the wire being adiabatically isolated and starting from
the state (Li,Ti), a reversible traction force is exerted until the wire reaches a length Lf .
2
𝑏−𝑎(𝐿𝑓 −𝐿𝑖 )
Sol.: 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖 2
𝑏−2𝑎(𝐿𝑓 −𝐿𝑖 )

43. The heat capacity at a constant magnetic field of a paramagnetic solid that obeys
Curie's law is given by
𝐴 + 0 𝐶𝐻 2
𝐶𝐻 =
𝑇2
where C is the Curie's constant and A is another constant. Determine:

a)- The heat transferred in the isothermal and reversible magnetization of the solid, at
temperature T1, from H0 to H.
 𝐶
Sol. 𝑄 = − 0 (𝐻 2 − 𝐻02 )
2𝑇𝑖

b) The final temperature when, adiabatically and reversibly, the solid is demagnetized
from H to H0.
1
𝐴+0 𝐶𝐻02 2
Sol. 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑖 (𝐴+ 2
)
0 𝐶𝐻

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