CHEMICAL BONDING
1. On the basis of electronic theory,briefly explain the different modes of chemical
combinations between atoms.
2. Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements: Mg, Na, B, O, N, Br.
3. Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions: S and S 2- ; Al and Al3+ ; H and H-
4. Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions: H 2S, SiCl4, BeF2,
HCOOH
5. Define octet rule. Write its significance and limitations.
6. Write the favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond.
7. Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3,ClF3,XeF4,SF6,SF4
8. Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in
water is less than that of ammonia. Discuss.
9. How do you express the bond strength in terms of bond order?
10. Define the following : bond length , bond enthalpy , bond angle
11. Use Lewis symbols to show electron transfer between the following atoms to form
cations and anions: (a) K and S (b) Ca and O (c) Al and N.
12. Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O molecule is bent
while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on the basis of dipole moment.
13. Define dipole moment . Write the significance/applications of dipole moment.
14. Define electronegativity. How does it differ from electron gain enthalpy?
15. Explain with the help of suitable example polar covalent bond and non polar covalent
bond.
16. Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules: LiF, K 2O, N2,
SO2 and ClF3.
17. Draw lewis structure of following and calculate formal charge of each atom : NO 2- ,
CO32- , NO3-
18. Apart from tetrahedral geometry, another possible geometry for CH 4is square planar
with the four H atoms at the corners of the square and the C atom at its centre. Explain
why CH4is not square planar?
19. Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment although the Be-H bonds are
polar.
20. Which out of NH3and NF3has higher dipole moment and why?
21. What is meant by hybridisation of atomic orbitals? Describe the shapes of sp, sp2, sp3
hybrid orbitals.
22. Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the followingreaction.
23. Is there any change in the hybridisation of B and N atoms as a result of the following
reaction? BF3+ NH3 → F3B.NH3
24. Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond between
carbon atoms in C2H4and C2H2molecules.
25. What is the total number of sigma and pi bonds in the following molecules?
(a) C2H2 (b) C2H4
26. Considering x-axis as the internuclear axis which out of the following will notform a
sigma bond and why?
(a) 1s and 1s (b) 1s and 2px(c) 2pyand 2py(d) 1s and 2s.
27. Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules? CH 3-CH3;
(b) CH3-CH=CH2; (c) CH3-CH2-OH; (d) CH3-CHO (e) CH3COOH
28. What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons? Illustrate by giving
one example of each type.
29. Distinguish between a sigma and a pi bond.
30. Explain the formation of H2 molecule and non formation of He2 on the basis of valence
bond theory.
31. Write the important conditions required for the linear combination of atomic orbitals to
form molecular orbitals.
32. Use molecular orbital theory to explain why the Be2molecule does not exist.
33. Why H2O is a liquid while H2S is a gas?
34. Define hydrogen bond. Is it weaker or stronger than the van der Waals forces?
35. Why HF/NH3 has higher boiling point than HCl/PH3?
36. Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5. Why are the axial bonds longer as
compared to equatorial bonds?
37. Making use of the concept of hybridization describe shapes of following molecules:
BeCl2 , BF3 , CH4 , C2H6 , C2H4 , C2H2 , NH3 , H2O
38. What do you mean by inter and intra molecular H-bonding? What are the conditions of
intramolecular H-bonding?
39. Draw molecular orbital diagram of following molecules .Also calculate bond order and
magnetic nature . (i) N2 (ii) O2 (iii) Ne2
40. What is meant by bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals?
41. Sketch the shapes of molecular orbitals formed by the overlap of (i) two s-orbitals (ii)
End on overlap of two p-orbitals (iii) Side on overlap of two p-orbitals
Name the orbitals formed in each case.
42. NH3 is pyramidal while BF3 is triangular planar. Explain.
43. Out of O2 and N2 molecules, which one has greater bond enthalpy and why?
44. Predict which out of the following molecules will have higher dipole moment CS 2 and
OCS.
45. Out of H-H and Cl-Cl bond, which one has higher bond enthalpy and why?