Transformation Rules for Functions
Function Notation Type of Transformation Change to Coordinate Point
f(x) + d Vertical translation up d units (x, y) > (x, y + d)
f(x) -d Vertical translation down d units (x, y) ’ (x, y - d)
f(x + c) Horizontal translation left c units (x, v) > (x - G, y)
f(x - c) Horizontal translation right c units (x, y) ’ (x + c, y)
-f(x) Reflection over x-axis (x, y) ’ (x, -y)
f(-x) Reflection over y-axis (x, y) >-x, v)
Vertical stretch for |a|>1
af(x) (x, y) ’ (x, ay)
Vertical compression for 0 < |a| <1
Horizontal compression for |b| >1
f(bx)
Horizontal stretch for 0 < |b| <1
translation
Transformations of Functions
g(*) = f(x h) + k |horizontally h units,
reflection verticallyk units
g(x) =-f(*) reflected in the x-axis
h(x) = f(-) reflected in the y-axis
dilation
ifc >1 vertical stretch by a factor of c
g(r) = cf(r) if0 <c<1vertical shrink by a factor of c
if0 < k <1horizontal stretch by a factor of 1/k
h(*) = f(kx)
ifk>1horizontal shrink by a factor of 1/k