COMPUTER
AND ITS
COMPONENT
Page 01
INTRODUCTION
A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw
data as input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to
produce the result as output. It renders output just after performing
mathematical and logical operations and can save the output for
future use. It can process numerical as well as non-numerical
calculations. The term "computer" is derived from the Latin word
"computare" which means to calculate.
COMPONENTS
The computer consists of two main categories :-
1. Hardware
2. Software
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) MEMORY (RAM & STORAGE)
A CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary RAM is a common computing acronym that
component of any computer or electronic device. It’s stands for random-access memory. Sometimes
responsible for carrying out the instructions given to it’s called PC memory or just memory. In
it by the user. The CPU acts as the “brain” of the essence, RAM is your computer or laptop’s
computer — it reads and interprets commands from short-term memory. It’s where the data is stored
software programs and uses them to control other that your computer processor needs to run your
components within the machine. applications and open your files.
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS
POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU) MOTHERBOARD
A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is a crucial component in any A motherboard is the main circuit board in a
electronic system, particularly in computers, where it computer system. It connects all of the internal
converts mains AC (Alternating Current) to low-voltage components, like the memory, processor, graphics
regulated DC (Direct Current) power for the internal card and other hardware. It also provides power to
components of the computer. It is essential for providing each component and allows them to communicate
the necessary power to the CPU, motherboard, hard with each other.
drives, and other peripherals.
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS
INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES
Input devices are the parts of the computer that we An output device is any hardware device that is
interact with daily and are used to input data to the used to send data from a computer to another
computers. An input device is a hardware device that device or user. We have many output devices,
transfers data to a computer system and allows us to but the following are the most commonly used
control it. Ex :- keyboard, mouse etc. Output devices : Monitor , Printer , Speaker etc.
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SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) :-
Operating System a type of system software. It basically manages
all the resources of the computer. An operating system acts as an
interface between the software and different parts of the
computer or the computer hardware. The operating system is
designed in such a way that it can manage the overall resources
and operations of the computer.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE :-
The term “application software” refers to software that performs
specific functions for a user. When a user interacts directly with a
piece of software, it is called application software. The sole
purpose of application software is to assist the user in doing
specified tasks. Microsoft Word and Excel, as well as popular web
browsers like Firefox and Google Chrome, are examples of
application software.
Page 06
BASICS OF
CYBER CRIME
AND LAWS
Page 07
INTRODUCTION
TO CYBER CRIME AND
LAWS
Cybercrime refers to illegal activities conducted through digital systems and
networks, such as hacking, identity theft, online fraud, and cyberstalking. As
technology advances, cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in systems and
individuals, causing financial losses, data breaches, and reputational harm. The
growing reliance on digital platforms for communication, commerce, and
storage of sensitive information has made combating cybercrime a global
priority, with attacks becoming increasingly sophisticated and widespread.
To address these threats, governments and international bodies have
implemented laws aimed at preventing cybercrime, prosecuting offenders,
and protecting victims. These laws typically cover unauthorized access, data
breaches, intellectual property theft, and cyberterrorism while promoting
international cooperation to tackle cross-border offenses. A robust legal
framework, combined with technological innovations and public awareness, is
crucial for creating a secure digital environment and ensuring accountability in
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the evolving cyber landscape.
WHAT IS
CYBER CRIME ?
Cybercrime is illegal activity that uses computers, networks, or the internet
to commit crimes. Cybercriminals may use malware, phishing, or identity
theft to steal personal information or gain access to systems.
Types of cybercrime
Identity theft :-
Stealing personal information to make unauthorized transactions or commit fraud .
Phishing :-
Tricking people into sharing sensitive information through fraudulent emails, texts, or
phone calls .
Malware :-
Using malicious software to steal data, damage systems, or disrupt operations .
Cyber espionage :-
Stealing sensitive data or intellectual property to gain an advantage over a competitor or
government .
Cyber terrorism :-
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Using computer systems to disrupt networks or personal computers, or to cause alarm or
panic .
CYBER CRIME
LAWS
Cybercrime laws address the misuse of technology to commit crimes like identity theft,
hacking, and cyber stalking. Cyber laws also protect people's digital information.
Cybercrime laws in India :-
The Information Technology (IT) Act addresses cybercrime offenses like hacking, spoofing, and cyber
stalking.
Section 66D of the IT Act penalizes the possession of tools or software used to commit cybercrime.
Section 66F of the IT Act deals with cyber terrorism offenses.
Cybercrime laws internationally :-
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) in the United States makes it illegal to access a computer
without authorization.
International cooperation between governments and cybersecurity experts helps reduce threats like
ransomware attacks.
Cybercrime examples :-
Identity theft : When someone steals another person's personal information to commit fraud or theft
Phishing : When someone steals personal information through trickery
Ransomware : When someone encrypts a user's personal data and demands ransom to regain access
Cybercrime prevention :- Page 10
Cybercrime laws help protect people's digital information and establish trust in digital transactions.
INTRODUCTION
TO INTERNET,
WWW AND
WEB BROWSER
Page 07
INTRODUCTION
TO INTERNET
The Internet can be defined as a vast network of interconnected computer systems
that allows users to share information and communicate with each other across the
globe.
How the Internet Works
The functioning of the Internet relies on a set of protocols that govern data
transmission and ensure that information can be reliably sent and received. The most
foundational of these protocols is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol), which breaks down data into manageable packets, delivers them to their
destination, and then reassembles them into their original format.
Key Components of the Internet Infrastructure
Servers : These are powerful computers that store and provide access to websites,
applications, and other resources.
Routers : Routers are devices that ensure that information takes the most efficient
path to its destination, preventing bottlenecks and loss of data.
Protocols : Aside from TCP/IP, numerous protocols govern different aspects of the
internet, such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for web pages, FTP (File Transfer
Protocol) for transferring files, and more. These protocols standardize
communications and ensure compatibility across various devices and platforms. Page 08
INTRODUCTION
TO WWW
The WWW allows users to navigate the vast digital space seamlessly, primarily through the use
of web browsers. It is built on protocols and technologies that facilitate the viewing,
interaction, and sharing of information. Key points distinguishing the WWW from the Internet
include :
Scope : The Internet refers to the global network of computers. In contrast, the WWW is a
collection of information accessed through the Internet.
Access : The web is accessed using web browsers, which interpret and display content,
whereas the Internet contains various services that can be accessed by different protocols.
Content : The content on the web consists of websites, images, videos, and other
multimedia elements designed to inform, entertain, or engage the user.
How the WWW Operates
The WWW operates on a foundation of web technologies . The main technologies include:
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) :
HTML defines the content and elements on the page, such as text, images, links, and forms,
using tags to indicate their types and purposes.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) :
CSS controls the appearance of elements defined in HTML, allowing designers to apply
styles such as colors, fonts, layouts, and responsiveness to different devices.
JavaScript :
JavaScript enables dynamic content changes without needing to reload the entire page, Page 08
enhancing user experience through responsive web applications and animations.
INTRODUCTION TO
WEB BROWSER
A web browser is software designed to retrieve, present, and traverse information on
the World Wide Web. The primary function of a web browser is to :
Access Websites : Browsers enable users to enter a URL (Uniform Resource
Locator), which connects them to a specific website.
Render Web Pages : After retrieving the necessary data from a web server,
browsers render the content into a user-friendly format for viewing. This involves
interpreting HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to present text, images, and interactive
elements accurately.
Navigate : Browsers facilitate movement between different web pages through
hyperlinks, allowing users to explore related content easily.
The Importance of Browser Security
Anti-Phishing Measures : Modern browsers employ advanced technologies to
detect and block fraudulent websites that attempt to steal personal information.
Sandboxing : This security practice isolates web pages, reducing the risk of
malicious code affecting the entire system.
Regular Updates : Browsers periodically receive security patches to address
vulnerabilities, ensuring users have the latest protections available.
Privacy Controls : Users can customize their settings to control cookies, tracking, Page 08
and data sharing, enhancing their privacy.