Modul

e-1

Feat
uresofCo-
oper
ati
on

Co-operati
onisauniquewayofdoingbusi
ness.I
tcanbeconsider
edasmoral
it
yappl
iedto
[Link],bot
hli
tybeprof
it
abil
it
yandsoci
alconcernarebei
ngmergedi
nit
.It
s
maindi ui
ncti
vefeat
uresar
easfoll
ows:-

[Link]
unt
aryAssoci
ati
onofPer
sons

Ever
yco-oper
ati
veori
ginatesfr
om per
sonswhohaveacommonobj ecti
ve.I
tispur
elyv
olunt
ary
i
nnatur
[Link]
dualaspectenj
oysf
reedom i
njoi
ningandl
eav
ingtheconcern

2Aut
onomy

Aco-operat
ivebel
iev
esinaut
onomy .Member
soft heorganisat
ionshoul
dgetallpowersand
r
ight
stoconductthebusi
nessfort
heirmut
ualbenefi
ts.I
tsideol
ogyisagainstanyi
nter
fer
ence
f
rom out
side

[Link]
ntOwner
shi
p

Aco-
operati
veassur
esjoi
ntowner
shi
poft
hei
[Link]
sareownedbyt
he
membersjoi
ntl
yandtheydobusi
nessf
ort
hemsel
vesandshar
eitsbenef
it
s.

[Link]
acy

Themanagementofaco-
oper
ati
vei
svestedi
ntheboardofdi
rector
swhoarecl
ect
edi
na
democr
ati
cmanner.I
naco-oper
ati
ve,
everymemberhasequalvoti
ngr
ight
.

[Link]
nforCommuni
ty

Aco-oper
ati
vedoingbusi
nessfort
hebenef
itofi
[Link]
hesamet imeital
sohasa
soci
alobj
ect
ive.I
tworksfort
hedevel
opmentofeconomi
call
yweakersect
ionsofthesoci
ety
.

[Link]
viceMot
ives

Co-oper
ati
vesar
ebusi
nessor
gani
sat
ionsbutt
hemai
nobj
ect
ivei
stor
enderal
lser
vices
requi
redbyit
smembers.

[Link]
tyandEqual
i
ty

Co-
oper
ati
vesdi
str
ibut
eit
sbenef
it
sinanequi
tabl
ewayandi
tensur
esequal
i
tyamongal
lthe
members.

[Link]-
oper
ati
onandUni
ver
sal
i
ty

Co-
oper
ati
vesdonotexpl
oitt
heircust
[Link]
eisnocompeti
ti
onamongt
[Link]
bel
i
evei
nco-oper
ati
onamongt hemselvesandt
heyconsi
derthewhol
eworl
dasafami
ly.
Obj
ect
ivesofco-
oper
ati
on

Aco-
oper
ati
vedoesbusi
nessf
orsoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
alobj
ect
ives.

Soci
alObj
ect
ives

Thei
mpor
tantsoci
alobj
ect
ivesar
easf
oll
ows:
-

[Link]
elopmentofwhol
esoci
ety

Co-
operat
ivesdobusinessfort
hesustai
nabledev
elopmentoft
hesoci
ety
.Theyachi
evet
hei
r
obj
ect
ivebyeli
minat
ingallsoci
ali
nequal
it
ies.

[Link]
i
minat
eexpl
oit
ati
ons

I
tenabl
esmemberstogetri
dofal
lki
ndofexpl
oit
ati
onssoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
al.I
tai
msat
acommuni
tywi
thoutexpl
oit
ati
on.

[Link]
elopsel
fhel
p

Themai
nobj
ect
iveofaco-
oper
ati
vei
stodev
elopsel
fhel
pamongt
hemember
soft
hesoci
ety
.

4.I
ncr
easel
i
vingst
andar
ds

Co-
oper
ati
vesupl
i
ftt
hei
rmember
stohi
ghl
i
vingst
andar
dssoast
oat
tai
nthem asoci
aldi
gni
ty.

Economi
cObj
ect
ives

Thei
mpor
tanteconomi
cobj
ect
ivesar
easf
oll
ows.

1.I
ncr
easei
ncome

Al
ltheserv
icesofaco-
oper
ati
veai
m att
heincr
easeofthei
ncomeofi
tsmember
[Link]
i
ncreasi
ngincomeempowerst
hem t
oleadahealt
hyl
if
e.

[Link]
i
sheconomi
cinequal
i
ty

Equali
tyi
sthemai
nobj
ect
iveofco-
oper
ati
on.I
tsai
mist
oendt
heconceptofhav
esandhav
e
notes.

[Link]
i
minat
emi
ddl
emenf
rom busi
ness

Middl
emeninthefiel
dofbusi
nessexpl
oitbot
hproducersandcust
omer
[Link]-
oper
ati
vest
ryt
o
l
inkpr
oducer
st ocustomer
stogetmaximum benefi
tforboth.

[Link]
i
fteconomi
cal
l
yweakersect
ions

Co-
oper
ati
vesenabl
etheeconomi
cal
l
yweakersect
ionsoft
hesoci
etyt
oent
ert
hemai
nst
ream
oft
hesoci
ety.
[Link]
tal
i
stsy
stem

Inacapital
i
stsystem capi
tali
sthemasterandall
othermeansofproduct
ionareserv
ants.A
capi
tal
istexpl
oit
sallothermeninthesoci
etyfort
heiri
ndi
vi
dualpr
ofit
[Link]-oper
ati
vestr
yt oend
capi
tal
istsyst
em andr epl
aceequal
it
y.

6.I
ncr
easeweal
thoft
hesoci
ety

Over
allwealt
hofthesoci
etywil
lgeti
ncr
easedbythewor
kingofco-
oper
ati
vesbecausei
t
cr
eatesincome,
generati
ngasset
sinthesoci
ety
.

Mor
alObj
ect
ives

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethemor
alobj
ect
ivesder
ivedoutofaco-
oper
ati
vef
orm.

[Link]-
oper
ati
veeducat
ion

Thedev
elopmentofco-
operati
onisbasedoncooperat
iveeducat
[Link]
ight
enedmember
sar
e
ther
ealcapi
tal
ofco-
operat
iveconcer
[Link]
seducat
ionhelpthem tothi
nkcoll
ect
ivel
y.

[Link]
omot
esmut
ual
hel
p

Co-oper
ati
onisselfhel
pmadeef
fect
ivebymut
ual
hel
pSot
hespi
ti
tofco-
oper
ati
ongui
des
peoplet
ohelpothers.

[Link]
omot
eset
hical
val
ues

Thewitem ofco-operat
ioncont
ainssomeethi
calv
aluesl
ikesel
frel
iance,
honest
y,openness,
equal
i
ty,soli
dari
[Link]
espropl
eabouttr
uevaluesi
nlif
e.

Benef
it
sofCo-
oper
ati
on

1.I
tlay
semphasi
sonmat
eri
alwel
far
eofpeopl
eespeci
all
ythepoor

[Link]
fact
orsofpr
oduct
ionar
eusedi
nit
sopt
[Link]
argai
nsandr
etur
nsf
rom t
he
asset
screat
ed.

4.I
tadopt
sauni
quemet
hodt
odi
str
ibut
ethesur
plus.

[Link]
i
minat
esal
lki
ndsofexpl
oit
ati
on.

[Link]
orsofpr
odact
ionar
ekepti
njoi
ntowner
shi
p.

[Link]
thi
sbei
ngdi
str
ibut
edev
enl
ytobenef
ital
lsect
ionsofpopul
ati
on.

[Link]
espr
osper
it
yandpeaceamongt
hepeopl
e.

[Link]
elopesgoodandheal
thyr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenal
lsect
ionsofpeopl
e.
[Link]
eseconomi
candsoci
albal
ance.

Mer
it
sofCo-
oper
ati
on

Thei
mpor
tantmer
it
sofco-
oper
ati
onar
esummar
isedasf
oll
ows:

[Link] eadofco-
oper
ati
vemovementstr
engthenedi
tsimpor
[Link]
elopmentof
scienceandtechnol
ogygaveanaddedef
fectt
oi t
sdevel
opmentintheworl
d.I
tsmethodsand
procedureshavenowgetanewphaseinhumanl i
fe.

[Link]-oper
ati
vesar
epri
ncipl
[Link]
pleshel
pustodist
ingui
shaco-oper
ati
vef
rom
otherbusi
nessor
gani
sat
[Link]-oper
ativef
orm ofbusi
nessi
smosteffecti
vei
nsoci
al
senseandatthesameti
meeco- f
ri
endl
y.

[Link] shi
pofaco- operati
veisopentoall
whobel i
eveinthemov [Link]
ti
me, themember stakeresponsibi
li
tytoshar
ethedutiesandresponsi
bil
iti
esi
nvolvedinthe
workinganddev el
opmentoft [Link] saloyalmemberofaco-
operativ
esocietyi
sgetti
nganewv isi
ontohisli
fethatheisnotalone,
thewholewor l
disaround
hi
mt ohel p.

[Link]-oper ati
veor gani
sat
ion,
themember sworkf ormutualbenef
it
.Itcanhelppoorpeopl
e
whoar efinancial
lyweakandcannotenj oytheprivi
legesandadv ant
agesofrichpeopl
[Link]
s
help,t
heco- operativ
ecanmake, them sel
freli
[Link]
eli
ancehelpthem t
oeliminat
ethe
exploi
tat
ionf r
om t hepartofri
chandpower fulcl
assint hesoci
ety.

[Link]
yisthef
undamentalpri
ncipl
eofco-
operat
[Link]-oper
ati
vesoci
etyi
sfr
eef
rom r
aci
al,
rel
i
giousandpoli
ti
cal
dispari
ti
[Link]
espeopl
eunderacommonf old.

_
__Modul
e-2_
__

Feat
uresofCapi
tal
i
sm

Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethef
eat
uresofcapi
tal
i
[Link]
tal
ist
hemostpower
ful
meansofpr
oduct
ion.

[Link]
sonal
gai
nandext
remei
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm.

[Link]
ivat
eowner
shi
pofmeansofpr
oduct
ion.

[Link]
ghtt
ohav
epr
ivat
epr
oper
tyandi
tsexchange.

[Link]
remecompet
it
ioni
nal
lbusi
nessact
ivi
ti
es.

[Link]
for
ttocr
eat
emonopol
y.

[Link]
assconf
li
ctandr
esul
tantcl
assst
ruggl
e

[Link]
degapbet
ween'
hav
es'
and'
hav
enot
s'.
[Link]
oit
ati
onf
rom t
hepar
tofcapi
tal
i
st

[Link]
nimum i
nter
fer
enceofst
atei
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

Mer
it
sofCapi
tal
i
sm

[Link]
ivat
eowner
shi
pisani
ncent
ivef
orpr
oduct
ion.

[Link]
ber
tyofwor
kandopi
nion.

3.I
ndi
vi
dual
freedom

[Link]
iet
yofpr
oduct
sforconsumer
sfort
hei
rchoi
ce.

[Link]
imum useofr
esour
cesf
ormaxi
mum pr
oduct
ion.

[Link]
tal
ishi
ghl
yrewar
ded.

[Link]
elopmentoft
echnol
ogyandi
nnov
ati
oni
nmanagementmet
hods.

Demer
it
sofcapi
tal
i
sm

1.I
mbal
ancei
nthedi
str
ibut
ionofweal
th.

[Link]
tal
i
stswi
l
lexpl
oital
lsect
ionsofpeopl
e.

[Link]
ewar
dforl
abour
.

[Link]
ernment

[Link]
viv
aloft
hef
it
test

[Link]
thr
oatcompet
it
ion

[Link]
ofi
twi
l
lbet
hemai
nai
mforal
lact
ivi
ti
es.

Co-
oper
ati
[Link]
tal
i
sm

Co-operati
vemov ementi semer gedf rom t
hei rregularandpr of
itori
entedact ivi
[Link]
remedyoft heev i
l
sofcapi t
alCapital
ism andco- operati
onar etheeconomi cor der sprev ainthe
[Link] ieveinanindivi
dual freedom Ri ghttopr i
vateproper tyisal sosamei n
bothsy st
emsBacapi t
ali
sm hassomei l
lswhi chco- operationdoesnotpossessMaxi mum
profi
tisthemai naim ofcapi t
ali
[Link] ninghpr ofit
,thecapi tal
i
stswillexpl oital
l resources
avail
abletoButco- operati
ondoesnotal l
owanyki ndofexpl oit
ationstandsf orsel fhel pthrough
mutual hel
p.I
ncapi tali
sm capit
alisthemast erbuti nco-operatecapul isonlyaser vant .I
n
capital
i
sm moneyr ulesmanbutoper ati
onmanr ulesmoney .Themoneyr ulesespeconomyi s
profi
tbutinco-oper ati
onitisservi
[Link] apital
ist
amepoor er
,butinco- oper at
ionpoor
becomeneem pot st rytodestroypoorbuper tipebesoi nthepov ert
y.I
ncapi tali
sm ar ich
moder
atorspl
oitt
hepor
it
ywhi
chwi
l
lleadt
ocl
assst
ri
fe.

Soci
ali
sm

Sociali
sm isasystem inwhichallmeansofpr oducti
onar eunderthecont r
olofthest at
[Link]
sa
poli
ti
cal r
emedyofal lprobl
emscr eatedbyt hecapital
[Link],statewillbethe
supremeaut hori
[Link]
lmeansofpr oducti
onar econtroll
edbyt heStat
ef orproducti
onatt he
i
nterestofthesocietyasawhol [Link] ndivi
dual consi
derat
ion.I
tisapl annedandst at
e
control
ledsystem whichaimsatsoci aldevelopment .

Feat
uresofSoci
ali
sm

[Link]
lfact
orsofpr
oduct
ionar
eunderst
atecont
rol
.

2.I
trest
ri
ctsowner
shi
pofpr
ivat
epr
oper
ty.

[Link]
atewi
l
lber
esponsi
blef
orempl
oymentgener
ati
on.

[Link]
ral
i
sedpl
anni
ngi
sthemet
hodadopt
edbysoci
ali
sm t
oachi
evei
tsgoal
s

[Link]
lsoci
alser
viceact
ivi
ti
esar
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hest
ate.

6.I
tist
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hest
atet
oensur
efi
xedi
ncomet
oal
lpeopl
e.

[Link]
plusoutoft
het
otal
product
ioni
sownedbyt
heSt
ateandut
il
isedf
ort
hewel
far
eoft
he
peopl
e.

Mer
it
sofSoci
ali
sm

[Link]
ast
isni
l
ivedf
intt
hewel
far
eoft
hesoci
ety

[Link]
ewi
l
lnotbeaf
fecebet
weent
hepeopl
e

[Link]
lci
ti
zenshav
eequal
rigl
esandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

[Link]
ari
ncomewi
l
lbeassur
edbyt
heSt
atet
oal
lci
ti
zens

[Link]
atewi
l
ltaket
her
espondi
ngt
opr
ometandcar
eal
lweaker
sect
ionanddev
abi
tul
peopl
e

→Demer
it
sofSoci
ali
sm

1.I
ndi
vi
dual
freedom wi
l
lber
est
ri
cted.

[Link]
lpeopl
ehav
etoobeyt
heor
der
soft
heSt
ate

[Link]
imum useofr
esour
cescannotbeensur
ed.

[Link]
andar
dofl
i
fewi
l
lbedeci
dedbyt
heSt
ateandnott
hei
ndi
vi
dual
Co-
oper
ati
[Link]
sm

Communi sm i
samet hodofcompul si
onandf [Link] apidchangeoft heaf f
air
[Link]
co-operati
onisasl owandsust ai
nablemethodf orthechangeofaf fai
[Link]-operat
ionall
owsall
ki
ndoff reedom butcommuni sm doesnotallowt hatki ndofaf reedom.I tforcef
ull
ytakes
controlovert
hepr operti
esbelongt othecapit
al i
stfordi st
ri
butionoft heaccumul at
edweal t
[Link]
i
snotapeacef ulmet [Link] alandphy si
calcompul si
oni [Link]-operat
ionisa
vol
unt ar
ymet [Link] ssoftandsi
mpl [Link]- operati
oni stheideologyformat er
ialwel
l
bei
ngbymut ualhelpandser vice.

-
Co-
oper
ati
onandot
herf
ormsofBusi
nessor
gani
sat
ions

Businessorganisati
onsar eformedbyt heirorganiser
sf orearni
[Link]- oper
ati
vei
s
basi
callyabusinessor ganisati
[Link]- operati
vesar evoluntar
yassociat
ionsofpeopletomeet
thei
rcommoneconomi c,social [Link] nessor
ganisat
ion,aco-
operati
vehast odoi t
sbusi nesspr of
itably
.Wi thoutcompr omisi
ngi t
ssocial
objecti
ves.
Economi center
prisescanbecl assif
iedasf oll
ows

[Link]
ivat
esect
or

[Link]
i
csect
or

[Link]-
oper
ati
vesect
or

Pr
ivat
eEnt
erpr
ise

pri
vateent
erpri
sesar
ebei
ngor
gani
sedandr
unbypr
ivat
eindi
vi
dual
[Link]
nobj
ect
iveof
them i
sprofi
t

[Link]
etr
ade

[Link]
tner
shi
p

[Link]
ntst
ockcompany

Sol
eTr
ade

Sol
etradeorindivi
dualent
erpri
seisor
ganisedandrunbyindi
vi
dual
.Theowneristhemast
er
andservantoftheenter
pri
[Link]
orhisprof
itaccordi
ngt
ohisownpl
an.
Theprofi
[Link]
rm aprofi
tabl
eone

Par
tner
shi
pFi
rms

Associ
ati
onoftwoormoreper
sonsthatconductbusi
nessforthei
rprofi
[Link]
busi
nessonthebasi
sofamutualagr
[Link]
tisdiv
idedinproporti
ontothecapi
tal
i
nvest
ment
.Themai
nai
m ofapar
tner
shi
pfi
rmi
spr
ofi
t

Joi
ntSt
ockCompany

Jointst
ockcompanyisalar
gebusinessor
gani
sati
[Link]
sisthefor
m ofbusi
nessorgani
sat
ion
wit
hhugecapital
baseandlargenetwor
kofbusi
[Link]
personal
i
tywhichhas
economicandsocial
aims.

Modul
e-3

Co-
oper
ati
vePr
inci
ples

[Link]
unt
aryandopenmember
shi
p

[Link]
ati
cmembercont
rol

[Link]
cPar
ti
cipat
ion

[Link]
onomyandi
ndependence

[Link]
ion,
trai
ningandi
nfor
mat
ion

[Link]-
oper
ati
onamongco-
oper
ati
ves

[Link]
nforcommuni
ty

1)Vol
unt
aryandopenmember
shi
p

Volunt
aryandopenmembershipmeansther
eisf reeent
ryasco-
operator
[Link]
emustbe
gi
venchancestostudyandunder
-st
andco-operativ
eaimsandobjecti
vesandtheymustbe
al
lowedtopart
ici
patei
ntheworki
ngofthesocietywithafr
eemind.

2)Democr
ati
cmembercont
rol

Member shavedemocrati
cri
ghtsaswellasdemocraticresponsi
bil
i
[Link]
sther
ealspi
ri
tof
democracythatshoul
dbeinthemindsofco-operat
[Link]
sal sothr
oughademo-
crat
icwaysoast oavoidoneman'sr
ule.I
tshouldnotbepol i
ti
cal
lymot i
v at
ed.

3)Membereconomi
cpar
ti
cipat
ion

Membersshoul
dcont
ribut
etot
hecapi
tal
equitablyandshoul
drecei
veonlysmal
lret
urns.
Capi
tal
shoul
dnotbethecommandi
ngfactor
.Itisonlyaserv
ici
ngfact
or.

4)Educat
ion,
trai
ningandi
nfor
mat
ion

TheRochdal
eprinci
plesuphel
dthepromot i
onofgeneraleducat
[Link]
emphasi
sedthatmember s,el
ect
edrepresentat
ivesandemployeesshoul
dbeawareoftheco-
oper
a-ti
veint
houghtandact i
[Link]
aini
ngatse-lect
edcent
restomake
sur
ethatt
heyar
ecapabl
eofdi
schar
gingt
hei
rdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

5)Aut
onomyandi
ndependence

I
nalmostallcount
ri
es,
co-operat
ivesociet
iesareregi
steredandgov
ernedaccordi
ngtoco-
oper
ati
velawsandlegihusl
ati
[Link]-operati
vesarefuncti
oni
ngwit
hinthi
slegalf
ramework.
ThusGovernmentmaybehelpfulharmfultoorthesocieti
es

6)Co-
oper
ati
onamongco-
oper
ati
ves

Thispri
ncipleist ost
rengthent
heco-oper
ati
veAcountrywidenet
wor kshoul
dbedesi
gnedfor
mutualhelpAr vicebetweenall
co-oper
ati
vesoci
eti
[Link]-
operat
ivesociet
esevi
l
denteri
nto
j
ointventurestopr ot
ecttheint
erest
sofit
smem [Link]
ongco- oper
ati
vemovementcan
save'si
ckuni t
s'.mov emen

7)Concer
nforcommuni
ty

Theprimaryf
unctionofaco- operati
vesocietyist
oprotetheinterestsofit
smembersresi
ding
i
nal i
[Link] dassociatewi
ththewelfareoft hecommunityasawhei na
speci
fi
[Link]
ionisalsonecessar
yft heinterest
softhecommunit
y

Modul
e-4

"TheNati
onal
Cooper
ati
veHousi
ngFeder
ati
onofI
ndi
a(NCHF)i
stheapexor
gani
zat
ionofent
ir
e
cooper
ati
vehousi
ngmovementi
nthecount
ry.
"

Ahousi ngcooperati
veisalegall
yestabl
ishedassociat
ion,t
hatisownedanddemocr at
ical
l
y
controll
edbyi t
smember sfortheprimarypurposeofimprovi
ngt hei
rli
vi
ngcondi
ti
ons.
Democr at
iccontr
olbyresi
dents,openandv ol
untarymember shi
p,li
mit
edret
urnonmember shi
p
i
nv estment,theexpansi
onofser vi
cesbeyondmer elyt
hesupplyofhousingt
otheprovi
sionofa
wider angeofcommuni tyser
vices,andastrong

emphasisonsel
f-
hel
pandcooper
ati
veact
ionar
ethebasi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csofhousi
ng
cooper
ati
ves.

Obj
ect
ivesandser
vicesof
fer
edbyNCH

(i
)Ahousingcooperat
ivei
snei
therapubl
icnoraprofi
tseeki
ngorgani
sat
ion.I
tspr
inci
pal
object
ivei
stoel
iminat
eeconomicexpl
oit
ati
onasitiscontr
oll
edbymember sonl
y.

(i
i)Cont
raryt
opubli
chousi
ng, cooper
at i
vehousingprovi
desopportuni
tiestoi
tsmembersto
contr
olthehousedesi
[Link]
,themai nt
enanceoftheest
ateis
al
soi nt
hehandsofmember s,whichleadstomai nt
enanceatlesserexpensesandinabett
er
way
.

(
ii
i)Cooperat
ivehousi
ngsati
sfi
esquanti
tati
veaswellasqual
it
ati
[Link]
i
ncorpor
atesahighdegreeofpart
ici
pat
oryinvol
vementofmember s,
thehousingstockcreat
ed
i
smor eresponsi
vetouser’
sneedsthanthosesuppl
i
edt hr
oughanyothersub-
system.

(i
v)Housingcooperati
ves,besi
des,
generat
ingasenseofr
esponsi
bil
it
yamongstuser
sforpost
-
occupancymaintenance,al
soprovi
dethenecessar
ymechani
sm foreff
ect
ingi
t.

(v)Pr
ojectcostef
fi
ciencyi
sdemonst
rat
edonaccountoftheconcer
tedef
fort
sofmembersto
keepoverheadstoami ni
mum andt
oeffecteconomyi
nconstr
ucti
onbyothermeansaswel
l
.

(vi
)Loansarearrangedbyt hecooperat
ivesfort
heirmember sandthemembershavea
coll
ecti
veresponsi
bil
it
yforitsrepay
ment .So,apropercheckontherepay
mentofloansand
otherchar
gesismai nt
ained.

(v
ii
)Themembershav
egottheri
ghttovot
eandpart
ici
pateintheaf
fai
rsoft
hecooper
ati
ve,
and
assucht
heydev
elopasenseofsel
f-
rel
i
anceandsel
f-r
espect.

(vi
i
i)Acooper at
ivei
sasmal l
communi t
ybyitsel
fandhencecanundert
akesev er
alsoci
al
acti
vit
iessuchasorgani
singspeci
alpr
ogrammes, ar
rangi
ngheal
thservices,
improvi
ngthe
ecologyofit
sarea,i
mprovementinsoci
albehavi
ourandmentalheal
th,etc.

(i
x)Othereconomicacti
vi
ti
essuchasconsumercooper
ati
ves,banks,
clubsandothercommon
serv
iceswhichareneededbythecommunitycanbeest
abl
ishedbyahousi ngcooper
ati
vei
nan
economicalmanner.
"

Rol
eofNCHF

TheApexCooper ati
veHousi ngFeder
ationsplayasi gnifi
cantroleinprovi
dingfinanci al
assistancet oprimaryhousi ngcooperati
v esaswel lasindiv
idualmember si nt
hei rr espect
ive
j
urisdicti
[Link] ov i
degui dancetothepr i
mar i
esont echnicalmatter
s, hel
pt hem i n
procuringbui l
dingmat eri
alsandassistthem ingener alcoordinati
onandsuper visionoft heir
activi
ti
[Link] t
hought heBy e-LawsofApexFeder ati
onspr ovi
def orundert
akingvar iousact i
vit
ies,
mostoft hem hav econfinedt hei
ract
ivi
tiestofinancingonly. Financi
ngr emainst hekey
activi
tyoft heApexFeder at
ions.

Sour
cesoff
und

Thesour
cesoff
undsf
ort
heApexCooper
ati
veHousi
ngFeder
ati
onsar
easf
oll
ows:

I
nvest
mentinshar
ecapi
talbypr
imar
ycooper
ati
vehousi
ngsoci
eti
es,
Stat
eGov
ernment
sand
ot
hercooper
ati
vei
nst
it
uti
ons.

Loansf
rom t
heGov
ernment
,Li
feI
nsur
anceCor
por
ati
onofI
ndi
a(LI
C),
Nat
ional
Housi
ngBank
(NHB),
HousingandUr
banDev
elopmentCor
por
ati
on(
HUDCO)
,Commer
cial
andCooper
ati
ve
Banksetc.

I
ssueofdebent
uresguar
ant
eedbyt
heGov
ernment
.

Modul
e-5

Co-
oper
ati
vemov
ementi
nEngl
and

Co-operativ
emov ementi nEngl and, whi chhasenl i
ghtenedwhol ewor l
dwast hebr ai
nchildofan
exploit
edclassofper -esduri
ngt heI ndust r
ialRev olut
[Link] hebeginni ngofundhal fof
the18t hcentur y,
condi ti
onsofEngl andi nthef ei
ldagricultur
eandi ndust
rywer emuchwor se.
Thewor ki
ngcl assv i
ngbeent hrownoutofempl oyment ,wereent irel
yatthemer cythefactory
owner [Link] t
ionswer eext remel ymi serable,workinghour swer el
ong, r at
eofwages
wer emeagr e,wei ghtsandmeasur esusedwer efalseandadul teratedgoodswer esuppl
iedf r
om
shopsownedbyf actoryowner [Link] ti
onsdet er
ioratedtosuchanext entt hatthewor ki
ng
classwer eforcedt or eactandt heyi ndul gedinr iotsandr evol
[Link] i
ticians, economi sts
andsocal reformer sstartedappl yi
ngt heirmi ndst owardsf i
ndingoutasol utiont othese
[Link] ewer emanyr ef orm mov ement [Link] mpor tantamongt hem wast he
format i
onoft he" Fri
endlySoci eti
es".

Anumberofr efor
mistsappeared,whotri
edvar
iousmeanst oimpr ovetheempl oyer
-employ
ee
rel
ati
[Link] [Link] nin1771atNewt on,[Link]
ydays
hewor kedasalabourerinfact
ori
esandshopsandf ul
l
yexpe-riencedt helotofthel
abourclass.
Hemadeast eadyprogressinhi
scareer
.Heinvent
edasmal lspinningmachi ne.

Co-
oper
ati
veMov
ementi
nGer
many

Ger manyi sconsideredtobet hebi rt

hplaceofco- oper a-t
ivecr editmov ementint hewor [Link]
i
nanyot hercountry,co-operativemov ementi nGermanyal sost artedasar emedyt ot heev il
s
oftheexi st
ingsocio-economi cci r
cumst [Link] nthemi ddleoft henineteent hcent ury
thatco-operati
vemov ementi nGer manywasbegun.I nadditi
ont ot hesamepar ent
cir
cumst ances,famine,pov ert
y ,exploi
tation,
indebtednesset [Link] tatedthein-t roduct i
on
ofanewi deainGer manydur ingt [Link] k-ingclassi nt hecount r
ywasheav i
ly
underdebtandwasgr eatl
yexpl oitedbyt hemoneyl [Link] armer swer eforcedt obuyand
sellt
heirgoodsonl ythrought [Link] hecondi ti
onsoft hef armer sandwor kingcl ass
weremi serableandent ir
elyleftatt hemer [Link] emoneyl ender [Link]
pur-chasedandsol dgoodsatt heirowni nterest
.Themar ketswer ef ull
yundert heircont rol.
Thust heycontroll
edt hesocial andeco- nomicsy st
em accor dingt ot heirwil
landwi sh

Co-
oper
ati
vemov
ement
sinSweden

Li
keWestEuropeancountri
es,
Swedenal
soisacompar aonlysmallcountr
ywit
hapopulat
ion
of8.
9mi l
l
ionsonlyandhasmadegoodprogressintheco-
operat
ivefi
eld,
Consumerco-
opera
vesoci
eti
esinthatcount
ryhavet
hei
rownfeatures.
Consumer
s'mov
ement
s

Agricult
ureinthepastwast hemai noccupat ionoft hepeopl eofSweden.About70%ofi t
s
populationdependedupongr i
cul tur
eandsubsi diaryindust ri
[Link] at
elyindustrybegan
toreplaceagr i
cult
urewit
ht hei ntroductionoft heI ndustrial Revol
uti
[Link],the
mar ketwasf ul
lycontr
oll
edbyt hepr i
vatetrader [Link] act oryownersandpr i
vatetraders,i
n
ordertomakehugepr ofi
ts,organi sedt heircartelsandot herpr i
cefixi
[Link]
thesesy st
ems, theychar
gedv eryhi ghpr i
cesf ort heirproduct [Link]
,theybegant oexpl oi
t
thewor [Link]
ionspr ovokedt hewor kerst oor ganisethemselvesintocooper ativ
es
soast osav ethemselvesfrom t hecl utchesoft hemi ddlemen.

Thef i
rstknownco- operat
iveenter
priseinSwedennamed" Distr
ictCommodi t
yBuy i
ng
Company "wassetupi [Link] hen,
co-
operat
ivesinthatcountr
yhav ebeenmakinggood
progressAsi nBr i
tain,t
hetendencyi nSwedenalsohasbeent oreducethenumberofsocieti
es.
Thesmal l soci
eti
eshav ebeenamal gamatedandeffort
saremadet oseethattheseare
economi call
yv i
[Link] ori
tyofthemember shi
pshav ebelongedtosalar
iedpersonsand
professi
onal s

[Link]
soncanbecomeamemberofasoci
etybsubscr
ibi
ngt
ooneshar
e.

b.
Shar
emoneyi
spai
doutofdi
vi
[Link]
hememberneednotpayshar
ecapi
tal
incash.

[Link]
eti
esdonotpayanydi
vi
dendonshar
es.
inst
edpayasmal
lper
cent
ageasi
nter
eston
shares.

d.I
nsoci
eti
es,
ther
eisnosy
stem ofcr
edi
tsal
e.

[Link]
saprov
isi
onf
orcredi
ti
ngpr
ofi
tstothemembersthei
rfami
l
ysav
ingsaccount
.Itcan
bewithdr
awnonl
ywhenthememberreachestheageof60.

f
.Eachsoci
etyhasamanagi
ngcommi
tt
eewhi
chr
unst
hedayt
o-dayaf
fai
rsoft
hesoci
ety
.

Co-
oper
ati
veMov
ement
sinDenmar
k

Denmar kisav erysmal lcount

ryhavingapopul ationatabout5. 3mill
[Link] ryisvery
poorinnaturalr
esour ceshecoal,ir
onoroi lforthedev el
opmentofi [Link] kis
fort
unateinhavingfertil
elandandhar dwor kingpeopl e.thout62%oft hel andi sunder
cult
ivat
[Link] sconsidandt obet hehomel andoft heagr i
cul
turalco- operati
oninthe
worldThepeopl ewerepoorandagr i
culturewast heirmainsour [Link] ganised
themselvestogetridofmanyoft heirennomi cpr [Link] ryexpor tshugequant i
ti
es
offam [Link] hanhalfofDenmar k'
sexpor tconsistsofagri
culturalpr oduct
[Link]
madeawi deuseoft hedemocr at
icoper ati
vepr incipl
esint hefi
eldofagr i
cul tureandthishas
madeasomuchf amousal lov
erthewor ldthatt hissmal lcountryi
salled" TheCo- operati
ve
Denmar k
Co-
oper
ati
veMov
ementi
nChi
naThenewphaseofeconomi
candpol
i
tical
hist
oryofChama

[Link] oundationoftheco-operat
ivemov ementwasal sol
aidonthaty ear
.
Atthatti
meChi nawasanocul tur
al countr
yTheChi neserepubl
icconfront
edsevenstproblems
l
ikedroughts,
fami nes,
int
ernalst
riv
es, ext
ernal
v asi
onsandf l
oodst hr
oughoutit
shistory
.
Thesechall
engesl aidt
hefoundati
onofco- operati
vemov [Link]
sem,founderof
Chinaalsocontri
butedforthedevel
opmentofcooper at
ivemov ementinChina

I
NDUSCOS

Japani nvadedChi naint hey ear1937.I tcreat edsev er [Link] swarcauseddest r

ucti
on
ofindust r
yinChi naDur ingt hisyearJapanoccupi edt hecoast al areasofChunswher ef act
ori
es
weresi [Link] ssev er elyaf f
ectedt heeconomyofChi [Link]
ionsofpeopl ebecame
homel essandj oblessr [Link] ehabilitationoft heser ef
ugeesandmai ntananceof
regularsuppl yofessent ialgoodst ot hear myandci vil
ianswer emosti mpor tantpr oblems
i
nfrontoft heGov ernment .TheGov ernmentdeci dedt osetupsmal lco-operativesf ort he
wor kerst oachi evet hi
sai [Link] Promot ionCommi tt
eewasf or medf ort hi
spur [Link]
commi tteer ecommendedt ostartindust ri
al cooper [Link] et
iespr ovided
empl oy mentt omi l
li
onsofr efugeesandhel pedt omai ntainsuppl yofgoodst oar myand
civi
[Link] scommi t
teeknownasI NDUSCOest abl ishedmor et han350i ndust ri
al co-
oper ati
v eswi thi
nany ear .Thesecooper ati
veswer eor ganisedi nv ariousfiel
ds, spinni ng,
wesv i
ng, l
eat herwor ks, met alwor ks, mining, chemi cal s,foodgr ains, pri
nti
ng, [Link]
societieswer ewor kingi nt hef i
eldofpr oduct [Link] eknownast heINDUSCOSAcent ral
co-oper ativeadmi nistrationwasal soest ablishedi n1938atShanghai

Co-
oper
ati
vemov
ementi
nJapan

Thesoci oeconomi ccondit

ionsofJapaninthesecondhalfofthe19thcentur
ywerei denti
cal
wit
ht hoseofIndi
[Link] nIndaJapanalsoborrowedtheideaofco-oper
ati
onf r
om t
heWer ners
Countri
esCo-operativ
ecreditmovement ,
forexample,i
ntr
oducedinJapanont hel
inesof
Raif
enenbanksofGer [Link]-operat
iveswerestart
edonthebasisofRochdal e
pri
ncipl
esTheco- operat
ivemov ementinJapanatpresental
soresemblesIndianco-operati
ve
mov ementatleastinstr
uctureandpoli
cy.

Shor
thi
stor
y

Co-operati
vemov ementinJapanwasi nt
roducedinthef or
m ofConsumers'Co-operativ
esin
[Link] ementwasst ar
tedf orchecki
ngthet i
singofpri
[Link]
ngthenextf iv
ey ears,
a
num berofsachsoci eti
[Link] ongwi t
hconsumersoci et
ies,
cultsoci
etieswer ealso
star
ted.During1900t heIndustr
ialCo-opetiv
eActwaspassed.I tcontai
nedpr ovi
sionsforthe
regi
strat
ionofco-operati
vesocieties,I
n1905, aco-operati
veuni
on(anonof f
icialbody)was
founded.By1909i nthecount r
y,therewere5700soci eti
eswithamember shipof4l akhs.
Duri
ng1923,t
he"Na-ti
onal
PurchaseCo-oper
ati
veBank"wasest
abli
[Link]
esent
,ther
ear
e
sev
eralt
ypesofsoci
ti
esinthecount
ryandimport
antamongthem ar
easf ol
l
ows:-

[Link]
icul
tur
alCo-
oper
ati
veSoci
eti
es

[Link]
sher
yCo-
oper
ati
ves

[Link]
est
ryCo-
oper
ati
ves

[Link]
s'Co-
oper
ati
vesand

5.I
ndust
ri
alCo-
oper
ati
ves

Co-
oper
ati
veMov
ementi
nUSA

Theco- operativemov ementi nUSAi soneoft heanci entmov ementsint hewor l

[Link] l
ersof
theanci entUSAf acedal otofpr obl emsl i
kedef iciencyoff unds,cl
earanceoff orest,buildi
ngof
i
nf rastructurefaci l
[Link] si showt heyst arteduni t
ungi nthefi
eldofagr icultureand
exchangedwor [Link] om thisuni ty, co-operativemov ementst art
[Link] i
rstofi twasknowas
'
Bees' hav i
ngar ural backgr [Link] fi
ciall
y,thecooper ativ
emov ementst art
edi nt hey ear1865
byt heenact mentoff i
rstco- oper ati
v elawint [Link] iodpri
ortot hisisknownas
'
Gr angeMov ement .Gr angeMov ementst artedbyHudsonKel l
[Link] edbyt he
gov ernmentt ost udyagr i
cul t
ural condi ti
onsi nSout hernSt at
[Link] t
ti
ngt he
repor t
, hestartedco- oper ativeuni onknownas' Gr anges".Thishasat hreet i
ersy stem- l
ocal,
stateandnat i
onal Local grangesconsi stoff armer s,
whi chfederat
edt oSt at
eandt heSt at
e
grangesf ederat edt ot henat [Link] dest his,ot herorganisati
onsareal sof l
our i
[Link] he
mov ementi nt heUSAcanbedi videdasr ural co-oper ati
veandur banco- operativ
es