KvOLUTIon

A Alono and
A broghessive change hesuting Camblexil ham simple

eveltismasy biorsey
Fathes Charles pakuoimw

Ca be best exblatied ung headigs:

Okig Univehse (incudng ks)
ie
a hesrins
3 Erdemees eeiliew
4. 1heeis Vevalullsn
 ORIGIN O UNIVERSE
81G BANG THEDRY reposed by Abbe Lemautie
Aceo hehesty, umivese oiiinatid a 2obya
due to a heskdnuceasep explosi
exblasi

Pamere
atom
temp Le
Thetmonuele Scatred
goseous deuds
exples" (Big bana) wndenwent
Dense,1temp CendemsÜ,
High enets Sola tmimg celestial
Hincloud 0( Nebula
(expamded /Scattesed (| bedies .
gasens clud)
a het Gue Cemer
 ORIGIN O EARTH
Auo a esult Big bang explesim
ccuhedV45 bea
As a husult o Big ban, Umwetse expamded

Temb. Cane dnan

Hond. He oete etmed
Gases cmdensed undar qhave
Theke was no akmssphwe
h s cote, ligter imed
Heary elenments Cendenged Lo etm
ames

matamol lightest he thust fo"Lheshas

Hig enetgt cte lead o vouaniu eruplians
Leadto hg Moten mas (lava) keleased
tembeha Oa, vabouhs, CHh, Co, amd
NHa
 tSum brokeup veaiv ino Hydkogen amd oxygen
UV K am

Beung lightes Cermbimed

esca NH amd CH
e r m wo,
Coamd othes
laye was etmed etm"o Amesphere COel)
ialbsemce okee Oxygen
XAmehere wa "heducing ,

inah abmeshuu.
Ozene layes þraventedenbu o UVkdy
.Kaa vapouss Cemdemsed o emw
dod! amd sained.
woe Cemvested wo vabeuks, due
Kai
Ho tho heated caust. ishAocess ded
kebeated i l hime, kartl temp.
kavts c u
Ka atv got debogihed iw pia onHydsogkhereJ
amd foaed [Link]
 THEDRIES O£ORiGIN UFE
.THEORT Of SPECIAL CREATION
wbbetted father Sauker (al othar heligieus boeks)
As o hesy-
we teclay Ceated as sush.
a) Lfe hat see was

6e as cheated m 6 das

They was hejested

[Link] OF ANsPERMIACosMOZOIC THEORY
Maposedb Richt
pporbed y Ahenius
Aceothe hesy, ife Aeached Ea kam disant
Mamu i le f spetes called CosoRoA
PANSERMIA Valena esmie dust.
A A farit idea o ashonenmers.
3. CATASTROPHIC THEORY
Pebesed oy Curien fathes of medean Alaeevtelog1
As heesty, Catasophk þArbaldly caused elinstiomw of
pherieusly exizsla e oms amd. Umeo e timalid
am Ha (oadns hemams.
GENERATIiON/
4HEOROFABIoGENESIS/HÈORy Of SPONTANEDUS/ORIGIN OF LIFE
Supborad by Ghaek philosopheu
.As er thSteeg, s tiginatad kam abisio fnan
iveng matter i k e mudy ssd Vua. D
VenHelmant igiw mice e
uggesbed &eat dhenched
l h kept n Iheat blan Dim dak
Riected L exbeimemt peoe by FRdi, L.3pallamxami
Camd Lolis Rutus
[Link] OF BioGENESIS
Swppetted byxpetimental e y Kudi, hallanzami amd
As per e thesty"Omuns Vivum ex Vio"
( (e stginated km bherexistimg e
Cruld mot explaim &igin bte-exizina lile.
ENPERIMENTAL RoOfS
A. FRANCEsco keDI Magget mt
Fis
No Maggoa

Covrked les
Saae
8. LAZZARO SPALLANZANI: 3

.No microbil
Microbia
ro
growm
Sterile
nuii
brrotmad

didrk oiginate
ndicated that e
C LOUIS PASTEDR
hem kiUed yealst, but ented he
Aask omm(| k i d e

Miwrwbes
i nC e o Microbes mt
meck Kiled
No mwwobes
im flaskk
Cotent
Swany neck BAoken neak
6 MopERN HpoRY Of£ ORIGIN Of LIFE r CHEMOSYNTHETIC THEORY
Prebosed [Link] (Kuaa Biochemut) and T8S Haldame
Engish Bioloeist &eparálely

Mapane Ofarim wet a "Orign

book -

e.
A. o he hesty, the lile tiainated pima
y Abiogenesis
nved by V Biogemeis
(Ohemogenesi
CaM be
Cemibiled wndes headings-
Thes
A) Chemogem

Biege neluding Cegn0apmy)

A) CHEMOGENY (MeER)
Lf etgnated akeund 4 bya (initiated)
en pimiire EarrtL D
 Reduruwg atmesphev
Velcanie| etubtins
wmdersems (produed eeehie dischasge; a. seuhe o
Higw temb. en)D
ethial Aams Aaated ecea wo (Hor diut Soubej
a boulimg bAebiohie Seup- HALdANE)
wmdu ongjn eat)
ahied Chemicale (explamed
dAtrnal Aeachd fotmed
Atams Mdleules towcleeke
DO
(A, M) Biemichmelecule

Inoranie (Awuimo acids, kimble sugas

(ompmenl Tatta arids amd' N, bdses ele )
or femed
Biemachemslecules
Ormanue
Com.

Bimalecles
 Chemoamy a s expoimontly proved b and MUle
UREY MILLER SIMULATION BxPERIMENT.

Cnlucted by Stamely Mile mde he quidanw d Hareld U.

battive Earths tendttins
He &imulatedS he
LSpark blug (T5eeoV [Link] ; &ooC)
CHNH (2:i:2"
Electie spask chambes
-Cold wali
vaupou)
Hot wain

OYgamematte
Frap or
ate (Alamine, Gyme, Aspaslie ac
Tnimidar experimml ames bsesred kotm sugahs, N, bases
bigens amd fal
B. BioGENY
explaim tim o biological om.
Featuu etiteeso be tetmd as liring
(aPaklia APaiem
Mebaboelam
Capabilty to keblicate
clamesese/muitaions duing keslicdim.

igimated km hot ecerms as ol*

Le
ROTOBIONTS/ kogiONTS:
1 Me losms; Acelluulas
agnegals (ehgmatad 3by

i CoACERVATES-
phapo9ed by AT. Opahm
Phpaned r Nshakim/ngteusy mixmg ptsteins, Carbs ami
wnte.
 Coruld nal shno Aaplie" duu o o lipid
T bilay
-nce

1ROTENOIDS MICROSPHERES
fox
hebard by Sidnty Fox
heated at 30-140C was pewed en
mixtue damunouds
Ced &e rtaining ipids.
hasented buddina
peONTSs
Tdeal holobinta /hsells.
Corntamed nueleie'a.
CAcertdumed y &ypcthesisoq RNA In lao
lab)
Gendie Material .nxymee
1tellulas
cendidred that
s
ile Loim Contained RNA
 CoGNOGENy:
phocess o diversilke otms
O Chemahererotrephieactea
( Clulas etm ; Origim 2bya
0Chemoautolkehs L8ga) Phstoautotheths.
Releasel (begtrihoygenatien ot atmesphere)
Pkoyoa
(Edosymbisis)
akayo
 KIDENCES O EvoLUTION
1 EvIDENCES FROM MoRPHOLOGY ANATOMY
A. HoMOLOGOUS ORGANS
amd mternal shuciin (amatm)
Ohgams o Commew iai
but aekent kome [Link]
fetelimbs o Vertebratu
Insec
M e d paas D amd Tedil Cuwrbita
Borugoiwillea
1ha
COiain - AxillanyH bud)
Vubrahs
Heat o
Molewlan
im biemeleds
hamoloq (&imilarihy amimals
d
NOTE1heshgams indicati DvERGEMr oUTION/ADAPTIVE RADIATION
wtteut Atu
n '-

B ANALOGous (HOMOPLASTIC) ORGANS

which ate dilleson iw tigim but a umdlionally
Ogams
Same
i n g s o Bat amd Buitterly

Stina o Bee and Scnplon

Potalsl ald Swet polal
NOTETese ekgams ake
erdence oCoNVERGENT EVOLUTION
ADAPTIVE ( CONVERGENCE

C: VESTIGEAL CRGANS: unismal) Jm an ehgaism

a e hudiimentary (net
Okgams whic im he ameesHs.
uweAe may be Jumumal
[Link] Vermuotm appenalix
0 Moa ody haiv iatimg
CnaN
Ccc Membhahe
 Pdvw gindle amd ind imb in Pahen.
D. ATAVISM/REVERdIoN

Sudden apbeahamme dameeshal

thaih im eme oiganism.
ODense bedy hkiv iw nus bot(Nematy
im 7o botm
Tail
CONNECTING LINKS (amd Misimg links)
Indicale divengemE eveliliew.
Vis b o Nen-livug amd livna )
Plana nd Anumals
glea (bs hMotoa md Poaile)
(t
Pterospenaia
Necbilma bo Awnelida and Moa)
amd Astmboda)
Rthans (byo Amelida
Hemichdala (Ho Non-chetdata and Chotdata,
Chimaera (Chendsichtyes amd Osteichthyes
Coelacai/Lilmeua/lebeins
amel
LmA fcheaDtþnsi
(Uncle Aphiklams ( Osteicthyes amd Awblnibians)
Seymunia(Missig imk)
henoda Abibia amd Retilia)
Anhaeapoy (8uo Restil and Btd)(Fosail Bid; M k)
Phearheria/UMenatkemes (Bhs Reails and Mammals)
3 EVIDENCES FROM EMBRYOLOG4y
BioGENETIC LAW/REcAPITULATION TEORY

Propesed by Eanes Haeckel

As per tehest O hecobitulals phylogeny
(devet e AncessaN
gamism) develepmen
evoienay
amcest histey)
ie Ay gamism pesms
Jdevdlepmt sages duhing ikh embiyenie develsme
all vetioas
ea. Saniky embkyaie sages o
J

*This hety disapphoved by Baehs

lans

BAER'S LAw Von e a

Phapesed b
Anagested hatm am egamism general chahaes
del (at, Allnded by bec harart
 againt Blogendio Jao, 2 Buagested o t , no emhimenie
srage CA pau galUFDe adul ages
amcesrs.
ALAEONTOLOGICAL EVDENCES=
Palaende
Lemando da Vinei
Fathe Getge De Curien
Fatbver Moderwilaenlakegs

FossILS(Dead Aemais thaes o bast ile,t in Salimeutary

ecks)

þheserved im n eladL
A Urialtesed [Link]
montaima(
s P o a l w o y Mamma

mcetu
1-· ltvtP~NW ~ ~t1B'3'toLQ4y
· B1o~t,;.N1t•flc.- LAW / [Link] -r~~R.1 :
·~u A ~ U. ~~ ~e cb !
. As- ~ tl-.t.G-4-ti<J ~Gtw '1,e,~ ( A'1-.....,~ ,,
st ~~ m ; d•llPJ,hmWJ
~ e~~~
l·e· ~ • ~ ~ ·~,
(Jd ~ • ~ ~ ol ~e .J·
till ~

~ ~-¼1w dlAt ~ 1t ~ ~
d~ ~, ~ ,, [Link] ~ .
 ~ A a '\
~nr - I
.... ~

GEOL OGIC TIME SCALE

Time Units of the Geolog ic Time Scale Development of

Plants and Animals
;,(n Era Period Epoch

Holocene __ 01
Quaternary Earliest Horoo sapiens
Pleistocene
1.6-
Pliocene Earliest hominids
5.3-
(.)
u Miocene
·5 ·5 23.8-
N N
Tertiary Oligocene "Age of Mammals"
~
0
C:
Q)
33.7
(.) Eocene
..c: 55-
Cl. Extinction of dinosaurs
Palaeocene
~5- ~and many other spec ies-
u Cretaceous First flowering plants
·5 1 45 "Age
N
Jurassic ., First birds
0 of
V, 208 Dinosaurs dominant
Q) •
Triassic Reptiles" First mammals
~
248
Permian .. Extinction of trilobites and
286 many other marine animals
V,
::, "Age
...0 Pennsylvanian
of First reptiles
~ 320 Amphibians" Large coal swamps
C:

(.)
...
0
.0
CIJ
Mississippian Amphibians abundant
·5 (.)
N 360
0 "Age First amphibians
Q) Devonian . First insect fossils
CIJ 410 of
Cl.
CIJ
Silurian • Fishes Fishes dominant
438
Fir~i 1'1,~ ~ lants
Ordovician •
505 'S1e irst 1s es
Cambrian ,
545
Invertebrates" . Trilobites dominant
First organisms with shells -
"Soft-bodied
~ Abund ant Ediacaran faunas
faunas"
C50 First multicelled organisms
u '

~0
·5

~
Collectively called
Precambrian
...
0

1~
i
Cl.
C:
~

0
comprises
about 87% of the
geological time scale , First one-celled or~anisms

~~r % Age of oldest rocks

()
H')4an A~~~~~p. ) , Origin of the earth
--- l I
t. -
 Quaternary 0 1---- - - -~ -- -- - - -

Tertiary 50

Dinosaurs
(extinct)

Cretaceous l 00

Jurassic
150
~~
~- ~,
~_,_, I . •-. i~
_; '
Therapsids ✓
(extinct)
:.;~ ~

200
Triassic

250
Permian

(Sauro~sids]
3001--- ---- ( Synapsi~s J
Carboniferou s

~~
•'}: ~,!..·=-=..!:'.~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
~

Early reptiles
(extinct)
 · ·t:. ,...-
'
I

Quater nary Angios perms (flowering plants)

Tertiar y Monoco tyledon s
Bryoph es
---- Dicotyl edons
Spheno psids Gnetale s
Cretace ous Ginkgo s
(horseta ils)

Herbac eous Fems Conifer s Cycads

lycopod s

Triassi c

...... ' Arbore scent

lycopod s
- - - - - - - - - -Seed ferns

Carbon iferous
---- ---- -~
Progym nospen ns
Devoni an
Psiloph yton
Siluria n
Zostero phyllum Rhynia- type plants

Tracheo phyte ancesto rs

•
Chlorop hyte ancesto rs
 Tricerat ops
Tyrann osaurus
~ .i
, ..:;.--- -
-:: · ~-. :~$:._-
~ J-t
Pterano don

~
~
Crocodil i~
~~ ~~

r-, /', / Archaeo pteryx

\ I .,__
~ \ .t ~ -=-~
-
Ii~ •
..!- -

~ ..
Stegosa urus

Brachio saurus
~ · .B1 ci:j l::O~P [Link] l:V ~a !.S

.81~~ : & . i 't:' ~t i !~ 1

A

~ ~~J ,~~~
.JL,~ . ,._~ e. ~ ~ bl E:>

__
__ . " 1 ~ , &[Link]. , aN
~ CP..Ue
D
o ~1u. , ~r ~ ~
~ eJ
.
~
S:....il._ _..

Jt.w,U:-
.Jt .u c..rm.&lde,\.ul ~ --ff,\,e,,..e, [Link].& -M Q

~ ~ t. ~~Jt.

A· ])1sc..ow,1~uous l>\S'T~IBUTION ~

-~ i ~ /[Link]~ r ~ A~~~~
't:J ~
. ~~ Crt)~~ ~ -tt,e-, eo n, ~ ~ ~
J!'h_J ~ 0~ ~ w 1 '. IJ ~ ~'{)~rf ,.,,J._,
,,'PAN~~ .dJo 7. Q
~ .oJA b.f>[Link] -D
 ·:Pl~~ ~ a1 ~ . •i•,,...... ~ U M . ~ Afhl,~ to
~ M.b'iWij I [Link]-es.f ~~ fMl" ~ .ov,,,.J_,,
~etJ • ~ ~ • ( # M ~ ~...,,,~~ rt' .
1

[Link],:R I~ SP~IA1"IO"l

~• (9 -W\~ 11 the&~~~,~~~~
@) t al A~
~ ~~ a tWt .
, ~~
·a
,-r~ ~ ~ ~
n
B· CDwTltJUQ.U6 J)l!.TR,1Bu1"tON
-~ ~LM, ~ ~ • ~ ~1~
•'1 • • ~ e,v,W I ]; ~fsl. / ~
U ~ ~ t-l~ ,A,,,,~ , /rs Q.. ,\U1At, ~ •
~ ~ wWtJ Heue., • ~J.~ , [Link]~ ~~
\) ilk_e, ~~ ~ ~ I ~ N~ Av,,~ F-'
 Marsup ial
radiatio n

Koala AUST RALI A

Marsup ial rat

Bandic oot

Womba t Kangar oo
Pla cen tal ma mm als Au str ali an ma rsu pia ls

Nu mb at (an tea ter)

Fly ing squ irre l

)!..
..
.
~

Tas ma nia n tige r cat

J ij ~ I~ 0/: [Link] ON @
0
® -------~~-,~ -
@ t~ ~J ; __ · · -C
~ t- .t , f1nt1 eti)
 NUMERICALS
R bositive woividuals have Ro anligen n RBCs, while Rh-ve
d [Link] ahe paauamyUR bostave allele,
pastire allela,
R ve V%
uaim

a a populatin has 36/, [Link] geologeniype. Thm

wh aquamy tele a?
a20 lo7( D70 hane
1 360 t o imdiriduals im a þopulatim
e AAV,iu 40 hare Aa. Kut 160 alang to aa.

Fue allele A is?

)7 bo. os'd) o4
Ans A)
Rhm phanohype i du lo damiuant allek (say A)
hve peams (Both Aa. and. AA) 84
Rh-ve a 100-84 16
e aa 1 6 /
or 0.16
aa : 16
On tov 16
Bo, On ,
04

P |-04

ea:A allule ea hesatble t

Rve B
FACTORS RESPONSI8LE FOR EVOLUTION AccORDING To NEO-DARWINISM
s qeneio Kecambimalien
ime d meiosis, phea Qmetbment
Ocrns& duing Chossing oves at e
nes s at ttind d qame msay ete

leads lo vaniodien.

TMtaiens-
Mutdiens a e kamdem, Bingle steb, Jage varialierns
amdudsn
Theae o e nen- diresienal
T o eplai he impettamee gendtie bas o
blatieperiment sons Cnndeted
*Ledesberg teblia þlaing expeime
Cemeucted blo [Link] and k Ledarbehg
 O All &acherial
Coonies +
Antibiie senitive Baceia colamiu
E Vever dise Aibicte Resistamt Bacerial colmigs
preAse m
Maste masten plali
Pa
Only kesiatamt telanies
velver

SHR ne pla

All he Plala a Mediuum

Plal Cotarnue Aiibieäe(eg Pniuilin)
Mediuwm

Lamarekian_vies> Avibise mt on plal indured

Probable
cenies amd breatd awdibistie
thomges iw Basteial
hslan bachenial conies.
Danoins Mies Aribisuo hosistamce oas e bte-existamt
i Aeme bacresia, www we Belecreb
shamge im eionment ie eposuu
Ho alibuns
NOT Cneuded hat ble-adaive muitatiens (to hamged
evihanmenoe kedbonsible ei evslilim.
(u ckag
gene migalim.
CPlanned)
Ao temed as Gene U" mtexbheedina
Chamge m genoie kadanes
m aene þool o
populltins(becaus wighotim mdi biduals.
Gule
X-
Populun A
D
()
alianB
(Gnepot»Xx) CGane pool-Y
Genoie drit/Suoal igk ele
Seen in small bobulatis
Chame eAnsA ambalima ewe
hameea
Gene migAaun o uns doy
Can be under Ua headimgs
Vexplaned
A Btle neek eesl
vatialiens
Guses hedusi im genaie
Guses to omslamd nes
-lo mabilt opepulauen
Oceuks dua
Aelecievw blusuus ike maie shamges.
sheusvg_gevet-botle (nek u wuall
pot Potpualien
veAge o einim
Neo Jlie smeoyuvimy ehganiss
alleie guny nwo bopulatin Uis Radically
dilerambW pam Hd pakant opulatiew
 chmme
rent

gene peo Lost gems Resultant popul

small bobul"
(Similas
uvivma popul
m bebul",
Huitina lead to
cheeta

8 Forumde geoqhapical aha

he a hall allele migralas o meud

amd stan asimg as leumder neso

Darusins inehes. D
 (o0O
( o

founden
Paren Keaultant þop"
(Similas to emdar)

3Naihall &aleduw
Operalas m vahiatisms.
Diueive k e evsiien

A StTABLISING SELECTION
selecu
Netmalising selectin/ Cetspeal
Jetiminali b t exhames om. t h athay
phenebybe
 Inteemediah allels quamey Ts eg
Cem men
(hwhtck abd alundy osolei ickle
Cell hot Diw
Malaio falibahum
eiunmx
awrns stabili _oukne HHE Notmal
(die due to
Malaria)
ak se H H die frem
Tt Sickle ce
No. o OmaemA
andivial HHCaer
tho
phens do notAuter
rem MfAleipakum
eenals im . hange S - 4 k
eSuvival t . sunvins xali s laro)
0 belo and abrvt
(wwle
8 DIRECTloNAL/ PROGRESSIVE SELECTION seledion P)
eliminoles ome exHame d he pheorypes (under

Gons splectad henoy becme o mata paquamw

Rak &apa l» 3electd exkame.
 Causes eeluiien

A-
Arctropoenie (Mam made) seledien
DDT Aesiskamee m

MaitoeN-
Nithuse o bDT, Aemitivemesquitbes perishedand
d
uuved. With tim
DDT-DDT- raaistamt Mesquies mesquibes
D-he heak has shiPad t DDT- esisamt
8-beklua 8-danbonanin
B-Carbo.
ndsKiaL Melanism
kuveuiuen im Bglamd, no. ef Rbbered
u n bAe- mdustial
Mstn (Bdsten bilkulaua)
was 1 s 8lackMAN (Bisen carbanaid
hedaien ( easily visible on light Celouesd
w expesed» lichen 9sasn)
e Stem Klems sere lighb due (to

Aper indusial keliiiw, aeet pten pre alin taused

Caused y Coal, made me sem dark
Biatn bikuaria Jell hay
Jsed.
edal birds V.. miy eunt
1sed
w s count q B carbenaria

[Link] DVERSIFYING SELECTION/Cenkifuyal seledim laveus

Javeus
eliminote he mtvmediati
bhensype. omd
Acb o
6 E exHemes.
develetment o d&ubsberis.
Leads o
Causes ost eveiiin beaks Baby cen &
 48
SPECIATION

Phoces o Jon new speries gaphical isslilim,

bes ta) nalintaimed lo lena
ymbatie
Cam Jead to hepilb.O
ALabatue JEolation.
bediati speciali

Caused by geoqtabhical Fotmed e ne sbees

sodim ILgden due to dleveloment
&SIttma gtabhial Aepredualiel seldin
ahea u Ja eUnlams, V(uthwt qeogiabical
Aires(Jetey.
qeorabhical isolaum
issalin
foedb kebhoduiive
Auolatienv (leads to
Sberiatuen
 TSOLATION(Repro)
PosT- ZyGOTIC ISOLATION
PR-7y40TIC IsoLATION sam
CPhrerling
tm lina) CPhereding Zygoi r

viabil
Ecelogical sdien [Link] nviakbi
Ta habiab)
i. Tempeal isolati i Hybiid stei
bheeding easens) D
(eM amd nmyi Cam
Aduce foiile UF,generat
lii. Behauiouhal Lsealienw
(Nat able to hecognise ammosi [Link] btaakdeur
iv. mechanieal iiien
Cincembatible qenitalia, Cseility
v. Gamie iselalisnw eLigen (Lionx Tigeran)
Tian (Tigerx Lionen)
NOTE O Uhit o erelalion Populadie
-l- N. elezluen Jnolikdual

EvoLwTION
HUMAN
ClascatienHumaw-
Kimgda Anumalla
- Cherda
P
Subpkylaum - Vertabaat .

Cla Mammalia
Onder- hamala
Para-Hominidau
aenu
Speciss Sapiens
A no. o Atages d to evsluien Mam
D
1 Dhyopthecus nd hamahirthecus
t ISmya (Muocene)
Comme acestot Ma ama abes.
CPRO CONSAL)
tomapithecus mte like
Dho. was mere ke) Ape whil
mam
Agnatnu
Ar ku ; alked like abe
400-Soo ce
Chan Cabacil w e wwd
m w
n Aiea ( ama.
Forails were n d Shurallk
Austhaleptnecu
Ape mam ; apbeaed 2 my
Bteds dth Bbretped gau
BAai cabaity 4rd-Svo Ce
unte Simes (o saMe hemselres)
PAsathus
Fos 9 was ound Luey
baby wa wn Tuam baby

Hamo habils iled mam Hamoly Mam)

To maken; Made tegs hem sne
Fols eund m Aica
XI hevuid Human ke amcustet
wt 2mya
Cabd -6So-8oD Ce
A A
 Smya ( Pleistocene eboch)
Stood ekaet; Bbedal
BAa Capaity- a q0
Cce

Used e
At mat

Jaa Man Pekina Man Heidlbehg many

hecahobus Sinaniwebus Homo ecis heidelbeg-
eests ekinens ensu

Hamo erlus eecs Homo pekinensiu for pound im

Foil lund' n Heidelbeka (Geman
Fonil lound n Jun PekiCina)
 Hoo abins (ise m
Nendasthal Ma
Hemp &oablons neamdertalis
Aia
ved im east amd Cethal

Ceve mamselve
Used das
Rigles;Bwiad daads
C a b a s 1400 CC
Not dnest akces oMedlasa uumamn
C:veky inute no. o lessils
Cho-Manqman Mam -
hesehese eudb)
Hawo Sapiens letsalis
7 ` r o 1eoro yAs ago
-

8tantad Cae baimi domsticatid amimals

Cabari 16S cc
Madem Ma
HamoAapiams sabiens
Onigmatad m Apica dukimg lee
e 7Svvo -18oo yns Ua
Brr Caparity 140 c 1600 c
Staxtedagidte s