Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Experiment No.: 6
Title: Study of Companded PCM
Name of Student:
Date of performance :
Date of submission :
Class : SE [E & TC] Roll Number :
Signature of the Teacher:
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 1
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Experiment No. 6
Study of Companded PCM
Aim : Study of Companded PCM.
Objective of Experiment:
To study block diagram of Companded PCM generator and observe waveform.
Equipment : Digital trainer kit, patch cords, DSO etc.
Theory:
PCM:
By Nyquist theorem, if signal contains no frequency components for F > B. W., it is
completely described by instantaneous sample values uniformly spaced in time with period Ts <
½ .BW. If a signal has been sampled at the Nyquiest rate or greater (Fs > [Link]) & the sample
values are represented as weighted impulses, the signal can be exactly reconstructed from it’s
samples by an ideal LPF of bandwidth B.W.
Pulse code Modulation is a digital transmission of samples of analog signal. In PCM
Generator we have sampler, Analog to digital converter & parallel to serial data converter &
serial transmission. In PCM Receiver there is serial reception of data, this serially Received data
is then converted to parallel from & then fed to digital to analog converter. The output of DAC is
fed to low pass filter & we get transmitted analog signal. PCM performance as an analog
communication system depends primarily on the quantization noise introduced by ADC.
In our kit for PCM transmitter we have used ADC0809, Multiplexer IC74151, Latch
IC74373, Counter IC4040, IC7404, IC7432 & IC7408 for required Logic implementation.
The conversion time of ADC limits maximum sampling rate & therefore Bandwidth of
transmitter. All control signals are derived from basic clock. To derive control signals IC7408,
7432, 4017, are used. After analog to digital conversion, signals fed to Multiplexer IC. Control
for IC 74151 is from IC4040. Every time IC4040 counter gives 8 combinations & transmits 8 bit
data corresponding to every sample. In Receiver section we have used shift register IC 74198 in
serial in & parallel out form. For synchronization clock at Receiver must be same to clock at
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 2
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
transmitter. After serial reception of data output of shift register is latched using 74373 & fed to
DAC (R-2R Ladder). Output of DAC is fed to filter.
To observe stable waveform on CRO the sampling frequency must be exactly integer
multiple of signal frequency. In our kit signal frequency is obtain by frequency divider & filter
circuit.
Companded PCM:
In linear PCM if Bit resolution is 8 Bit then there are 2 = 256 quantization Levels. Also if signal
amplitude it capable of swinging through all available quantization region without extending
beyond the outermost ranges. (e.g. if ADC 0809 is Used outermost range is OV & 5V & we can
apply maximum signal amplitude 5V p-p ). The O/p signal to quantization noise ratio is 6N dB.
When N = 8 i. e. no of Bits. S/N ratio is 48 dB. For details refer to page no.213 to 217 from
‘Principles of Communication System By Taub- Schilling. If the signal is reduced in amplitude so
that not all quantization ranges Are used than S/Nq ratio is also reduced. That means effective
numbers of quantization levels are also reduced. To avoid this problem a process called
COMPANDING is used. COMPANDING means compressing of signal at transmitter &
expanding of a signal at receiver. To keep S/Nq ratio high we must use a signal which swings
through a range which is large in comparison with step size. This requirement is not satisfied
when the signal is small. Therefore signal is passed through a compressor. So that, at the O/p of
compressor, at low amplitude, slope is large. Due to this, a small amplitude signal will range thro-
ugh more quantization regions than would be the case in the absence of compression.
Compression produces signal distortion. To undo the distortion, at the receiver We pass the
recovered signal through an expander Network. An expander network has an I/p – O/p
characteristic which is the inverse of the characteristic of the Compressor. The inverse distortion
of compressor & expander generate a final O/p signal without distortion.
A] ‘u’ Law -- > In the U. S., Canada & Japan ‘u’ law is isused.
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 3
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 4
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
For compressor
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 5
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Procedure:
1. Switch on ‘Power on’ switch, red LED should glow.
2. Observe 1MHz clock O/p signal on panel.
3. Connect this 1MHz clock to ADC 0809 clock I/p.
4. Observe point ‘A’ O/p from -:- 2 Network & connect it to point ‘B’ i.e. I/p to -:- 8
Network .
5. Observe O/p of both -:- 8 network & calculate their frequencies.
6. Connect O/p of 2nd -:- 8 network to start conversion I/p of ADC 0809 i.e. ‘SC’ point on
panel.
7. Observe ‘SC’ point & ‘EOC’ point on panel simultaneously on dual trace oscilloscope &
find out conversion period of A/D. Conversion period - Time between falling edge of
‘SC’ & rising edge of ‘EOC’.
8. Observe ‘EOC’ point & ‘OE’ point i.e. O/p enable pin of 74373 latch simultaneously on
dual trace scope. Also observe ‘RST’ point & ‘Clk’ point of IC 4040 along with ‘OE’.
9. Observe ‘PCM OUTPUT’ point & connect it to I/p to receiver. i e. serial I/p to shift
register 74198.
10. Observe ‘CLK’ of 74198 along with ‘Clk’ of 4040 dual trace scope.
11. Observe ‘LE’ i. e. latch enable pin of 74373 latch next to shift register, with ‘CLK’ of
74198.
12. Now you can draw timing diagram of the system.
13. Ensure that all 8 bits are connected to latch i. e. that all DIP switches are to ‘on’ position.
14. Adjust biasing dc voltage to 2.5v with the pot.
15. By using pot provided above ‘DAC’ adjust 2.5v at the O/p of DAC.
16. Now vary I/p biasing pot slightly & observe that accordingly DAC voltage varies
linearly, on CRO.
17. Now keep 3-LSB bits switches to ‘Off ’ position & vary I/p biasing voltage, you will find
DAC voltage varies in steps.
18. By measuring I/p voltage & DAC voltage we can find out quantization noise.
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 6
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
19. Now keep DC bias to 2.5v using nearby pot. & all DIP switches to ‘on’ position.
20. Two generators are provided on panel rightmost is fixed frequency Sine wave & the other
is variable frequency. (Sine, square & triangular wave generator) To vary its frequency
pot is provided on panel.
21. First Connect fixed frequency sine wave to I/p of ADC 0809.
22. Observe DAC O/p. Calculate its frequency & peak to peak amplitude.
23. Observe this with I/p fixed frequency sine wave. Connect DAC O/p to I/p of filter &
observe O/p of filter.
24. Repeat step 22-23 variable frequency sine, triangular & square wave a I/p to ADC.
25. First keep frequency of sine wave minimum. Observe DAC O/p along with I/p sine wave.
Now slowly increase freq. of sine wave to verify Nyquist criteria & to observe alaising
effect.
Block Diagram:
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 7
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Conclusion:
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Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 8
Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
JSPM Narhe Technical Campus
S. No. 12/2/2 and 14/9 Narhe, Tal : Haveli, Dist.: Pune - 411041
Phone : +91 20 2460 8700, 701, 702 Fax : +91 20 2460 8888 Web : [Link]
Affiliated to University of Pune. Approved by AICTE New Delhi and DTE Maharashtra.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Expected Waveform:
Assignment No. 6
1. Difference between PCM and companded PCM.
2. Explain A and µ Law companding.
Prepared By – Prof. Mrs. A. S. Patil 9