AG-TQS-IAQ-00

March 4, 2002

Application Guide
TQS with IAQ Inlet
 AG-TQS-IAQ-00
March 4, 2002

Table of Contents
Introduction 2
ASHRAE Standard 62 2
Outdoor Air Requirements For Ventilation For Commercial Buildings 3
EPA Report – Energy Costs and IAQ Performance of Ventilation Systems and 5
Controls
Suggested Control Sequence 7
Suggested Specification 9

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Introduction
The demand for fresh air inlets on series fan powered terminals has been growing to address the
growing IAQ concerns. Titus introduces the IAQ inlet option on the TQS premiere fan powered
terminal.

Building owners are becoming more aware of the health concerns related to poor indoor air quality
(IAQ). Indoor air is a combination of outside air and indoor air distributed throughout a building.
Indoor air pollution is caused by an accumulation of contaminants that primarily come from inside the
building.

Carbon dioxide can accumulate in building spaces if a sufficient amount of outdoor air is not brought
in to the building. Building material, furniture, cleaners, and copy machines can all add to the
accumulation of pollutants in a building.

Studies have shown that poor IAQ can contribute to building-related illnesses and sick building
syndrome. The World Health Organization estimates that as many as 30% of new buildings have
unusually high rates of sick building complaints. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health reports that poor ventilation is a major contributing factor to these sick building complains.
Increasing the supply of outside air to a zone decreases indoor air problems.

Outside air control is typically handled by the central air handling unit. Due to varying conditions in
individual zones, the outside air supplied by the air handler may not meet the minimum requirement
for the zone. By supplying outside air directly to the zone using the TQS with IAQ inlet, the
minimum ventilation requirement for the zone can be maintained.

ASHRAE Standard 62
ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, specifies the minimum
ventilation rates and indoor air quality that will be acceptable to human occupants. The standard is
intended to minimize the potential for adverse health effects.

ASHRAE defines acceptable indoor air quality as air in which there are no known contaminants at
harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority
(80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.

The standard defines the outdoor air quality acceptable for ventilation, outdoor air treatment when
necessary, ventilation rates for residential, commercial, institutional, vehicular, and industrial spaces,
the criteria for reduction of outdoor air quantities when recirculated air is treated by contaminant-
removal equipment, and the criteria for variable ventilation when the air volume in the space can be
used as a reservoir to dilute contaminants.

Table 1 is a summary of the Outdoor Air Requirements For Ventilation For Commercial Buildings
from the standard.

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Table 1.
Estimated
Application Maximum Outside Air Requirement
Occupancy
People / cfm / cfm / cfm /
1000 [Link] Person [Link]. Room
Dry Cleaners
Commercial laundry 10 25
Commercial dry cleaner 30 30
Storage, pick up 30 35
Coin-operated laundries 20 15
Coin-operated dry cleaner 20 15

Food and Beverage Service

Dining rooms 70 20
Cafeteria, fast food 100 20
Bars, cocktail lounges 100 30
Kitchens (cooking) 20 15

Hotels, Motels, Resorts, Dormitories

Bedrooms 30
Living rooms 30
Baths 35
Lobbies 30 15
Conference rooms 50 20
Assembly rooms 120 15
Dormitory sleeping areas 20 15
Gambling casinos 120 30

Offices
Office space 7 20
Reception areas 60 15
Telecommunication centers and data entry 60 20
areas
Conference rooms 50 20

Public Spaces
Corridors and utilities 0.05
Public restrooms 50
Locker and dressing rooms 0.5
Smoking lounge 70 60
Elevators 1

Retail Stores, Sales Floors, and Show Room

Floors
Basement and street 30 0.3
Upper floors 20 0.2
Storage rooms 15 0.15
Dressing rooms 0.2
Malls and arcades 20 0.2

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Shipping and receiving 10 0.15

Warehouses 5 0.05
Smoking lounge 70 60

Specialty Shops
Barber 25 15
Beauty 25 25
Reducing salons 20 15
Florists 8 15
Clothiers, furniture 0.3
Hardware, drugs, fabric 8 15
Supermarkets 8 15
Pet shops 1

Sports and Amusement

Spectator areas 150 15
Game rooms 70 25
Ice arenas (playing areas) 0.5
Swimming pools (pool and deck area) 0.5
Playing floors (gymnasium) 30 20
Ballrooms and discos 100 25
Bowling alleys (seating areas) 70 25

Theaters
Ticket booths 60 20
Lobbies 150 20
Auditorium 150 15
Stages, studios 70 15

Transportation
Waiting rooms 100 15
Platforms 100 15
Vehicles 150 15

Workrooms
Meat processing 10 15
Photo studios 10 15
Darkrooms 10 0.5
Pharmacy 20 15
Bank vaults 5 15
Duplicating, printing 0.5

Education
Classroom 50 12
Laboratories 30 20
Training shop 30 20
Music rooms 50 15
Libraries 20 15
Locker rooms 0.5

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Corridors 0.1
Auditoriums 150 15
Smoking lounges 70 60

Hospitals, Nursing and Convalescent Homes

Patient rooms 10 25
Medical procedure 20 15
Operating rooms 20 30
Recovery and ICU 20 15
Autopsy rooms 0.5
Physical therapy 20 15

Correctional Facilities
Cells 20 20
Dining halls 100 15
Guard stations 40 15

EPA Report – Energy Costs and IAQ Performance of Ventilation

Systems and Controls
In January 2000, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released a report on the Energy Costs
and IAQ Performance of Ventilation Systems and Controls. The report was broken into seven
projects:

Project Report #1 Project Objectives and Methodology

Project Report #2 Assessment of CV and VAV Ventilation Systems and Outdoor Air Control
Strategies for Large Office Buildings – Outdoor Air Flow Rates and Energy
Use
Project Report #3 Assessment of CV and VAV Ventilation Systems and Outdoor Air Control
Strategies for Large Office Buildings – Zonal Distribution of Outdoor Air
and Thermal Comfort Control
Project Report #4 Energy Impacts of Increasing Outdoor Flow Rates from 5 to 20 cfm per
Occupant in Large Office Buildings
Project Report #5 Peak Load Impacts of Increasing Outdoor Air Flow Rates from 5 to 20 cfm
per Occupant in Large Office Buildings
Project Report #6 Potential Problems in IAQ and Energy Performance of HVAC Systems
When Outdoor Flow Rates are Increased from 5 to 15 cfm per Occupant in
Education Buildings, Auditoriums, and Other Very High Occupant Density
Buildings
Project Report #7 The Impact of Energy Efficient Strategies on Energy Use, Thermal
Comfort, and Outdoor Air Flow Rates in Commercial Buildings

(This Guide will discuss some of the issues discussed in the reports. A complete copy of the reports
can be found at the Environmental Protection Agency’s IAQ in Large Buildings website at
[Link] .)

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The study looked at three climates (Minneapolis, Washington DC, and Miami) and three outdoor air
control strategies (fixed outdoor air fraction, constant outdoor air, and air-side economizer) for both
constant volume and variable air volume systems.

The fixed outdoor air fraction (FOAF) strategy maintained a constant percent of outdoor air
regardless on supply volume. This is typically a fixed position outside air damper. The constant
outdoor air (COA) strategy maintains a constant volume of outside air with respect to supply air
volume. The air-side economizer strategy override the outdoor air flow called for by the FOAF or
COA strategy when outside air temperature is lower than the return air temperature. Two air side
economizer strategies were used, one based on temperature (T) and one based on enthalpy (E).

The study discusses the benefits (thermal and economic) of the various systems in the three climates,
most of these issues will not be discussed in this Guide.

The study found that core zones consistently received less outdoor air than the perimeter zones. The
core of a building is typically the zone with the largest occupancy levels and therefore would require
more outdoor air than the perimeters.

Table 2 is Exhibit 6 from Report #3 showing occurrence of zone outside air flow, as a percentage of
occupied hours, for VAV systems using COA strategies. The table shows the variation in outside air
across the different zones in the building while the total building outside air flow was maintained at
20 cfm / person.

Table 2.
VAV (COA) VAV (COA) Economizer (T) VAV (COA) Economizer (E)
Climate and Zone OA Flow Rate Achieved (cfm/person) OA Flow Rate Achieved (cfm/person) OA Flow Rate Achieved (cfm/person)
<=5 6-10 11-15 16-19 >=20 <=5 6-10 11-15 16-19 >=20 <=5 6-10 11-15 16-19 >=20
Minneapolis
Core 0.1 48.7 51.2 0.1 29.0 9.5 61.4 0.1 18.5 8.1 73.3
East 100.0 100.0 100.0
North 0.7 22.5 76.8 0.1 2.3 97.7 0.4 99.6
West 0.5 99.5 0.4 99.6 0.1 99.9
South 100.0 100.0 100.0
Washington DC
Core 0.2 51.5 48.3 39.0 10.4 50.6 27.1 5.0 67.9
East 100.0 100.0 100.0
North 14.4 85.6 4.1 95.9 0.4 99.6
West 100.0 100.0 100.0
South 100.0 100.0 100.0
Miami
Core 80.7 19.3 78.8 15.4 5.8 70.8 12.3 16.9
East 100.0 100.0 100.0
North 5.5 7.5 86.9 1.5 6.2 92.3 1.1 2.9 96.1
West 2.1 97.9 1.2 98.8 0.7 99.3
South 100.0 100.0 100.0

ASHRAE Standard 62 recommends that offices have 15 to 20 cfm / person and education facilities
have 12 to 20 cfm / person (see table 1). Table 2 shows that, depending on the control strategy, the
core could never reach the 20 cfm / person requirement, or be below the requirement 25 to 40% of the
occupied hours.

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The study also looked at the annual cost impact of increasing outside air flow from 5 cfm / person to
20 cfm / person. For the VAV system without economizer, the increased outside air flow increased
energy HVAC costs by 0-9% in Minneapolis, 1-14% in Washington DC, and 3-20% in Miami. For
VAV systems with economizer, the increased outside air flow increased energy HVAC costs by 2-
16% in Minneapolis, 2-19% in Washington DC, and 3-21% in Miami.

The study found that due to the introduction of warn outside air in the cooling season and cold outside
air in the heating season, the peak cooling load increased by 15-20% and peak heating load increased
by 5-20%. This load increase was based on increasing the total building outside air flow to 20 cfm /
person. To increase the outside air flow in the core to 20 cfm / person, would further increase the
load.

Providing outside air directly to the zones using a fan powered terminal could guaranty the outside air
requirements are met in the core. Using the TQS with IAQ inlet allows you to increase the outside air
flow on a zone-by-zone basis without increasing the outside air flow in zones that meet the 20 cfm /
person requirement. This strategy would reduce the energy and load increase described above.

The study found that in cases of high occupant densities, such as classrooms, the cfm for outside air
flow requirement could exceed the required cfm for thermal comfort. Because most VAV terminals
are controlled by the thermal requirements of the zone, the terminals would reduce the volume of air
supplied to the space, and therefore reduce the amount of outside air flow to the zone. Supplying
outside air directly to the space using the TQS with IAQ inlet would address this issue without
increasing the outside air supplied to low occupant density zones.

Suggested Control Sequence

The following control sequence details the series fan, with on/off constant IAQ air flow operation.

The fan operates continuously in the occupied mode, providing constant volume to the zone. During
occupancy of the zone, the IAQ inlet is open, providing constant volume isothermal air to the zone. If
the zone is not occupied, the IAQ inlet damper can be closed. The primary inlet damper is modulated
based on the zone sensor / thermostat. The primary inlet damper would modulate from full closed to
the cfm equivalent to the fan cfm. Electric or hot water coils can be used for reheat. A DDC infrared
sensor, by others, should be used to open the IAQ inlet damper during occupancy.

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100%
Total Airflow

% Total Fan Box Airflow

% Primary Airflow
% Outside Airflow Plenum Air

Primary Air

Outside Air
0%

Off On HSP CSP

Temperature Increase
Outside Air Flow

Figure 1. Constant Fan VAV Terminal with IAQ Inlet, Cooling Only
100%

Total Airflow

Plenum Air
% Total Fan Box Airflow

% Primary Airflow

Wa t
er V
alve
Posi
% Outside Airflow

Primary Air
tion

Outside Air
0%

Off On HSP CSP

Temperature Increase
Outside Air Flow
Figure 2. Constant Fan VAV Terminal with IAQ Inlet, with Proportional Water Reheat

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100%
Total Airflow

% Total Fan Box Airflow

% Primary Airflow
Plenum Air

Step 3
% Outside Airflow

Step 2 Primary Air

Step 1

Outside Air
0%

Off On HSP CSP

Temperature Increase
Outside Air Flow
Figure 3. Constant Fan VAV Terminal with IAQ Inlet, with Electric Reheat

Suggested Specification
The following changes should be made to the standard TQS specification (see catalog for standard
TQS specification) to include the IAQ Inlet:

4. The terminal casing shall be minimum 20 gauge galvanized steel, internally lined with dual density
glass fiber insulation which complies with UL 181 and NFPA 90A. Any exposed insulation edges
shall be coated with NFPA 90A approved sealant to prevent entertainment of fibers in the airstream.
The terminal shall have a round duct collar for the primary and ventilation air connections and a
rectangular discharge suitable for flanged duct connection. The ventilation inlet shall be integral to
the unit casing. Add-on ventilation units are not acceptable. The casing shall be designed for hanging
by sheet metal straps.

8. The primary and ventilation air damper assemblies shall be heavy gauge steel with shaft rotating in
Delrin or bronze oilite self-lubricating bearings. Nylon bearings are not acceptable. Shaft shall be
clearly marked on end to indicate damper position. Stickers or other removable markings are not
acceptable. The damper shall incorporate a mechanical stop to prevent overstroking, and a synthetic
seal to limit close-off leakage to the maximum values shown in Table B.