SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
STAIRS
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STAIRS
• A stair is a means of providing access from one floor level
to another
• Stairs can be designed as one straight flight between floor
levels, which is the simplest and cheapest layout
• Alternatively, they can be designed to turn corners by the
introduction of quarter space (90⁰) or half space (180⁰)
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
STAIRS
• It should be constructed to provide ready, easy, comfortable
and safe access up and down with steps that are neither
laborious nor difficult to climb, within a compact area, so as
not to take up excessive floor space
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FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Strength and Stability
• Ease of use
• Fire Safety
• Control of impact sound
• Safety in use
• Avoiding traps
• Durability
• Aesthetics
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• FLIGHT: describes an uninterrupted series of steps
between floors or between floor and landing, or between
landing and landing
• A flight should have not more than 16 risers.
• The rise and going of each step in one flight and landing
between floors should be consistent
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• TREAD: the horizontal face of a step
• RISERS: the vertical or near vertical face of a stair between two
consecutive treads
• STAIRWELL: the space in which the stairs and the landings are housed
• NOSING: the exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a square,
rounded or splayed edge
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
• STEP: riser plus tread
• GOING: the horizontal distance between two consecutive risers
• RISE: the vertical height between two consecutive treads
• NEWEL: post forming the junction of flights of stairs with landings
or carrying the lower end strings
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• STRINGS: the members receiving the ends of the steps, which are
generally housed to the strings and secured by wedges called wall
or outer strings according to their position
• HANDRAILS: protecting member usually parallel to the strings
and spanning between newels
• BALUSTER: vertical infill member between the string and
handrails
• PITCH LINE: a line connecting the nosings of all the treads in any
one flight
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
TYPES OF STAIRS
• STRAIGHT FLIGHT STAIR:
• Rises from floor to floor in one direction with or without an intermediate
landing, hence the name
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
QUARTER TURN STAIR
• Rises to a landing between two floors, turns through 90⁰, then
rises to the floor above
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
HALF TURN/DOG LEG STAIR
• A half turn stair rises to a landing floor, turns 180⁰, then rises parallel
to the lower flight to the floor above
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
GEOMETRICAL STAIRS
• Are constructed with treads that are tapered on plan, with the
tapered treads around a centre support as a spiral (helical) stair, an
open well circular stair or as an ellipse or part of an ellipse or plan
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
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ROOFS
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
ROOFS
• The roof is an important element in providing protection from the
weather and has a significant role to play in the reduction of heat loss
from a building
• Roofs are classified as either pitched or flat
• The timber is the most common material used in the construction of
roofs, with some use of concrete for flat roofs
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FUNCTIONS OF A ROOF
[Link] out rain, wind, snow and dust
[Link] excessive heat loss in the cold seasons
[Link] the interior of the building cool in hot seasons
[Link] all stresses encountered
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
FUNCTIONS OF A ROOF
5. Accept movement due to changes in temperature and moisture
content
6. To provide lateral restraint and stability to adjacent walls
7. To resist penetration of fire and spread of flame from external sources
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PITCHED ROOFS
• The term pitched roof includes any roof whose angle of slope to the
horizontal lies between 10 to 70 degrees, below this range it would
be called a flat roof and above 70⁰ it would be classified as a wall
• The pitch is determined by the covering that is to be placed over the
timber carcass, whereas the basic form is governed by the load and
span
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
ROOF MEMBERS
[Link]
[Link] rafters
[Link] rafters
[Link] rafters
[Link] rafters
[Link] plates
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ROOF MEMBERS
7. Ceiling joist
8. Purlins
9. Struts
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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SD DOMBO UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND 3/21/2023
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
TYPES OF ROOF
1. Couple roof
2. Close couple roof
3. Collar roof
4. Purlin or double roof
5. Mansard roof
6. Flat roof
7. Butterfly roof
8. Hip roof
9. Lean-to roof
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