CHEMISTRY
ALEEN GLENN CALUGAS
Junior Teacher 1
SOLUTIONS
• Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions:
percent by mass, percent by volume, mole fraction,
molarity, molality, ppm, ppb;
• Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative
properties of solutions;
• Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solutions; and
• Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression from the concentration of a solute in a solution.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- mixtures of two or more
SOLUTIONS
substances evenly distributed
throughout a single phase
- components may be solid,
liquid, or gas
- consist of a solute and a
solvent
LESSON 3 - Solutions
liquid solvent
+
solute crystal solution
LESSON 3 - Solutions
UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
- contains less - contains the - contains more
solute than maximum dissolved
the solvent’s amount of solute than is
capacity to solute that present in a
dissolve the solvent saturated
can dissolve solution
LESSON 3 - Solutions
percent by mass mass of solute
(percent by weight) % mass = x 100
mass of solution
percent by volume of solute
% volume = x 100
volume volume of solution
percent by mass-
mass of solute
volume % mass-volume =
volume of solution
x 100
(weight-volume)
LESSON 3 - Solutions
percent by mass (percent by weight)
mass of solute
% mass = x 100
mass of solution
Example: A 100 gram sample of a 10% by mass aqueous
solution of nitric acid (HNO3) contains 10 grams
HNO3 and 90 grams water.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
percent by volume
volume of solute
% volume = x 100
volume of solution
Note: Volume is not an additive quantity. Also, make
sure that the quantity have the same unit.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
percent by mass-volume (weight-volume)
mass of solute
% mass-volume = x 100
volume of solution
Note: It is expressed the same as percent by mass
but the denominator is changed to volume
instead.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: A 40.0 gram sample of a sodium chloride
(NaCl) is added to 80.00 grams of water.
What is the percent by mass concentration
of the solution?
40 grams
% mass = x 100
120 grams
= 33.3%
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: You are asked to add 30.0 mg salt (NaCl) in
20.0 mL solution to a favorite adobo dish.
This concentration is just enough to give
your adobo a salty taste. Express this in
percent concentration.
0.03 grams
% mass-volume = x 100
20 mL
= 0.150%
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- Still relating mass of a
Parts per Million (ppm)
solute to the total
Parts per Billion (ppb)
mass of the solution
mass of solute
ppm = x 1x10 6
mass of solution
mass of solute
ppb = 9
x 1x10
mass of solution
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- ratio of the individual component
Mole of the solution to the total
component of the solution
Fraction moles of A
Mole fraction of A =
total moles
Example: If a mixture is obtained by dissolving 10 mol
NaCl in 90 mol H2O, the mole fraction of
NaCl is 0.1 and for H2O is 0.9.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: Calculate the mole fraction of 0.080 mol
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in a 5.18 mol
aqueous H2SO4 solution.
0.08 mol
Mole fraction of H2SO4 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
5.18 mol
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- (molar concentration) number of
moles of a substance dissolved in
Molarity liter of solution
moles of solute
Molarity =
L of solution
Note: Molarity is expressed in molar (M). One molar is
equivalent to one mole per liter (1 M = 1
mol/L).
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: Determine the molar concentration of a solution that
contains 25 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in
250 mL of solution (molar mass of KOH = 56
g/mol).
mKOH 25 g
nKOH = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐊𝐎𝐇
MMKOH 56 g/mol
mol KOH 0.45 mol
Molarity = = = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐌
L solution 0.25 L solution
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- (molal concentration) number of
moles of a solute dissolved in 1000
Molality grams of solvent
moles of solute
Molality =
kg of solvent
Note: Molality is expressed in molal (m). One molal is
equivalent to one mole per kg (1 m = 1 mol/kg).
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: Calculate the molal concentration of a solution that
contains 18 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in
100.0 mL of 0.10 kg of water (molar mass of NaOH
= 40 g/mol).
mNaOH 18 g
nNaOH = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇
MMNaOH 40 g/mol
mol NaOH 0.45 mol
Molality = = = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐦
kg solvent 0.1 kg
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- properties that depend upon the
COLLIGATIVE concentration of solute
PROPERTIES molecules or ions
OF SOLUTIONS - depend only on the quantity, not
on the identity
• doesn’t matter what kind of
particles: can be ions or
molecules
• concentration of particles
does matter
LESSON 3 - Solutions
- Among colligative properties
COLLIGATIVE
are
PROPERTIES
• Vapor-pressure lowering
OF SOLUTIONS • Boiling-point elevation
• Freezing-point depression
• Osmotic pressure
The higher the concentration of
solute particles, the larger the
effect.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Does it matter if the solute is ionic or covalent?
IONIC SOLUTES COVALENT SOLUTES
dissolve to produce (+) & 1-to-1 relationship between
(-) ions → more particles moles of solute and moles of
per mole of solute dissolved particles
NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) C6H12O6(s) → C6H12O6(aq)
LESSON 3 - Solutions
• Ionic
• Dissolves as ions
MgCl2
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
1 mole salt → 3 moles ions
• Ionic
• Dissolves as ions
KOH
KOH(s) → K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
1 mole salt → 2 moles ions
LESSON 3 - Solutions
• Covalent
• Dissolves as molecules
C2H5OH
C2H5OH(l) → C2H5OH(aq)
1 mole alcohol → 1 mole molecule
• Ionic
• Dissolves as ions
CaCl2
CaCl2(s) → Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
1 mole salt → 3 moles ions
LESSON 3 - Solutions
VAPOR PRESSURE Vapor pressure of a
LOWERING solution is lower than
- solute to solvent that of the pure solvent.
intermolecular attraction,
higher concentrations
of nonvolatile solutes
make it harder for
solvent to escape to the
vapor phase
LESSON 3 - Solutions
VAPOR PRESSURE Psoln = XsolvPosolv
LOWERING where,
The vapor pressure of a • Psoln – vapor pressure of the
volatile solvent over the solution
solution is the product of the • Xsolv – mole fraction of the
mole fraction of the solvent solvent
times the vapor pressure of • Posolv – vapor pressure of
the pure solvent. the solvent
~ Raoult’s law
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: The vapor pressure of pure water at 20.0 °C is
17.5 torr. Imagine adding glucose (C6H12O6) to
the water so that the mole fractions in the resulting
solution are Xwater = 0.800 and Xglucose = 0.200.
What is the vapor pressure of the solution.
Psoln = XsolvPosolv
Psoln ==X Po
0.800(17.5torr)
solv solv
= 14.0 torr
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution of 2.00g of
aspirin (=180.15g/mol) in 50.0g of methanol
(=32.04 g/mol) at 21.2oC. Pure methanol has a
vapor pressure of 101 torr at this temperature.
2.00g
naspirin = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 1.5605mol
180.15g/mol Xmethanol =
50.00g 1.5716mol
nmethanol = = 1.5605 mol = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟗
32.04g/mol
Psoln = XsolvPosolv
= 0.9929 (101torr) = 100. torr
LESSON 3 - Solutions
BOILING POINT Boiling point of a
ELEVATION solution is higher than
- Since vapor pressures that of the pure solvent.
are lowered for
solutions, it requires a
higher temperature to
reach atmospheric
pressure
LESSON 3 - Solutions
FREEZING POINT Freezing point of a
DEPRESSION solution is lower than
- When a pure solvent that of the pure solvent.
freezes, its particles
become more ordered.
By dissolving a solute,
this ordering process is
disrupted.
LESSON 3 - Solutions
BPsoln = normal BPsolv + ΔTb
ΔTb = Kbm
where,
BOILING POINT • BPsoln – boiling point of the
solution
ELEVATION
• ΔTb – boiling point increase
• Kb – molal boiling point
elevation constant
• m – molality
LESSON 3 - Solutions
FPsoln = normal FPsolv – ΔTf
ΔTf = Kfm
where,
FREEZING POINT • FPsoln – freezing point of the
solution
DEPRESSION
• ΔTf – freezing point decrease
• Kf – molal freezing point
depression constant
• m – molality
LESSON 3 - Solutions
SOLVENT Normal Kb (oC/m) Normal Kf (oC/m)
BP (oC) FP (oC)
Water 100.0 0.51 0.0 1.86
Benzene 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Ethanol 78.4 1.22 -114.6 1.99
CCl4 76.8 5.02 -22.3 29.8
Chloroform 61.2 3.63 -63.5 4.68
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,
CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the
boiling point and freezing point of a 1000.0 g solution of
ethylene glycol in water that is 25.0% w/w. (MMethylene glycol =
62.1 g/mol)
250g
( 62.1g )
BPsoln = normal BPmol
solv + ΔTb
solute FP soln = normal FPsolv – ΔTf
Molality
ΔTb = Kbm = mol
= ΔT = K=m𝟓. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦
kg solvent 0.75 fkg f
LESSON 3 - Solutions
Example: Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,
CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the
boiling point and freezing point of a 1000.0 g solution of
ethylene glycol in water that is 25.0% w/w. (MMethylene glycol =
62.1 g/mol)
ΔTb = Kbm ΔTf = Kfm
= 0.51oC/m(5.37m) = 1.86oC/m(5.37m)
= 2.74 oC = 10.0 oC
BPsoln = normal BPsolv + ΔTb FPsoln = normal FPsolv – ΔTf
= 100.0 oC +2.74 oC = 0.0 oC – 10.0 oC
= 103 oC = –10.0 oC
That would be all.