Module 2 Dynamics
Topic 1: Forces CH4
In the seventeenth century Issac Newton Published 3 laws that explain why p objects in our universe move as they do. These laws are the
foundation of a branch in physics ca ed mechanics. These laws are ca ed Newtons 3 laws in motion
Newton's First Law of motion
Forces
A force can be thought of as a push or pu
A force that acts directly on an object is ca ed a contact force
A force that acts on an object at a distance is ca ed noncontact force (force mediation through a eld/space)
Unit for Force
The unit for force is Newtons (N)
N = kg x ms-2
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)
Newton's rst laws states that “A body wi remain at rest or moving with constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force”
Net Force (Total Force)
The vector sum of a the forces acting on an object
Equilibrium (Fnet=0)
When a forces cancel out (balanced), the object is in equilibrium. An object
that has a constant velocity or not moving is in equilibrium.
(A car in constant motion is in equilibrium, a kid on a swing not getting
pushed and just swinging on its own is in equilibrium and a bottle on a table
not moving is also in equilibrium.
Example Questions
Module 2 Dynamics
Newton's Second Law of motion
Momentum
An object's tendency to continue moving
Newton’s second law
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force is on the object and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object
F=ma. ———-> Force = Mass x Acceleration (this equation is the second law)
N = kg x ms-2 ——— Unit formula
Reminder: Anytime there is a net force that is not 0 there wi be acceleration in that direction (since force related to acceleration)
Note: When answering a question about nding the force of an object and you have no acceleration given use suvat and use one of the
formulas to nd acceleration then substitute in the second law (f=ma) to nd the force
Mass vs weight
Weight is Basica y force of gravity measured in newtons (N). So mass x gravity (acceleration of gravity : 9.8ms-2 )= weight (force of
gravity)
Mass is the amount of matter and weight is force due to gravity. Mass is measured kilograms, since weight is a force it is measured in
Newtons
On a scale it measures your weight and then converts it to mass in the scale as it has a system that divides your weight by 9.8ms-2 to
get your mass. So when you weigh yourself you get your mass not weight (idk why they ca it weight if it’s your mass people are stupid
when naming things)
Module 2 Dynamics
Newton‘s third law of motion
Newton’s third law of motion
Newton‘s third law of motion states that “ for every action force. There is an equal and
opposite reaction force,”
Properties
Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude and are opposite in direction.
There is always an action force and reaction force. They can either be contact or non
contact forces.
Mathematica y expressed as : F2 on 1= F1 on 2
CASE 1 CASE 2
Contact force: A box seats at rest on a horizontal table Non Contact force: A rocket ship launching into space as a
constant acceleration
Analyzing motion
1 ) Identifying the action and reaction pairs
2 ) Draw a free body diagram including only the forcing acting on the object on interest
3 ) Determine the net force
Module 2 Dynamics
WARNING : THE REACTION FORCE ACTS ON A DIFFERENT OBJECT TO THE ACTION FORCE MEANING THEY ARE NOT BALANCED AND
CANNOT CANCEL OUT AS THEY ARE FORCES APPLIED TO DIFFERENT OBEJCTS
Topic 2: Forces, Acceleration and Energy CH5
Energy conversion is a common thread in many daily activities, as we as some more extreme activities. Your body’s energy stores are
used constantly, especia y when you are very active such as climbing steps or running to catch a bus. In more adventurous activities
such as bungee jumping, gravitational potential energy is converted into other types of energy. Even jumping from an airplane, the laws
of physics cannot be switched o .
Types of Forces
Weight
Fg = m x g (Fg= Weight/Force of gravity (N) m = Mass (kg) g = gravity (9.8ms-2))
Tension
Tension is a force that makes things stretch or pu on each other when they're being pu ed in di erent directions. Always pu s in the
direction of the rope or chain. (FT = Tension (N))
Normal reaction force
Always perpendicular to the surface applying force
Friction
Module 2 Dynamics
Friction is the force opposing the motion between two objects that are in contact. (Always opposes motion)
Any 2 objects or surfaces touching each other wi always have a friction force acting upon it,
(even on a smooth surface the friction force wi just be very very sma but in questions with smooth surfaces it’s assumed that the
friction force is 0 because of how sma of it is unless stated otherwise)
Types of friction
Static friction (not moving): The maximum frictional force
that must be overcome before
The book starts to slide and is ca ed static friction, Fs.
Dynamic/kinetic friction (In motion): Once the book begins
to slide, a much lower force than static force is needed
to keep the book moving at a constant speed. This force is
ca ed kinetic friction
and is represented by Fk.
Max static > Dynamic
When book at rest static frcition = applied force ,, When book
moves kinetic friction is essentia y constant —-> Friction decreases once motion starts
Friction Formula
Ff= μ x N
(μ= coe icient of friction, N=normal reaction force (N))
Fg (Weight) mg
N Fg (opposite and in,y when at surface)
Ff Nμ
F external force
Large μ =“sticky”
Sma μ = “slippery”
Module 2 Dynamics
Work and Energy
Energy is the capacity to cause change. A moving car has the capacity to
cause a change if it co ides with something else. Similarly, a heavy weight
lifted by a crane has the capacity to cause a change if it is dropped.
Energy is a scalar quantity and so is work; it has magnitude but not
direction.
Kinetic Energy (K)
The energy possessed by a moving object, by virtue of its motion
K =½ mv2
(K=kinetic energy (J=joules),, m=mass (kg),, v=velocity of object (ms-1)
Gravitational potential energy (U)
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position in a gravitational eld
U=mgh
(m=mass (kg),, g=gravity (9.8ms-2),, h= height above a chosen reference point (m)
How does science de ne work
Work is done when a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the same direction as the applied force.
Work = Force x Displacement —— (only applied when F = constant and the movement is the same direction as the force)
(Force or displacement =0 work =0)
Work(J). Displacement(m). Force(N)
Net work is the sun of the work done by a external forces
Module 2 Dynamics
Work at an angle
Must use the components of the force that is in the same direction as the motion
W= F|| x s W=F x cos(θ) x s
F|| is force para el to the Displacement
When there is force coming from an angle, take the component of the force (x horizontal or y vertical (usua y
x)) that is the same direction as the displacement, and use that to nd the work, the vertical component does not
do work as it’s displacement is 0 Whicker the horizontal component wi do work
Quantities that a ect work
The work done on an object depends on
1. The magnitude of the applied force para el to its displacement
2. The magnitude of the displacement
3. The angle θ between F and s
Transfer of Mechanical energy
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can only be transferred or transformed
from one form to another . Mechanical energy can be transferred to or from an objection by the action of a force
- A force can accelerate a car horizonta y and cause it’s velocity and kinetic energy to increase
- A force can lift a box vertica y upwards, and cause its position and gravitational potential energy to increase
Energy changes
E ect of Work on kinetic energy
Work done by an external force on an object,
causes its kinetic energy to change
Wnet = ΔΚ (change in kinetic energy)
ΔK = K nal - Kinitial
= ½mv2 - ½mu2
= ½m(v2 - u2)
E ect of Work on kinetic energy
Work done on an object by external forces F to
lift it at a constant velocity equals to the
change in gravitational potential energy
Wnet = ΔU (change in gravitational
potential energy)
Module 2 Dynamics
ΔU = U nal - Uinitial
= mgh nal - mghinitial
The law of conservation of energy
The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant
E= constant
E= total mechanical energy = U+K
Closed and open mechanical systems
The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant
E= constant
Uinitial + Kinitial = UFinal + K nal
Mechanical power
What is power
Power is the rate at which work is done ( how much work is done in
a given amount of time)
Unit of Power : W (watts= Js-1)
Formula Power
P = W / t = w/t
P= W/t W = F x s v= s/t
P = fs/t ——> P=fv
Topic 3: Momentum, Energy And Simple Systems CH6
Conservation of Momentum
Momentum is known as “Inertia in motion”. Momentum refers to the amount of motion an object has. It is determined by both its mass
and its velocity
Momentum Formula
Module 2 Dynamics
Momentum = mass x velocity (p=mv)
Units: kgms-1= kg x ms-1
Law of conservation of momentum
ΣPbefore=ΣPaftsr
Where ΣPi’s the sun of momentum of objects in a system
Momentum in 1 dimensional co isions
If two objects are co iding in one dimension, then the fo owing equation applies:
ΣPbefore=ΣPaftsr
m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2
m= mass of object
v= nal velocity
u= initial velocity
#1= object 1
#2= object 2
Cases for momentum
Conservation of momentum : The total momentum of a system is constant
Elastic vs Inelastic
Elastic Inelastic
Kinetic Energy is conserved Kinetic energy is not conserved
Module 2 Dynamics
Change in Momentum
Change in momentum in 1 dimension
Impulse= change in momentum Δp
Δp = p nal - pinitial
= mv - mu
Direction Matters
When answering questions the opposite direction is negative in the question to get an accurate answer
Change in momentum in 2 dimensions
Impulse= change in momentum Δp
Δp = p nal - pinitial
= mv - mu
The equation for impulse can be manipulated slightly to i ustrate where the change in velocity is applied, as fo ows.
ΔP = mv - mu =m (v-u)
Direction Matters
The momentum of an object moving in two dimensions can change not only by changing the magnitude of its velocity or by
reversing the direction of motion, but also by changing course in any direction.
Momentum and Impulse
The para el to newtons 2nd law
F=ma
v-u
=m ————
Δt
F Δt = m (v-u) Δp=m(v-u)*
=Δp
Δp
F= ———-
Δt
What if the force isn’t constant
In a Force (average) x time graph , the area underneath the graph is the impulse (change in momentum)
*DO QUESTIONS MISSED IN THE POWERPOINT IN YOUR OWN TO STUDY)
Module 2 Dynamics