Dr. Juan A.
Pastor Integrated National 1
High School
Senior High School Department
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of the related literature and
studies which helped the researchers to better understand the nature of
the problem under investigation.
Conceptual Literature
This section discusses the different concepts involved in this study.
The information in this section are significant for a more in-depth
understanding of the study.
Personality
The Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) strand
offers students a comprehensive foundation in key areas of business,
finance, accounting, and management. The major subjects of
accountancy, business, and management encompass a variety of
disciplines that are essential for understanding and operating within the
business environment. These subjects not only provide foundational
knowledge but also equip students with practical skills necessary for real-
world applications. The Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
strand in senior high education plays a crucial role in preparing students
for careers in various business fields. This educational track emphasizes
the development of essential skills and knowledge in accounting, finance,
and management, which are vital in today's complex economic landscape.
The following sections outline key aspects of the ABM strand's
implementation and its implications for students.
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 2
High School
Senior High School Department
Business mathematics aids in strategic decision-making by
providing quantitative tools that help in evaluating different business
scenarios and outcomes. This is particularly important for SMEs, where
resource constraints necessitate precise decision-making to ensure growth
and sustainability (Sarkar & Sarmah, 2024).
Principles of marketing encompass a range of fundamental
concepts and practices that guide organizations in effectively reaching
and satisfying customer needs. Marketing is defined as a process of
mutual exchange where organizations anticipate and satisfy customer
needs (Paul et al., 2022)
The fundamentals of accountancy, business, and management
encompass a range of principles and practices essential for effective
organizational operation. These disciplines interconnect to provide a
comprehensive framework for understanding financial information,
management strategies, and business operations. Accounting serves as a
critical management tool, providing essential information for decision-
making and financial reporting (Sigidov et al., 2023).
The organization and management of businesses are critical for
achieving efficiency and effectiveness in operations. Management involves
coordinating and overseeing the work of others to meet organizational
goals, while organizations are structured groups of individuals working
collaboratively towards shared objectives. Management is defined as the
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 3
High School
Senior High School Department
process of coordinating and supervising the activities of individuals to
ensure that organizational goals are met efficiently and effectively
(Permatahati, 2023) (Novitasari, 2023).
A bibliometric analysis indicates substantial growth in accounting
education research, particularly in journals like "Accounting Education"
and the "Journal of Accounting Education"(Baharom & Abdullah, 2024).
Key themes include managerial accounting, sustainability, and the
integration of technology into curricula(Palácios & Sousa, 2023).
Social Media and Personality
All social media involve some digital platform, whether mobile or
stationary. Only some digital things, however, are necessarily social
media. Two common characteristics help to define social media. First,
social media allows some form of participation. Social media are always
active, even if sometimes social networking sites such as Facebook may
allow passive viewing of what others are posting. Visually, at the bare
minimum, a profile must be created to begin the potential for interaction.
That quality in and of itself sets social media apart from traditional media,
where personal profiles are passive, even if sometimes social networking
sites such as Facebook may allow passive viewing of what others are
posting. Second, in line with their participatory nature, social media
involve interaction. This interaction can be with established friends, family,
acquaintances, new people who share common interests, or even a
familiar acquaintance. Although many social media were or are initially
treated or referred to as novel, as they continue
People with a social personality yield satisfaction from interacting
with other people. They enjoy talking, the company of other people, and,
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 4
High School
Senior High School Department
many times, physical closeness. Social people not only enjoy people but
also tend to like to be helpful and are thought of as helpers. Social people
are attracted to jobs and work environments that allow them to engage
regularly with the public and others. People with a social personality type
enjoy spending time interacting with others. Traits and patterns of thought
and emotion play important roles, as do these fundamental characteristics
of personality consistency, psychological, physiological, behaviors,
actions-and multiple expressions (Holland, 2023).
Self and Social Media
The creation of social media sites and applications has changed how
people interact, connect, and share. Children and adolescents are the
most affected by these technological advancements. Teens and pre-teens
are among the highest consumers of social media. As social media sites
and apps increase, children and adolescents increase their usage. Social
media can be positive and negative. It is favorable for children to use
social media as this platform allows them to share interests or posts about
their favorite sports, celebrities, artists, and talents with a diverse group of
like-minded individuals. However, social media can be harmful if children
use it to measure their likability or popularity. Parents need to remember
that even though technologies are quickly changing, the developmental
needs of children remain the same (Anderson, 2018; Koutamanis, 2015;
Orth, 2018).
Teens describe social media platforms as critical for connecting and
maintaining relationships, being creative, and learning more about other
cultures and diverse people. In these ways, social media usage can be a
positive experience; however, youth are also exposed to the negative
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 5
High School
Senior High School Department
aspects of social media use, such as drama and bullying or feeling
pressure to present themselves in a certain way. Furthermore,
adolescents tend to over-interpret or misjudge the extent to which others
can lead to preoccupation with how they look in the eyes of others
(Anderson, 2018; Valkenburg, 2017).
Influence of Social Media on Self
Self- image, social media, and peer pressure influence how teens
see themselves. Their mental perception of what they look like can
become distorted, leading them to engage in risky behaviors when they
feel they do not meet the impossible goal. Media’s effect on body image
can cause self-image issues, which can lead to eating disorders, drug and
alcohol use, cutting, bullying, and sexual risk behaviors (Self-Esteem and
Media Influences, 2019)
Media Influence, social media influencers, celebrities, TV, movies,
magazines, and the internet all bombard teens with images and pressures
about what their bodies should look like. The problem is that these
versions of “beauty” are not obtainable because they are unrealistic. Most
images are air-brushed versions of models who weigh 23 percent less than
the average woman. Nevertheless, millions of teens believe the lies and
resort to unhealthy measures to fit themselves into that impossible mold
(Self-Esteem and Media Influences, 2019).
Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Confidence
The self-concept is a general term for how someone thinks about,
evaluates, or perceives themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 6
High School
Senior High School Department
concept of oneself. At its most basic, self-concept is a collection of beliefs
one holds about oneself and the responses of others. Self-concept is
related to other “self” constructs, such as self-esteem, self-image, self-
efficacy, and self-awareness. Self-confidence is a person’s attitude about
their capabilities and skills. A person with good self-confidence feels like
they have control over their lives. Self-esteem is how a person perceives
their value and self-worth. A person with high self-esteem is open to
different ideas and comfortable socially (McLead, 2023; Cherry, 2022;
Ackerman, 2018; Weissberger, 2021).
Self-confidence and Self-Esteem do not always go hand in hand. It is
possible to be highly self-confident and yet to have profoundly low self-
esteem, as in this case, with many performers and celebrities who can
perform before an audience of thousands but then damage and even kill
themselves with drugs. People with healthy self-esteem do not need to
prop themselves up with externals such as income, status, or notoriety or
lean on crutches such as alcohol, drugs, or sex. On the contrary, they treat
themselves respectfully and care for their health, community, and
environment. They can invest completely in projects and people because
they do not fear failure or rejection. Of course, they suffer hurt and
disappointment, but their setbacks neither damage nor diminish them.
Owing to their resilience, they are open to growth experiences and
meaningful relationships, are tolerant of risk, quick to joy and delight, and
are accepting and forgiving of themselves and others (Burton, 2015).
Social Media Influencers
A social media influencer exerts influence as a person who inspires
or guides the actions of others (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The old theme of
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 7
High School
Senior High School Department
laziness and mellowness runs counter to today's influencers, who are
business people and upscale inspirational promoters of a go-getter way of
life (Dvorak, 2023). In the year 1760, the concept of influencers began.
There are five types of influencers: Mega-Influencers with more than a
million followers (think celebrities), Macro-Influencers with 500k to 1
million followers, Mid-tier Influencers with 50k to 500k followers, Micro-
Influencers with 10k to 50k followers, Nano-Influencers with 1k to 10k
followers (Sanders, 2023). An excellent example of a social media
influencer is Kim Kardashian, an American influencer/reality TV star with
450 million followers. Coming in just two spots down from her younger
sister, Kim K. was one of the first people famous for being famous in the
age of social media (Frederick, 2023). Social media influencers are
individuals who can make an impact on their followers' decision-making
and perspective. When a brand works with social media influencers, it can
boost brand awareness and influence its audience with a different
perspective towards the brand (Team Kobe, 2022).
A new survey from a design agency, 383, found that 18-25-year-
olds are twice as likely to take advice from social media influencers than
they are to trust the judgment of friends or family when making certain
decisions like booking a holiday (Shute, 2019). "Based on survey data,
findings revealed four motivations for following influencers on Instagram
— authenticity, consumerism, creative inspiration, and envy — which had
varying effects on trust and purchase frequency." (Silva, 2022). The post
of a TikTok mega-influencer with more than one million followers received
an average of 329,382 views worldwide in 2021. The post of a macro-
influencer with 100,000 to one million followers received an average of
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following
Dr. Juan A. Pastor Integrated National 8
High School
Senior High School Department
38,517 views (Dencheva, 2023). Several factors determine how much an
Instagram influencer makes. They can earn anywhere from a few dollars
to a million per post (Keenan, 2023).
How to be you po?: Lived Experiences of Students With Large Social
Media Following