=> 2 + 2x - 2= 0

in %. Y IS
a= 7
b

c
=

=
2

-2
ins
-

!
-It
=

Es
-L
-
60

14

or zes
-

-Y

-
o
.
0
.
To
=

E
 [
E
a 7
y
-
=

u5o
my
=

=
m=

uso
-
y = 7
T

~
450 -

y2 =
72

y2 2
+
72 -
450 = 0

y 18g+ 25 y 180 = 0
-
-

g(y (8) zs(y-

+ -

18)

Dis
 F
ty
e =

x -

18 : 7

2= 2+
18

Fres
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 Water Resources

97
.3
2
%
%
-
> ocean

ice
water
(salty/ notpure)
caps
- >

water
0 7 % >

fresh
. -

&
) surface Water : Water on land
Gresult of
Precipitation or
underground seepage o
streamsand
~
on landforms, rives foa
2) Ground water : The water which is
collected under the
surface .

Conservation water
of
loss
of vegetation
·

·
Over
exploitation of underground water
·
Increase in population

pollution of water dre to garbage

·

Practices
for conservation
Rainwater
harvesting : It is the
collecting and
·

storing rainwater
for
I strue use

Rain the water

* is
primary source
of
annual India
* The
rainfall in is 1170mm
 Water Mechanism
Harvesting
1) Catchments : It is the
surface
which recives

rainfall directly to collectrainwater

2) Conduits : These are the pipelines that

carry
rainwater catchments to
from the
the
harvesting systems
3) storage facility : These
in which
are the
rainwater
containers
is stored
like
plastic water tanks

4) Recharge facility ·
Rainwater
recharge groundwater
can be used to
99
rifiers
by drywalls bore wells
, , percolation
pit .

Irrigation
Process
of watering agriculture plants by artificial
means
from wells tube wells canals etc
, , ,
.

used for
92 %
guater is
agriculturaand 2 foria ,
%

industries and 6
for drinking
%.
 Increasing importance of Rainwater
harvesting

Uncertanity of Rainfall
·

crop requirements
Uneven distribution
of Rainfall
·

Nature
·

of Soil
utilise
To River water
effectively
·

For maximum
production
·

Techniques of Irrigation
Wells
-small holzduginthesurfaab
·

L Lined
L
wells- made
They by
>
are man ,

constructed into round

and
diggingthe the
walls &
supporting by
bricks

relined wells- >

naturally occuring
mainly confined that
* Wells to allonial where
are
plains
the soil is
soft so wells can be esaily
jug
 Methors
of removing water from wells

(i) Persian wheel method ->

Partially submerged wheel
with buckets attached to the
him as
the wheel rotates
, ,

buckets
the are
filled
(ii) Lever method
(iii) Inclined plain method

Advantages of well
irrigation
1) The be constructed at low cost
very
can a

2) Animals which kept

are
forwater
ploughing the land

can be utilised
for drawing at no extra cost
3) trbawalls and pumps draw water
By using to

from great depths

Disadvantages of well irrigation
&) water
underground
which
Depends on resources varies

from region to
region in
2) Difficultto construct
hilly areas

) using pumps for drawing ive water can be

costly
dry withdra
a
traditional
well
4 up to over
 Tube wells

At a depth g20-o
I is a
deeper
water,
which
from driven
g power prmups
construction tube wells
conditions
of of
&
Availability plantiful water at
great depths
·

where
·

need
for water
supply is
high
:Large ferti areainite
Surrounds

*
They west used arc states like
punjab
in
,

Haryana bengal
,
Bilar
Gujrat eta, ,
.

Advantages of tobewell
·
If
brings up
alean water
·
It can
irrigate large area
of agriculture/snd
It is easier to
bring large amountof water
·

short
in a
period of time I
·
Perennial
of irrigation
means it as
requires a

permanent water table

·

It independent
is
of irrigation source
 Disadvantages of Trbawell
irrigation
Excessive use lead to
depletionof groundwater
·

can

water is not pus/salty

It useless
if utilised
the
-
is

and cannot be
for irrigation
of
It it
is
expensive requirescontinuous
supply
·
as

electricity
Canals
India has one
of thethanworld's largest canal
system
stretching over more Kilometer
one lakh

1) Inrudation Lanals : The canals are taken out directly

without
from
dam ,
the rivers
constructing any barrage or

The canals the water at the

use excess
of rivers
·

floods
m of
and remain
operational during a raig

·Theyget supply of
water when th isa
only
have limited
·

They use

Rajasthan ,
Maryana Jammu and Kashmir ,
Assan etc
,
.

2) Perennial Canals : These aquals are taken out

fromdams
the perennial rivers
by constructing
ter
barrages or

to
regulate the
flow of the wa

They can draw water

throughout year
·

They irrigate large

~
can are as

Oftar Pradesh Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

, Madhya ,
 Advantages of irrigation
Canal
·
The
provide great
a
of source water in rain
deficient
greas

· Canal irrigationhas enabled Punjab

the
an May
as
of country
S

Canal granary
irrigation provides solution to pro blems
9
~

Nadr where
dry like Tamil
in season in summer

season is
dry and
rainfall happens in winter season

Disadvantagesof Canal
irrigation it

·
make once

The soil
cultivat
becomes
alkaach theSurface
completely
soil

agricul true
waterlogging causes decrease the
capacity of
&

Soil to absorb water

Tanks
#
a
small bund
stream to I impound
earth or

water
stones
which is then
buit across

led through narrow channels to the cultivated

fields
#
irrigation Practica Peninsular In a
Tank is in

Maharashtra
including an
 Tank
irrigation in Deccan
The rivers
of Descan are not
snow-fed and
·

are
dependent on rainwater
~
The hard rocks in the area do not absorb
water so wells also can be made
The terrain the Deccan Plateau is
·

of very
with natural depressions where
uneven
many
tanks can be
easily built

irrigation
Tank done the South
*
Pradesh
mainlyand
is
Tamil Nadr
in in

↑ nibra
, Telangana
Advantages of Tank
Irrigation
Tank
irrigation is
usefull in
rocky platear
·

uneven

where
wainfall is
highly Sessional

anything
·
Due to uneven terrain we cannot construct
like well
,
canals so tanks arc
formed
Highly significant
water
in
storing
·

Disadvantages of Tank
Irrigation
·

yet silted up
Tanks
desilting tion soon
,
is

required to make Suitable for irig a

these tanksrigatio
·
when
rainfall
as there is
go
no
,

dry
 Drawback
of Conventional method
of irrigation
water not utilised
is
properly
·

There lot water last

Go
·
is a

of water
·

There is a lot loss

waterloggings in e
Poor
crops
·

th

methods
Modern
Irrigation
I Furrow
irrigation flood irrigation: in which water
poured on the
fields
directed is
between
to
flow
cropnarrowchandistributing
throug rovs

I aa
the

2) Spray irrigation : The water is released

through
to the I
·
spray guns
It is expensive as it
firrequires a lot &

complex machinery
If
·
utilises water efficiently
* 3)
Dripirgebe mostme a ,

directly given to the roofs

·
water is
by pipes
placed along the root lines

evaporation of water is reduced and wateris

·