Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Generation of Balanced Three Phase EMFs:

A balanced three phase system of EMFs is a set of three EMFs which are equal
in amplitude (or) magnitude and displaced in phase from one another by 120°.
For instance,
e1(t) = Emsin(ωt)
e2(t) = Emsin(ωt - 120°)
e3(t) = Emsin(ωt - 240°)
represent balanced three phase system of EMFs.
A balanced three phase system of EMFs is generated in a machine called ‘Three
Phase Generator’, also called ‘Alternator’.

Three Phase Generator (or) Alternator – Construction:

The ‘Stator’ which is the stationary member consists of three coils R, Y & B
which are physically displaced from one another by 120°. The ‘Rotor’ which is
the rotating member consists of set of electromagnets excited by a field
winding connected to a DC supply. The shaft of the rotor is coupled to a prime
mover such as steam turbine (or) hydro turbine (or) Diesel engine.

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Principle of Operation:
Let us consider Position 1: Coil R facing centre of North Pole

In this position, R-coil will have maximum rate of change of flux linkages hence,
maximum positive EMF is induced in it in this position.
Let us consider Position 2: Coil R facing interpolar axis

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

In this position, R-coil will have minimum rate of change of flux linkages hence,
Zero EMF is induced in it in this position.
Let us consider Position 3: Coil R facing centre of South Pole

In this position, R-coil will have maximum rate of change of flux linkages and
since facing south pole, will have maximum negative EMF induced in it.
As rotor completes one revolution, one cycle of sinusoidal EMF is induced in R –
coil. In Y – coil, another sinusoidal EMF is induced which has same amplitude
and frequency as that in R – coil but it lags R – coil EMF by 120°. Similarly in B –
coil, another sinusoidal EMF is induced which has same amplitude and
frequency as that in R – coil but it lags R – coil EMF by 240°.

Thus, As rotor completes one revolution, balanced three phase system of EMFs
are generated in the three coils placed in the stator.
Phase Sequence:
Phase Sequence of a Three Phase System is defined as the sequence in which
the three phase EMFs attain peak value. Usual phase sequence is RYB.

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Balanced Star (or) WYE Connected Three Phase System

To make a star connected three phase system, similar terminals such as R’ , Y’
and B’ are connected together to make ‘Neutral’ point (N) of the three phase
system. And lines are run from the other three terminals i.e., R, Y and B.

Phase Voltage:
The voltage across the terminals of a phase is called the Phase Voltage.
Here, eRN , eYN & eBN represent phase voltages.
Line Voltage:
The voltage across any two lines is called the Line Voltage.
Here, eRY , eYB & eBR represent Line (or) Line to line voltages.
Phase Current:
The current flowing through a phase is called the Phase Current.
Here, i1 , i2 & i3 represent phase currents.
Line Current:
The current flowing through a line is called the Line Current.
Here, iR , iY & iB represent line currents.

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Relation between Line & Phase currents – Balanced Star System:

In a balanced star connected three phase system, it can observed that
Line current = Phase current
i.e., i1 = iR
i2 = iY
i3 = iB

Relation between Line & Phase voltages – Balanced Star System:

By KVL in the path RYNR, - eRY - eYN + eRN = 0

Hence, eRY = eRN – eYN

ERY = ERN − EYN

Em
ERN = 0 = E ph 0
2
where, Eph is the RMS value of phase voltage.

Em
EYN =  − 120 = E ph  − 120
2

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Em
EBN =  − 240 = E ph  − 240
2

ERY = E ph 0 − E ph  − 120

= E ph (1 − (cos120 − jsin120 ))

3 3
= E ph ( + j )
2 2
= 3E ph (cos 30 + jsin 30)

= 3E ph 30

EYB = EYN − EBN = 3E ph  − 90

EBR = EBN − ERN = 3E ph  − 210

Thus, in a balanced star connected three phase system,

(i) Magnitude (RMS value) of Line Voltage = √3*(Magnitude of Phase
Voltage)
(ii) Each line voltage leads the corresponding phase voltage by 30°

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Balanced Star System – Line and Phase Voltage Waveforms:

Balanced Star System – Phasor diagram:

4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Balanced Delta (or) Mesh Connected Three Phase System

To make a delta connected three phase system, the three coils R, Y & B are
connected back to back (or) end to end. And lines are run from the junction
points R, Y and B.

Phase Voltage:
The voltage across the terminals of a phase is called the Phase Voltage.
Here, eRR’ , eYY’ & eBB’ represent phase voltages.
Line Voltage:
The voltage across any two lines is called the Line Voltage.
Here, eRY , eYB & eBR represent Line (or) Line to line voltages.
Phase Current:
The current flowing through a phase is called the Phase Current.
Here, i1 , i2 & i3 represent phase currents.
Line Current:
The current flowing through a line is called the Line Current.
Here, iR , iY & iB represent line currents.

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Relation between Line & Phase Voltages – Balanced Delta System:

In a balanced delta connected three phase system, it can observed that
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
i.e., eRY = eRR’
eYB = eYY’
eBR = eBB’

Relation between Line & Phase Currents – Balanced Delta System:

By KCL at R, i1 = iR + i3
Hence, iR = i1 - i3

I R = I1 − I 3
Im
I1 = 0 = I ph 0
2
where, Iph is the RMS value of phase current.
Im
I2 =  − 120 = I ph  − 120
2

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Im
I3 =  − 240 = I ph  − 240
2

I R = I ph 0 − I ph  − 240

= I ph (1 − (cos 240 − jsin 240 ))

3 3
= I ph ( − j )
2 2
= 3I ph (cos 30 − jsin 30)

= 3I ph  − 30

IY = I 2 − I1 = 3I ph  − 150

I B = I 3 − I 2 = 3I ph  − 270

Thus, in a balanced delta connected three phase system,

(i) Magnitude (RMS value) of Line current = √3*(Magnitude of Phase
current)
(ii) Each line current lags the corresponding phase current by 30°

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Balanced Delta System – Line and Phase current Waveforms:

Balanced Delta System – Phasor diagram:

4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Balanced Three Phase Supply:

A Three phase supply is said to be balanced if
i) The three EMFs are equal in magnitude
ii) Phase displaced from one another by 120°
For example, e1 = 100sin(ωt)
e2 = 100sin(ωt-120°)
e3 = 100sin(ωt+120°)
represents balanced three phase supply.
Examples of unbalanced three phase supply systems are:
i) e1 = 100sin(ωt) , e2 = 110sin(ωt-120°) , e3 = 100sin(ωt+120°)
ii) e1 = 100sin(ωt) , e2 = 100sin(ωt-125°) , e3 = 100sin(ωt+120°)

Balanced Three Phase Load:

A Three phase Load can be either star connected type or delta connected type.
A Three phase Load is said to be balanced if in each phase of the load both
resistance and reactance are exactly same.

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

When a balanced three phase load is connected across a balanced three phase
supply, the three phase currents drawn will also be balanced in nature.

Power Relations in Balanced Three Phase Systems:

When a balanced three phase load is connected across a balanced three phase
supply, the three phase currents drawn will also be balanced in nature.
This leads to an advantage that balanced three phase systems can be analysed
per phase basis and the results can be extended to all three phases.
Thus, in balanced three phase systems, power can be calculated for any one
phase and the total three phase power will be thrice that of any one phase.
Active Power in Balanced Three Phase Systems:
Three phase Active Power, P3-phase = 3*P1-phase = 3*(Vph*Iph*cosφ)
For a balanced star connected three phase system,
P3-phase = 3*Vph*Iph*cosφ = √3* (√3*Vph) *Iph*cosφ = √3* (VL) *IL*cosφ
For a balanced delta connected three phase system,
P3-phase = 3*Vph*Iph*cosφ = √3*Vph*(√3*Iph) *cosφ = √3*VL*(IL)*cosφ
Thus, alternatively either for star (or) delta system, P3-phase = √3*VL*IL*cosφ
Also, Alternatively, P3-phase = 3*(Iph2*R)

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Reactive Power in Balanced Three Phase Systems:

Three phase Reactive Power, Q3-phase = 3*Q1-phase = 3*(Vph*Iph*sinφ)
Alternatively, Q3-phase = √3*VL*IL*sinφ
Also, Alternatively,
Q3-phase = 3*(Iph2*XL) for inductive loads
(or)
Q3-phase = -3*(Iph2*XC) for capacitive loads
(or)
Q3-phase = 3*(Iph2* (XL - XC)) for series RLC type of loads
Apparent Power in Balanced Three Phase Systems:
Three phase Apparent Power, S3-phase = 3*S1-phase = 3*(Vph*Iph)
Alternatively, S3-phase = √3*VL*IL
Also, Alternatively,
S3-phase = 3*(Iph2*|Z|)
Apparent power can also be found as

S3-phase = √𝑃3−𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 + 𝑄3−𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 2

Power factor of a balanced three phase system is

𝑃3−𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
cosφ =
𝑆3−𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Numerical Examples on Balanced Star connected Three Phase

System:
Numerical Example 1:
Question:
A balanced 3 phase load consists of three coils, each of 4Ω resistance and 0.02H
inductance. Determine the total active and reactive power when the coils are
connected in star, if the supply voltage is 400V, 50 Hz.
Solution :
Note:
In three phase systems, by default, the voltages and currents given are line
voltage and line current respectively.
Similarly, power given is three phase power by default.

Given Data:
Line voltage, VL = 400V ; f = 50Hz
Resistance per phase, R = 4Ω
Inductance per phase, L = 0.02H

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Calculations:
Inductive reactance per phase, XL= 2πfL = 6.28Ω
Impedance per phase, Z = R+jXL = (4+j6.28)Ω
Hence, |Z| = 7.45Ω ; Phase Angle, φ = 57.5°
𝑉𝐿
Since star connected system, Phase voltage, Vph = = 230.94V
√3
𝑉𝑃ℎ
Hence, Phase current, Iph = = 31A
|𝑍|

Therefore, Line current, IL = Iph = 31A

Three phase Active Power, P3-phase = 3*P1-phase = 3*Vph*Iph*cos(φ) = 11.54KW
Alternatively, P3-phase = √3*VL*IL*cos(φ) = 11.54KW
Alternatively, P3-phase = 3*Iph2*R = 11.54KW
Similarly, Three phase Reactive Power,
Q3-phase = 3*Q1-phase = 3*Vph*Iph*sin(φ) = 18.11KVAR
Alternatively, Q3-phase = √3*VL*IL*sin(φ) = 18.11KVAR
Alternatively, Q3-phase = 3*Iph2*XL = 18.11KVAR
Numerical Example 2
Question:
A balanced 3Ф, star connected load of 100KW takes a leading current of 80A
when connected to a 3Ф, 1.1KV, 50Hz supply. Find the resistance, impedance,
and the capacitance of the load per phase. Also calculate the power factor of
the load.
Solution :
Given Data:
Line voltage, VL = 1.1KV ; f = 50Hz
Line current, IL = 80A

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Three phase Active Power, P3-phase = 100KW

Calculations:
Since star connected system, Phase current, Iph = IL = 80A
𝑉𝐿
And Phase voltage, Vph = = 635.08V
√3
Vph
Impedance per phase, Z = = 7.94Ω
Iph

P3-phase = 100KW = 3*Iph2*R; Hence, R = 5.21Ω

Capacitive reactance per phase, XC = √(𝑍 2 − 𝑅2 ) = 5.99Ω

1
Hence, Capacitance per phase, C = = 531.25µF
ωXC
𝑅
Powerfactor of the load, cosφ = = 0.656 Lead
Z

Alternative solution:
Since star connected system, Phase current, Iph = IL = 80A
𝑉𝐿
And Phase voltage, Vph = = 635.08V
√3
Vph
Impedance per phase, Z = = 7.94Ω
Iph

P3-phase = 100KW = √3*VL*IL*cos(φ)

Hence, Powerfactor of the load, cosφ = 0.656 Lead
Resistance per phase, R = Z*cosφ = 5.21Ω

Capacitive reactance per phase, XC = √(𝑍 2 − 𝑅2 ) = 5.99Ω

1
Hence, Capacitance per phase, C = = 531.25µF
ωXC

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Numerical Examples on Balanced Delta connected Three Phase

System:
Numerical Example 1:
Question:
A balanced delta connected load consumes 2 KW of power when connected to
a three phase, 400 V, 50Hz supply. The same load when connected to a three
phase 230V , 50 Hz supply, draws a current of 2 A at lagging power factor.
Determine the load power factor and resistance and inductance per phase.
Solution :
Case1: Delta connected Load
Given Data:
Line voltage, VL = 400V ; f = 50Hz
Three phase Active Power, P3-phase = 2KW
Therefore, 3*Vph*Iph*cosφ = 2000W
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑅
i.e., 3* Vph* ∗ = 2000W
𝑍 𝑍

Since, delta connected system, Vph = VL = 400V

𝑅 𝑅
Therefore, 3* 4002 * = 2000W ; Hence, = 0.004167 ------ (1)
𝑍2 𝑍2

Case2: Same Delta connected Load

Given Data:
Line voltage, VL = 230V ; f = 50Hz
Line current, IL = 2A
Since same load, Z is same in both the cases.
Since, delta connected system, Vph = VL = 230V
IL
And, Iph = = 1.155A
√3

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Vph
Therefore, Z = = 199.13Ω
Iph

Substituting ‘Z’ value in equation (1) above,

Resistance per phase, R = 165.24Ω

Inductive reactance per phase, XL = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅2 = 111.12Ω

𝑋𝐿
Inductance per phase, L = = 0.354H
𝜔
R
Power factor of the Load, cosφ = = 0.83 Lag
Z

Numerical Example 2
Question:
The load connected to a three phase supply comprises three similar coils
connected in star. The line current is 25 A, the real and apparent powers are
11KW, 20 KVA. Find the line voltage, resistance, and reactance of each coil. If
the coils are connected in delta, find the line current and power taken.
Solution :
Case1: Balanced Star connected Load
Given Data:
Line current, IL = 25A
Three phase Active Power, P3-phase = 11KW
Three phase Apparent Power, S3-phase = 20KVA
Calculations:
S3-phase = √3*VL*IL = 20KVA
Hence, VL = 461.88V
Since balanced star connected load,
VL
Iph = IL = 25A ; Vph = = 266.66V
√3

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Vph
Impedance per phase, Z = = 10.66Ω
Iph

P3-phase = 11KW = 3*Iph2*R; Hence, R = 5.86Ω

Inductive reactance per phase, XL = √(𝑍 2 − 𝑅2 ) = 8.905Ω

Case2: Same Load reconnected as Delta Load across same supply
Since same supply, VL remains same and since same load, Z, R & L in each phase
remain same.
Since balanced delta connected load, Vph = VL = 461.88V
𝑉𝑝ℎ
Phase current, Iph = = 43.33A
𝑍

Line current, IL = √3*Iph = 75.04A

Power drawn, P3-phase = 3*Iph 2 *R = 33KW
Apparent Power, S3-phase = √3*VL*IL = 60KVA

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Measurement of Power and Power factor using Two Wattmeter

Method:
Wattmeter:
Wattmeter is a power measuring instrument. It consists of a fixed coil called
‘Current Coil (CC) and a moving coil called ‘Pressure Coil’ (PC). Pressure coil is
also called ‘Voltage coil’ (VC).

PC carries the pointer of the instrument and indicates the average power.
Two Wattmeter Method:

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Two wattmeters are sufficient to measure three phase active power irrespective
of whether the load is star connected or delta connected and irrespective of
whether the load is balanced or unbalanced.
First Wattmeter reading, W1 = VRY*IR*cos(∟(VRY ,IR))
Second Wattmeter reading, W2 = VBY*IB*cos(∟(VBY ,IB))
To obtain the angles, let us draw the phasor diagram.
Consider inductive load. Then, phase current lags phase voltage.

തതതതത
𝑉𝑅𝑌 = തതതതത തതതതത
𝑉𝑅𝑁 - 𝑉 𝑌𝑁

തതതതത
𝑉𝐵𝑌 = തതതതത തതതതത
𝑉𝐵𝑁 - 𝑉 𝑌𝑁

Therefore, W1 = VRY*IR*cos(30+φ)
W2 = VBY*IB*cos(30-φ)

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Hence, W1 = VL*IL*cos(30+φ) & W2 = VL*IL*cos(30-φ)

Therefore, W1 + W2 = √3*VL*IL*cosφ = P3−phase --- (1)
Similarly, √3*(W2 - W1)= √3*VL*IL*sinφ = Q 3−phase --- (2)
(2)
Therefore, gives,
(1)

Q3−phase √3∗(W2 − W1)

= = Tanφ
P3−phase W1 + W2

Hence, power factor of the system is,

√3∗(W2 − W1)
cosφ = cos(𝑇𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ))
W1 + W2

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Variation in Wattmeter readings with power factor of the load

Variation in wattmeter readings – Inductive load
For inductive loads, W1 = VL*IL*cos(30+φ) & W2 = VL*IL*cos(30-φ)
As phase angle φ increases, load power factor decreases.
With an increase in the phase angle φ, W1 = VL*IL*cos(30+φ) decreases &
W2 = VL*IL*cos(30-φ) increases.
Phase Angle, Load Power W1 = W2 = Comments
φ factor, cosφ VLILcos(30+φ) VLILcos(30-φ)

0° 1 √3VL IL √3VL IL W1 = W2
2 2

30° 0.866 Lag VL IL VL IL W1 =

W2
2
2

60° 0.5 Lag 0 √3VL IL W1 = 0;

2 W2 = P3−phase

>60° < 0.5 Lag Negative Positive W1 = -ve;

W2 = +ve

Important observations:
• When phase angle is <60° (or) power factor of the load is > 0.5 Lag, both
the wattmeters read positive readings.
• When phase angle = 60° (or) power factor of the load is = 0.5 Lag, one of
the wattmeters reads zero and the other reads the total three phase
active power.
• When phase angle is >60° (or) power factor of the load is < 0.5 Lag, one
of the wattmeters reads negative i.e., its pointer moves behind zero. To

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

record its reading, either reverse its CC connections or PC connections

(not both) & record this value with a negative sign.
Variation in wattmeter readings – Capacitive load
Now, consider capacitive Loads

For this case, W1 = VRY*IR*cos(30-φ) & W2 = VBY*IB*cos(30+φ)

Phase Angle, Load Power W1 = W2 = Comments
φ factor, cosφ VLILcos(30-φ) VLILcos(30+φ)

0° 1 √3VL IL √3VL IL W1 = W2
2 2

30° 0.866 Lead VL IL VL IL

W1
2 W2 =
2

60° 0.5 Lead √3VL IL 0 W1 = P3−phase ;

2
W2 = 0
>60° < 0.5 Lead Positive Negative W1 = +ve;
W2 = -ve
Thus, the readings become just the opposite to that of inductive load case.

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Numerical Example 1
Question:
In a two wattmeter method of measuring three phase power, it is observed
that the wattmeter readings are in the ratio of 3:1. Determine the power factor
of the Load.
Solution:
Given Data:
W1 : W2 = 3:1
(W1 − W2)
Power factor = cosφ = cos(𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (√3* ))
(W1 + W2)

Therefore, Power factor = 0.756

Numerical Example 2
Question:
Two wattmeters are connected to measure input to a balanced three phase
circuit indicate 2000W and 500W respectively. Find the power factor when
i) Both readings are positive
ii) Latter reading is obtained after reversing its CC
Solution:
Case 1: W1 = 2000W; W2 = 500W
(W1 − W2)
Power factor = cos(𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (√3* )) = 0.693
(W1 + W2)

Case 2: W1 = 2000W; W2 = −500W

(W1 − W2)
Power factor = cos(𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (√3* )) = 0.327
(W1 + W2)

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Numerical Examples on Two Wattmeter Method

Numerical Example 1
Question:
Three coils each having a resistance of 20Ω and a reactance of 15Ω are
connected in star across a three phase 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the
readings of the two wattmeters connected to measure the power input.
If the coils are now connected in delta across the same supply, calculate the
new wattmeter readings.
Solution:
Case 1: Balanced Star connected Load
Given Data:
Line voltage, VL = 400V, f = 50Hz
Resistance per phase, R = 20Ω
Reactance per phase, XL = 15Ω
Calculations:
Impedance per phase, Z = (20+j15)Ω
Therefore, |Z| = 25Ω & Phase Angle, φ = 36.87°
𝑉𝐿
Phase voltage, Vph = = 230.94V
√3
𝑉𝑝ℎ
Phase current, Iph = = 9.24A = IL (since star system)
|𝑍|

Therefore, W1 = VLILcos(30+φ) = 1.451KW

Similarly, W2 = VLILcos(30-φ) = 3.67KW
Case 2: Same Load reconnected as Delta Load
Since same supply, VL remains same and since same load, Z remains same
Phase voltage, Vph = VL = 400V

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

𝑉𝑝ℎ
Phase current, Iph = = 16A
|𝑍|

Line current, IL = √3*Iph = 27.71A

Therefore, W1 = VLILcos(30+φ) = 4.354KW
Similarly, W2 = VLILcos(30-φ) = 11KW
Numerical Example 2
Question:
Two wattmeters are connected to measure power in a three phase circuit. The
reading of one of the wattmeters is 5KW when the load power factor is unity.
If the power factor of the load is changed to 0.707 lag without changing the
total input power, calculate the new readings of the wattmeters.
Solution:
Case 1: Load Power factor is unity
Given Data:
W1 = 5KW
Calculations:
Since, power factor is unity, W1 = W2
Therefore, P3-phase = W1 + W2 = 10KW
Case 2: Load Power factor is changed to 0.707 Lag with total input power
unchanged.
Since total input power is same, P3-phase = W1 + W2 = 10KW ---- (1)
(W2 − W1)
Power factor = cos(𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (√3* )) = 0.707 ---- (2)
(W1 + W2)

Solving (1) & (2), W1 = 2.12KW ; W2 = 7.88KW

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Numerical Example 3
Question:
Two wattmeters connected to measure three phase power for star connected
load read 3KW and 1KW respectively. The line current is 10A. Calculate
a) Line and Phase Voltage
b) Resistance and reactance per phase
Solution:
Given Data: Star connected Load
W1 = 3KW & W2 = 1KW
Line current, IL = 10A
Calculations:
(W1 − W2)
Power factor = cos(𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (√3* )) = 0.756
(W1 + W2)

P3-phase = W1 + W2 = 4KW = √3*VL*IL*cosφ

Therefore, Line voltage, VL = 305.48V
𝑉𝐿
Phase voltage, Vph = =176.37V
√3
𝑉𝑝ℎ
Impedance per phase, Z = = 17.64Ω
𝐼𝑝ℎ

Resistance per phase, R = Z*cosφ = 13.33Ω

Reactance per phase, X = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅2 = 11.55Ω

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Advantages of Three Phase Systems over Single Phase Systems

1. For certain amount of power to be transmitted over certain distance, a
three phase system requires less conductor material compared to single
phase system.

2. For the same frame size, a three phase machine can handle higher amount
of power compared to its single phase counterpart.
3. Single Phase Power is pulsating in nature, whereas three phase power
flowing into a three phase motor is almost constant at every instant.
Hence, three phase motors run smoother and less noisy & hence, have
better lifespan than a single phase motor.
4. Three Phase Induction Motors are self-starting whereas single phase
induction motors are not self-starting in nature which makes three phase
induction motors widely popular in industrial drives.
Numerical Example on Wattmeter Method
Question:
A 3-phase Υ-connected, balanced load with a lagging power factor is supplied
at 400 V (between the lines). A wattmeter when connected with its current
coil in the R-line and voltage coil between R and Y lines gives a reading of

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

6kW. When the same terminals of the voltage coil are switched over to Y-
and B-lines, the current coil connections remaining the same, the reading of
the wattmeter remains unchanged. Calculate the line current and power
factor of the load. Phase sequence is RYB.
Solution:
Case 1: CC in R-line and PC between R & Y lines
Wattmeter reading,
W1 = VRY*IR*cos(∟(VRY ,IR))

̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑅𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑅𝑁 - 𝑉 𝑌𝑁

Therefore, W1 = VL*IL*cos(30+φ) = 6000W (given)

Case 2: CC in R-line and PC between Y & B lines
Wattmeter reading,
W2 = VYB*IR*cos(∟(VYB ,IR))

̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑌𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑌𝑁 - ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝐵𝑁

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit III : Three Phase Balanced Systems 2020

Therefore, W2 = VL*IL*cos(90-φ) = 6000W (given)

Since it is given that wattmeter reading is same in both the cases,
W1 = W2
i.e., VL*IL*cos(30+φ) = VL*IL*cos(90-φ)
Therefore, cos(30+φ) = sinφ
Hence, φ = 30°
Therefore, Power factor = cosφ = 0.866 Lag
To find Line current IL , substitute VL & φ values either in W1 equation or W2
equation above.
Therefore, W1 = VL*IL*cos(30+φ) = 6000W
Hence, Line current, IL = 30A

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit V : Electrical Installations 2020

Calculation of Energy Consumption

Step 1
• Calculate Watts per day consumption.
Step 2
• Convert to KilloWatts per day consumption.
Step 3
• Calculate energy uses over a month period.
Step 4
• Figure out the cost considering the rate.

Example:

Sl. Item Wattage No. of Hours KWh per day

No. Working per Day

1 Lights 280 5 1.4

2 Fans 60 x 2 10 1.2
3 Geyser 2000 1/2 1
4 Mixer- grinder 750 1/3 0.25
5 Refrigerator 100 15 1.5
6 Freezer 300 4 1.2
7 Washing Machine 325 1 0.325
8 Iron 1000 1/2 0.5
9 Motor – 1 hp 746 1 0.746
10 Television 100 10 1
11 Laptop Charging 120 2 0.24
12 Mobile Charger 15 2 0.03
13 Internet Modem 8 24 0.192
14 Microwave 900 1 0.9
15 Vacuum Cleaner 350 1 0.35

Total Energy Consumption per day = 10.833 KWh

Total Energy Consumption in a month =10.833 x 30= 325 KWh

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit V : Electrical Installations 2020

Calculation of Energy Consumption

Step 1
• Calculate Watts per day consumption.
Step 2
• Convert to KilloWatts per day consumption.
Step 3
• Calculate energy uses over a month period.
Step 4
• Figure out the cost considering the rate.

Example:

Sl. Item Wattage No. of Hours KWh per day

No. Working per Day

1 Lights 280 5 1.4

2 Fans 60 x 2 10 1.2
3 Geyser 2000 1/2 1
4 Mixer- grinder 750 1/3 0.25
5 Refrigerator 100 15 1.5
6 Freezer 300 4 1.2
7 Washing Machine 325 1 0.325
8 Iron 1000 1/2 0.5
9 Motor – 1 hp 746 1 0.746
10 Television 100 10 1
11 Laptop Charging 120 2 0.24
12 Mobile Charger 15 2 0.03
13 Internet Modem 8 24 0.192
14 Microwave 900 1 0.9
15 Vacuum Cleaner 350 1 0.35

Total Energy Consumption per day = 10.833 KWh

Total Energy Consumption in a month =10.833 x 30= 325 KWh

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit V : Electrical Installations 2020

Tariff Calculation:

Effective from 1st April’2018 Sanctioned Load Fixed Charge Tariff

(FC)

Domestic - Applicable to Areas FC For 1st KW Rs.50

under Bruhat Bangalore Mahangara FC For addl. KW Rs.60
Palike (BBMP),Municipal
Corporations and all Urban Local Consumption Energy Charges (EC)
Bodies 0 to 30 KWH 350 Ps
31 to 100 KWH 495 Ps
101 to 200 KWH 650 Ps
201 to 300 KWH 755 Ps
301 to 400 KWH 760 Ps
Above 400 KWH 765 Ps
Fuel Adjustment Charges (FAC)
Unit consumed KWH 14 Ps

Fixed Charge

Unit Rate (Rs) Amount Total Amount (Rs)

(Rs)
1 50 50 x 1 50
2 60 60 x 2 120
Energy Charges

Unit Rate (Rs) Amount Total Amount (Rs)

(Rs)
30 3.5 30 x 3.5 105
100 4.95 70 x 4.95 346.5
200 6.5 100 x 6.5 650
300 7.55 100 x 7.55 755
325 7.6 25 x 7.6 190
Fuel Adjustment Charge

Unit Rate (Rs) Amount Total Amount (Rs)

(Rs)

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU

 Unit V : Electrical Installations 2020

325 0.14 325 x 0.14 45.5

Total amount: Rs.2262

Tax amount (7.3%) = 2262 x 0.073= Rs.165.126
Total billing amount = Rs. 2427.126

3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PESU