r-: u [

_j_Qn,c () O
qu,U L,1ur0 0
61wrl rlfote& .•
Forrnu le. pk ct : f\e90+1v-e. logori+hM oC
\09 (axb) logo+ logb
!:

I 09 _Q_ -= · 1090 .. \ogb

b
ll) 9 a,x -:: rx 109 o lj) kb o
0
O
"
ne90~ 1ve logorl-lhrn of kb bas<t o) (

~ loge ~ -< -303 109 10 -Yv

strength 0(
~ -<"
c~-'Jron3 etec+tol~-le -
~ <><: 1 ( ·t..z : Ioo'/ ) !<j)H :- ne901l11e logarl+hM M coflS1n
~ ~~ra +100 of. H+
~ <><_ c. c\[s.s~cio+efno\e ' ocfdrc ◊fli'ngth <>I + _L
~ '"'+i al
mule. -t:aken H cl.. pH
~ cSJro()a od'q _·H • · ff)o1-1 o o o
1 " J c,, H Br , Hf , 1--1~ou, r 0
- f\e 90.\-1v-e loga rfl-hrn o~ consenuo
~ <i '-IN0 3, t-1~.SOs- etc ~ +ion Of oH-
o< ron3 base - Nao 1-1 I b o
, ~oµ eic . . 1 as, c ~+~ng+h e./ oH- ol. J____
Sar+s - all .Solu b1e. sa i1-s t•.t'QCl ,f<cr I ~,,._,,~, po H
~ l!\.t eat< e1ec¾o\y+e -
o<-<1 (--< ~te.s.s -tho"' 101. )
IAleak oc;d - auor9ont'c ociq ore
LO eq k l •
' r d ~N , t--1~ ( 03 e fc
V\Jeak bo~e ,: 'a ll organic bose
l rO1-l , Se ( oH) ~ , N H~ o!-/ ·
~ 00\b ~ Agx , Agc1, A9 B1, A r .
9
~ ~-'
\le - \..O()centrq +ton o ~ so1f)
)-. I

~ Ton,c [Link] ~ °" Vv - \Jolu rru. o~ &oJ_()

~ weak aci'q
'-\B ~A++s-
E =ecz~J [3 ~ V¥ /
f\ d'q di'.s s ocl o+i o n con sto nJ rpH of. ff\Onobo~t"c [Link]\
1-< a ~ (A +J(s -J Pl-I ~~ ( p k a. - 1o~ c]
(AS]
LtJ..e_qk mon0 Qc1c\fc - bo.)t ., _
, . 8tea~~r
rn o'r<.. H+
vallt.t o~ ko , mean .s
from 1, r-e.s en+ ir,
c;~~~~~
\ . . . " '-- '--"- f'-_ I~
'
.So\ u -\-io n 1
~ o f Lde.a k b Q Se
'l) o\-1 !. ~ Cpka - \0 9 cJ
 ---------~~ --,--------;~
-
Fc;c-lors ofl'e c,+i"ng clegtt:e ot ci16oci o4o() 69
• ___ r br~" (6•1)
0
t>H,
p,H , E:::::
\) Temp l r~ K g- ' PH ~ 7 - ~- Dr be~ri l1~s) €'.=
Oegi-ee of d1.soC10tlon
" r ~ .,.- fY1p Arrd , baJ (!. coocepl
I ' "' e=
€:=:

.:i) No«n, of e\e~o l~ -!e: - •lArrhwlu,8 conap~ b~ add -ba,e e=.

Slron9 ete~+f:olyte o1_ =-1
taeak elec¼olyte ~ < 1 l'lrfCI "[Link] H+ fol) fn Oqu_eollS E=::
3 +et ) so lvenl •
) f\.lo+u~ of oolve()~ : . b 0 :- (tu.a
.-e I a~ o ~ - E::::
.s-e
boD ex_ oitlec~tc constant ~) 8 rof)steq
4
) DiluMo() ~- Ac1q ':; '3M/ subs ~anu whfc h
tl
ODD C«) ✓ d ftu,U on \Iv "teleo}l Q.t QO()Q,k Fr-ee H-f !Of) f:.:;
5\
J
If\
,....,[Link] ee of commo() 10() ~-- CNeu\--r-oJ ) ~et chorl}-e ?.ero
J ~
·1rf • anionic acid • riet c~o,q.e r>[Link]"' '::::::,
C.H3CODH ~ tH3CDoe4 H8Y ' CqHont'cadd, Posif<lfl'. f...,
Base , accept 1-1+ /M by any Ga::,
'P□n! kt 0
koho"I ([Link] on 0
oF l"T\ t 4-h M~ .

~ 0S 0 for [Link] ~
~
ci WO-(-er ) ;ifobi.t.i'ty o~ conjugaJe ode/
Of\ci ba~e ~- ~
H:20 ~ 55 .5 fnOl/t
H-+ ~ Df-t, ~ 10- 7 Stro"g ocl d Form [Link] con/Juga.k 6-..
PH -; p O1-1 1 I bo~ ,
~
'!
, WtQl1 ba,,_ forl'tl Sf-roo conJugQ.k
~ - ~ J•gXI0·9 ~ 1· 8 X[0·7 y. 9
k ~ t • g X 1o-, ~ eq~ bok :::
kw ~ 10- 4
Pkt0 ~ 14 ~f?e o f .s olwnt .-'d"''"' ;"~""" Ga.,

~e\q+fon be~n p~ , po~' pkw

1
) Qcfttr°c - : re1ea~ iof) H+ ~
pkLO ~ pH ~1 poH · J ~, bo.1i'c _· occep.1- H+ iol'l ~
3
) Arnph()}q•-fc - Occept as well ~
'DH SCa(e /
H-+ f 0() ~
H.,z O Q ,{- :l 5 oC -: f O- 7 mD{( L H -t o + Aprt,~ (CSo\\te()tQt)l'lt\,k
) o
- ""o JL... A

, ~, ~ , [Link] 1-{!ea~ ~
rn - 1 frlOl ( OH · <SQLJ· ( ,S f)eU.f-r
5) ArnpY)i~ t-e ~or [Link] ~ f-H lot> (-,_
... oqq (somt actq r() WQ-ter ~ concentro.f-t'~
O

'" ~ .ftnD c\iffeKn+ group -. __

~(: e.s , r+ becornt S 0c!~1't
H + 1' D~ SOf'r\.'- fr\ Ol
~ -r eCl\\e O.c+ 0 0 H+ -
- a qd so fr\.£ b oS< , f\ w. a¼ r - co n ce"trc, 4i' o Df\a Cl f-lc\_ QC Cr P-ec l . ~
Of- Dl-4 - 1' es - F{,- beco ff).{J bost'c.
'{)1-t on.q 1)011 oF Ve r~ clilu+,on 00.J ()
~ +- 6. 9 ... or (be.t" (6 -1) - alLuays )
p - 7
po\-\ ;!. ~ - . or lb n-" t 1- 8) - [Link] s
- --
=!1! ! 1:l l l l l ! !l ! l !- --- - - --~7,7.;-=;;~
,) S qU of strong ci
c;~q~-t- st.rori3 bo~e
S· ~
0
Lewl'.s oc?d ho,1-c coN epJ • s-0·
ftcPd ~ accep+ l oru pofn ,,.{)Q,: S au
Bose. -~ dnf\ote· : . , . loru. pair v No c, + HJO Na OH -+ H ('/

f\lo~ ~ an brans-kd bast are t~o ~ Ht +OH"'

0 0
- - .<;e lf f Dn Ic5QJ10f)
,

~ fewfs ba se · , I b of. w al-er

o oL~ s = .. Corino~ H4- 16 tquQJ. to concrt o f Orr,
- comple-k neu+ro1t"Qa+foo ·oF f.s •ntu+rcu
so PH - poH anq oOLn
a c,' q c nd bose.. ' ·-H/6soJn do nor chan9e. co1oor of
~r+-mu.s paper
Tyr,e. Df- 00L~s
:i) Sert o~ <Stroo~ odq +Weqk ba~
Fncreos.e rn -J-h.t 60J0 so pH
0
')&i'mp\e 69\+s - cotflple-k rieu+ro1? - Coo 0~ 1-1+
0,..10
- Qa+ion ti en-ea~ eJ a n9 soJ 0 be co me ac id,c
~)f\ cr ~,c 60 lt-~ - ?ncomplel neu+mt.,· LO
• +nr,s 0 oJn
.frof'r) blw,
change -ftu. colour frl,:n~s
+o.-ect .
0

,,,.
3 le) - ~CL~o n
)Dosrc Solis · fncornp(el 1)€U{f'Q(I'

M,xeq
-Qa+ion o~ po1vacid1c bose
0 LUf+h
0ot±
Qcic\.
I
rrI ..... ,
~
:I)
~

°'a., ~
(./')

>'
-l-
:D
.
I Cl) ,-l-
CJ)
•
-1

oo
>=--,
_zl
-0
(/)~

I ;I
en CP
Oeu+to1i~o-Ho()
0 O
or po1,,bas1c odcJ
ui1H, -tw.o q,f~ t'f pe o~ base. r- 1:
r, r,
:t: z z. (TI
I - . (p fl)~
:r
I n n ,+-
(")
,..., ~ ;,~
o _ I ;:<
a
\.-1.;loO+ + NOOI-I ~ NQHS(¼. + kOH ➔ r'\ Z
~
0
0
,,..,.. ...
0
0
z
0
-r>

-:;,
.c -
f',>A
..+-
n
r')
-
3
--
-0
('lo
NOk,S04 z ' IS) 0

'l:
X
-r> =I
Doubk 69li '
C
0
0 7-
~
£> .,
comb? no-t-1 on o~ +wo or more ·
()

Slf'nplc $'alt
X:
Cornpte.x Sa U · :::r
u X
c:\o nM gfve -t-eor o~ ft6 2ll con.s+itCJ ! 7'l°A
cr- E
_ef) k Of) q,°.ss o\'J?n g f() HJO form I
O O
b~ rn1x1n9 O
OF 5rmpte .SM
Ty p<. o~ 3en£cCd .SW
S·A v s•e
VO, A~ 1/Ll • B
0
0QU ~'(drot~si°s
-0
,,
:t:
- ,. :]:
"r,, ....1 I
-0
.r
,,-.
-.I 0 ..j
ca+ion or Of\ion or bot-h CQ.h'o0 I I +
~l- ~ +. 0
C.O '
~l- " ,.,.D
-c, ,...., G ~I- ("\ r"-\ 0
on~ onio<1 por-r of. .Sa..u· ttac~- ~ v n
7;j
LJ -0 Vl
0

~ ~ 0
wf.\-h wrucr onq chan9e X'
.c ~
.C)
er "-....-

I +
coo cen+ro+it)n of H+ or 01--, ~ ...--..
t-
t
::,
,..,. ~ z.
a
C:
j;" '3 c!
.e ~
 So\u biU l-y{S) onq 0 o!ub1l1 f_y (QSp !O "lp ( lom'c produc+-)
~ rnuHlpi,'cq,t,'o() of- oc+J\.(. moss
tprod uct \zsp.
oc.. (ons QJ- o ny i().S~ of\t .
~olubiuru !- . '
e:=
kSp>~.Sp - SoJn U()l)Qf-urq+eo}
- Ornoun~ of-J0oluk dr,sso\ve
O I
tr) oru ,,-n,
O,~
0
('1TF >?rb) - Qr solu-hon occu~-
e=:=
6Q{-ufQ~ [Link] af- COOoiO()t --l--eff)p . ·e==
(j~
0
~ ffH)~ Orff~ ~ mole~ o~ 6 otu+e t") _ tnol
KSp ~~Sp~ oOJf) .SQfur(}J{9 :?JbJ c~r e:::
• cfisolu+ion iSSO fht .
'
'-IO\um.t 0~ ,SOJO 1n\l) --L ' E=:;
t-zsp~ ~Sp~ &1° .suPf, &l+ora-led
0C)htbiu'ly producJ c1-<sp.) ~
( ~f-<nr b) - PK'. cipo..\e +t' O() occurs-
,? ,o , O ,
e:..
- ft\Uh1p 1CQflon o~ oc~,vc mass o~ 10n s [Link] l y 11> p recSrnu oF
(prcdutt.q by oeu:!) rf) 5Q+tl {"'Qf<q ,SOJ o.
I'.)
COfnN!O f\ ' IO f'l . E::::.
ksp = C~+JC s-J ~
Ek:.
~
S oop ?. -
~
~
~
~
3utfe r So lu11·on - :
7n,i ,Sol u+ioo w.h,ch te,st°o+ '~ · ~
1

chan9-e. f+.s pH OH: , Cdl\ eg b u fkr ~

So\u ·\·fori.
~
~
4) A38~ or A39~ {ctj-+r-f or +r, d, vateflf}
0
-
0

~
hrp..e 6QU) or:
~
7wc bufkr so\u+{o()
. , ~
I t) Sl°rnptt [Link].r soi() :~ t\lo , rn o..1SQt"
~
Gt erieroJ forM . . aquuius· so \u+ion o~ [Link]- c,p
I ~Sp! ~-'l~'/ 6 (?C-tY) ]
u.iee1 ~ C\ci d +o tl>eok bo S-e.
tpHof.- ot}\u +10{')
~
~
No-k ~-
~o,\Jbill'. l:'J-<.. ~o, oF- 1'Dn t;,rodtJttq 6',s fri'. 1
, "2._+ { ( pkq - pkbJ j ~
~
PH dol'S f\Ot depef')d.s 0'f) CCH)rf'()ifntrol)
~
Q.) tviix€.c\ buff.t r SoJn
o O , ~
~e<lt°c+{oo of- 'PP T f OfN'lQ--!r'o () -,rn,x,"~ Qt,~ or bo~ b ot~ H ➔ and
0
~,-
~
1 •l)n o 1-c consume. q so I P '-' C' l)Sta l1J
Y-$f> -::: mu\,t1°p\tCOj1 0() o~ ac+r°ve me ss t'on 0
~
'i)t 1 o(=- So h.i-lioo
o..t .e q m i f1 s·od-o r l'l¼-e.q s 6 J f)
ftp \-\ ?. p\-< Q + 1o3 Cs Qlt:J ~

I q~tC\ 6::::::
..
 ~ndifl
" nr co\our,
r{:e_c~ on4
i)H ronq.e f" Oct dtc bt1 [Link] r S~J" - Tndfcafor .So, drF-krr ,
rne4iurn due to comfflo() ,on er
Odd fon en=ed·
Maximum buffer Qc-Jiof\ Hp~ in acid ,c fr1tdt' ul'f) fess
H+ ,r , 'h"'b .J,, reac+ioo pro cee d0 •0 co 1our
b
'P~ / p\-<a + log + : :. PH :: p\<q
- os ,c bufwr SoJn ciir0 (cornrnon ion efk(l)
rpµ of. soJ fl t
~ - -- - - - - - ; . - : ; --=--;,-n,t- \-Ip h in baoi°c rn~dfum
rpo1-t:: 1)kb +109 C~ou-
H+ t 'b-'o 1' tta r+1 0 f) proced ,s +o P '°1 nh
1
bose
Co c1c! tO() er~c.+)
'po4 ,o{)gc ~~ bos,c bufkr
lH o.:
~
acidi'c ll'id1ca¼-or_s
~ 01-1 ron9 c pl<b ±1 \
rp \-1 ~ p k ,° + 10 g ( i on ,st d pa rI-J
0

Moiirnurn buffer S oltHi'of'l (Un ionicHq t)dNJ

fpo" : Pi< b]
~ -1 of. bes, c fndr0cator~
1Bufkr co pod •~
o1-\ Pkt°+ I 09 [ ,000,~eq part]
13. c " omou 0\- or- tmo1, J o~ o ri ~ I
=
Cun; oOi'sec/ art
b ak rn i xrq Do 1 L bufR r o oJ~ L ____~ __:_-~...:....:::....~-=---
cnan9e 'in pH • tJ~buf-..f-er mu
r't1 mn~e o
!IJ o qtocator
lf'\
~ I nc\i' col-or
- chon9,G f +s cotatrr
cp~ range -= ~k~ ±1
~
- en q Po1n fn Ot Id bo~ 4H M f i'oll 1 !\lo w.o\'K?n~ cone\ f +/on for f"d 1' cQror-5
~~ grofl) equiVClt,(\t 0~ Ot!cj Or,tj ~
bo ~ mt equQ.l 1 ~
~pe n~ \ndica+or
O,.at, tJ ,,.4 O c::,. ...._
,) f\ C'h.1I C tn y I CO+o r -: ( 1-1 + u r~ M 'bi! )

~ Ph ) H+ + ph
co\ ou r\ess prf\k
0 <0 ,.10,.,. .L.,-
~) 8 as1c rn L\tc~ or
Me OH ~ M, + + OH ...
't t'\tow oro o~ e rQtj

O s ~w..oJd ,, nt()rv "' ,J ()

o, ff'l~l (.Qior ~

- 'Tnd,[Link] are. LOeq I; o r~ on1'c

Ocie, or bas e .

.... Tndico-\o,- 60, li-k Colour ~f)ioO\$f~

f (Hl'f\ Ctn q do\- k ct.\\ our I n
,o'"'seq Form . 1.