Introduction of STS (Week 1, Lesson 1)

- interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political and economic contexts
that shape and are shaped by them.
- an interdisciplinary course where you as a student are engaged to confront the realities brought by
science and technology in the society.
- seeks to instill reflective knowledge that you may be able to live the good life and display ethical
decision-making in the face of scientific and technological advancement.

● STS
○ The interaction between science and technology and social cultural political
○ defined as the systematic study of the properties of the physical world, by repeatable
experiments and measurements and development of theories describing these activities
and predicting features that could be tested and be applied to daily living.
■ Science
● A systematized body of knowledge covering general truth and Facts
● Using the scientific method, one can obtain facts through observation
and experimentation.
● The investigations of the physical world, including us as living and the
stuff we make.
● The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study
of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through
observation and experiment
■ Technology
● The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially
in industry.
● The making of stuff like machinery and equipment developed from the
application of scientific knowledge used by society, and in the
production and dissemination of science.
■ Society
● The sum total of our deep interactions as humans, including the
interactions

● Television
○ Product of technology
● Biology
○ The study of living things
● Chemistry
○ The study of matter, its structure, and properties.
● Physics
○ The study of matter, energy and their interactions
● Technology
○ Applied Science
● Society
○ The interconnectedness of humans
 ● Superstition
○ A falling star is a sign of goodluck
● Fe Del Mundo
○ Invented infant incubator
● Thomas Edison
○ Inventor of Incandescent

Historical Antecedents (Week 2, Lesson 2)

- As a Precursor of a thing
- Antecedent of something unfolded or existed before
- Previous state or technological tools that paved the way for more advanced and sophisticated S &
T to arise

● Ancient Period (2.5 million years ago — 450 AD)

○ The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in S&T.
○ allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of living, communication,
transportation, and self-organization.
■ Ancient Wheel
● Summerian Wheel
● Potters Wheel
■ Ancient Paper
● Edwin Smith Papyrus
● Rush Plant
■ Ancient Shadoof
● Was First used in irrigation around 3000 BCE by Mesopotamians, 2000
BCE by the Ancient Egyptians, and later by the Minoans, Chinese (1600
BCE) and others
■ Antikythera Mechanism (aka Antikythera Device)
● Dated to the late 2nd century/ Early 1st century BCE (roughly around
205-60 BCE)
● The world’s first analog computer
● Created to accurately calculate the position of the sun, moon, and planets
■ Aeolipile
● A hollow sphere mounted so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes
that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron
● Invented by Heron of Alexandria ( 1st century AD) and described as his
Pneumatica
● Middle Ages (450 AD — 1450 AD)
○ Steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production,
and emergence of scientific thinking and method, had taken place.
○ Many medieval universities at the time stirred scientific thinking and provided
infrastructure for scientific communities to flourish.
 ○ Some of humanity’s most important, present-day technologies could be traced back to
historical antecedents in the Middle Ages.
■ Heavy Plough
● Turned European agriculture and economy on its head. Suddenly
● the fields with the heavy, fatty and moist clay soils became those that
gave the greatest yields.” - University of Southern Denmark Professor
Thomas Bernebeck Andersen
■ GunPowder
● Used by the Chinese in creating firecrackers and weapons
■ Mechanical Clock
● Found in Czech Republic
■ Spinning Wheel
● Modern Age (1450 AD — Present)
○ people of the modern age realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of
transportation, communication, and production.
○ Industrialization took place, but greater risks in human health, food safety, and
environment rose, which had to be simultaneously addressed as scientific and
technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
■ Compound Microscope by Jansen
■ Telescope by Galileo
■ Jacquard Loom
■ Engine - Powered Airplane by Orville and Wilbur Wright (The Wright
Brothers)
■ Television by John Logie Baird
■ Earliest Known Photograph by Nicephore Niepce in 1826 by the heliography
process)
○ Invention of Filipino Scientists
■ E-Jeepney
■ Erythromycin made by Abelardo Aguilar
■ Medical Incubator by Dr. Fe Del Mundo
■ Mole Remover made of cashew nut extracts by Rolando Dela Cruz
■ Banana Catsup by Orosa
(Di ako sure dito sariling sagot lang, idk kung kasama:>)
Invention Scientist Place Reason

Paper Cai Lun or Ts’ai Lun Eastern Region in For a more durable and
China convenient material for
writing

Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg Mainz, Germany For a Mass production

of books nd for
preservation of
knowledge

Airplane The Wright Brothers, North Carolina, USA For the desire to
Orville and Wilbur achieve control and
Wright sustained flight and also
for the fascination with
flight.

Television Philo Farnsworth/ John San Francisco Curious and interested

Logie Baird California, USA / in the idea of a device
London England that can transmit
moving images

Steam Engine James Watt Glasgow, Scotland Address inefficiencies

Telegraph Samuel Morse Washington D.C., USA Improve long distance

communication

Watermill and Ancient Greeks, Greece, Rome, Iran Grinding Grain,

Windmill Romans and Persians Mechanical Power,
Energy Independence
and Increased
Productivity

Mechanical Clock Jan Šindel Czech Republic The need for a precise
timekeeping

Compass Shen Kuo China For navigation and

exploration

Eyeglasses Salvino D’Armate Italy Aid people with vision

problems

Gunpowder Scholars during the China Mechanical and

Ancient China Mystical Purposes

Cuneiform Sumerians Iraq Recording various

aspects of Sumerian
Society

Hieroglyphic Ancient Egyptians Egypt Recording language,

 history, culture

Light Bulb Thomas Edison Menlo Park, New Provide a reliable and
Jersey efficient source of
artificial light

Atomic Bomb J. Robert Oppenheimer USA The fear of knowing

that the Nazi Germany
would develop it first
and to end World War
II

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society (Week 4 Lesson 3)

● Revolutionary Scientists
○ Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
■ Polish scientist
■ Founder of modern astronomy
■ Copernican system- heliocentric model
● The model of the Solar System
● the theory that the sun is the center of the solar system and that all of the
planets (including the earth) revolve around the sun.
○ Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)
■ English Naturalists/Geologist and Biologist
■ The Origin of Species (Greatest work)
● Considered as a foundational concept in science
● the theory of evolution and natural selection
● all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors
○ Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
■ Founding father of Psychoanalysis
● A method of treating mental illness and is also a theory which explains
human behaviour
■ Believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives,
shaping our personality.
Contributions of STS in Asia (Week 5, lesson 4, I assume dahil walang nakalagay sa Module)
● Japan
○ the most notable country in Asia in terms of its technological and scientific achievement
○ famous for its electronics and automobile products.
■ Sony
● Japanese company known for producing tons of technologies
■ Technologies created in Japan
● CDs and CD player by Sony
● Discman, D-5/D-50 (1948) by Sony
○ First portable CD Player
○ Changed to CD Walkman along with a redesigned “Walkman”
● Rice Cooker/ Rice Steamer
○ Automated kitchen appliance designed to boil/steam rice
○ Consist of heat source, cooking bowl and thermostat
● U-Matic
○ Analogue recording video cassette format
○ first shown by Sony as a Prototype in October 1969
○ Introduced to the market in September 1971
○ One of the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a
cassette cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-
reel formats of the time.
○ The videotape is 3⁄4 in (19 mm) wide, so the format is often
known as "three-quarter-inch" or simply "three-quarter",
compared to open reel videotape formats in use, such as 1 in (25
mm) type C videotape and 2 in (51 mm) quadruplex videotape.
● Anime
○ Sometimes called Japanimation
● Manga
○ Comics or graphic novels
○ The term manga is used in Japan to refer to both comics and
cartooning.
○ Outside Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics
originally published in the country.
○ Conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century
● Pocket Calculator
● China
○ One of their most important contributions was Paper (105 AD)
○ Invented printing
○ Compass and Gunpowder (1000 AD) for firecrackers but Europeans used it for cannons
instead (which is why they dominated china in the 19th century)
○ Other modern technological developments
■ The electronic cigarette
 ■ Hoverboards
■ Optical fibers used for communication
● India
○ India has also shown its remarkable presence worldwide in the field of automobile
engineering, communications, information technology, space research and polar
technology.
■ Zero and the Number system (Around 458 AD)
● First concept of zero appeared in India
○ Aryabhata Bakhshali
■ Hindu Astronomer and mathematician
■ First person to create a symbol for zero and was used in
mathematical operations like addition and subtraction
■ The number system that we use today with decimal
place-value and zero was also invented in India between
the 1st and 6th centuries, mentioned in Aryabhata’s
Bakhshali manuscript.
● Zero became globally recognized as a number of its own
■ Buttons
● Mohenjo Daro of Indus Valley Civilisation revealed the existence of
buttons
● Were first used not for fastening but for ornamental purposes.
● Made of shells with two holes at the center
■ Prefabricated home and movable structure
● During Akbar’s rule in India, there was the existence of prefabricated
and movable structures.
● first invented in the 16th century in India during the Mughal rule.
■ Natural Fibers (Like wool and Cotton)
● Indus Valley Civilization, people started cotton and jute cultivation.
● India then invented the art of cotton spinning and later it was converted
to fabric.
● The cashmere wool, a rich and exclusive wool, derived from the
Kashmir goats were made in Kashmir.
■ Cataract Surgery (6th century)
● Sushruta
○ Ancient Indian physician
○ first cataract surgery was performed
○ He pushed the lens and used a curved needle to remove it, which
were then kept immersed in warm butter for a few days till they
were healed completely.
■ Other Medical Treatments first to identify by Indians
○ Leprosy found in Atharva Veda
○ Lithiasis treatment or the treatment of removing stones
 ○ In the 8th century, a well-known scholar Madhav mentioned
about the symptoms and ways of immunization against
smallpox.
○ two ancient and alternative methods of treatment still popular,
Ayurveda and Siddha
● Radio/Wireless Communication
○ Jagdish Chandra Bose (1895)
■ made the first public demonstration of radio
communication waves, two years before Marconi’s
demonstration in England.
■ More than a century later, Sir Bose was posthumously
credited for his achievement, which truly shaped the face
of modern wireless communication.
○ Guglielmo Marconi
■ Received a nobel prize in Physics for the development of
wireless telegraphy (1909)
● Shampoo
○ shampoo is derived from champo oil that was used as a head
massaged oils by the Nawabs of Bengal around 1762 during the
Mughal rule.
● Diamonds
○ Were first discovered in the midst of the alluvial deposits along
the rivers Krishna and Godavari in central India
○ Mined from almost 5,000 years ago
○ Diamonds were later found in the mines of Brazil
● Rockets (1780s)
○ Tipu Sultan, ruler of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore, and
his father Hyder Ali first made use of iron-cased and metal-
cylinder rockets against the large British East India Company’s
forces during the Anglo-Mysore Wars.
● First flush
○ Over 5,000 years ago, on the Indus Valley Civilization
● Steel and metal works
○ In fact, high quality steel was produced in India almost 2,000
years back, much before it was used in the West.
○ seamless celestial globe was also invented for the
○ first time in Kashmir, which is till today considered as one of the
most remarkable achievements in metallurgy.
● Systematic organized education system
○ ancient Taxila, Nalanda and other universities which introduced
a systematic education system
○ Residential schooling or schools with hostels or in ancient
terminology “Gurukul” also started in India, where a single
teacher taught several students at a time.
● Science, Technology, and Nation Building (Week 6)
○ Filipino Inventors:
■ Clare R. Baltazar is the author of the book Philippine Insects
■ Filomena Campos is known for her work on cotton in the Philippines.
■ Luz Oliveros-Belardo is a chemist and researcher. She studied essential oils that
can be collected from Philippine plants.
■ Eduardo A. Quisumbing is known for his studies in botany. He was one of the
first researchers to study Philippine medicinal plants and orchids.
■ Bienvenido O. Juliano studied the characteristics of grains and proteins and how
these affect the quality of rice.
■ Melecio S. Magno is a physicist who conducted studies on the absorption and
fluorescence spectroscopy of rare earth crystals, the effects of typhoons on
atmospheric ozone, sky luminosity, atmospheric radiation and gravitation.
■ Emil Q. Javier is known for his very practical solutions to agricultural problems.
■ Alfredo C. Santos did research on the chemistry of natural products and the
medicinal properties of Philippine plants.
■ Gregorio T. Velasquez is known for his work in psychology.