1.
Input Functions and Output Functions in C
Input Functions: Functions that take input from the user or another source. Example: scanf(),
getchar(), gets().
Output Functions: Functions that display output on the screen. Example: printf(), putchar(), puts().
2. printf() and scanf() in C
• printf(): Used to display output on the screen.
Example:
• printf("Hello, World!");
Output:
Hello, World!
• scanf(): Used to take input from the user.
Example:
• int age;
• printf("Enter your age: ");
• scanf("%d", &age);
• printf("Your age is %d", age);
Input: 25
Output: Your age is 25
3. Statement Terminator in C
In C, a statement is terminated using a semicolon (;).
Example:
int a = 5;
printf("%d", a);
Each statement ends with ;, which tells the compiler that the statement is complete.
4. Operators in C and Their Types
Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.
Types of Operators in C:
1. Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, %)
2. Relational Operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
3. Logical Operators (&&, ||, !)
4. Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)
5. Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
6. Increment & Decrement Operators (++, --)
7. Conditional (Ternary) Operator (? :)
8. Comma Operator (,)
9. Sizeof Operator (sizeof)
10. Typecast Operator ((type))
5. Arithmetic Operators in C
Used for mathematical calculations.
Types:
1. Addition (+): a + b
2. Subtraction (-): a - b
3. Multiplication (*): a * b
4. Division (/): a / b
5. Modulus (%): a % b (gives remainder)
Example:
int a = 10, b = 3;
printf("%d", a % b); // Output: 1
6. Increment and Decrement Operators in C
• Increment (++): Increases value by 1
• Decrement (--): Decreases value by 1
Types:
1. Pre-increment (++a): Increases value first, then uses it.
2. Post-increment (a++): Uses value first, then increases it.
3. Pre-decrement (--a): Decreases value first, then uses it.
4. Post-decrement (a--): Uses value first, then decreases it.
Example:
int a = 5;
printf("%d", ++a); // Output: 6
7. Assignment Operator vs. Equal to Operator
Operator Symbol Purpose Example
Assignment = Assigns value to a variable a = 5;
Equal to == Compares two values if(a == 5)
Example:
int a = 10; // Assignment
if(a == 10) // Comparison
printf("a is 10");
8. Floating-Point Data Type in C
Floating-point numbers store decimal values.
Uses:
• Used for mathematical calculations involving fractions.
• Example: Price, temperature, scientific calculations.
Example:
float pi = 3.14;
printf("%f", pi); // Output: 3.140000
9. Format Specifiers in C
Format specifiers define the type of data in printf() and scanf().
Data Type Format Specifier Example
Integer %d or %i printf("%d", 5);
Float %f printf("%f", 3.14);
Character %c printf("%c", 'A');
String %s printf("%s", "Hello");
Data Type Format Specifier Example
Double %lf printf("%lf", 3.141592);
10. Escape Sequences in C
Escape sequences are special characters preceded by \.
Escape Sequence Meaning
\n New Line
\t Tab Space
\\ Backslash
\" Double Quote
\' Single Quote
Example:
printf("Hello\nWorld");
Output:
Hello
World
11. Function of All Operators in C
Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, %)
Perform mathematical operations.
Relational Operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
Compare values.
Logical Operators (&&, ||, !)
Perform logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)
Operate at the binary level.
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
Assign values to variables.
Increment & Decrement (++, --)
Increase or decrease values.
Conditional Operator (? :)
Shorter way of writing an if-else statement.
Comma Operator (,)
Used to separate expressions.
Sizeof Operator (sizeof)
Finds the memory size of data types.
Typecast Operator ((type))
Converts one data type to another.