MATRIX ALGEBRA

FRANCISCO CHAMERA

LUANAR-BUNDA

September 5, 2015

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Definition

Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

I Numbers in a matrix are its elements or

components or entries.
I Horizontal arrays of a matrix are called its
rows and vertical arrays are called its
columns.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Order or Dimension

I A matrix A has order (or size) m × n if it

has m rows and n columns and is
represented generally as follows:
 
a11 a12 . . . . a1n
a
 21 a22 . . . . a2n 

A= .
 

 .
 

am1 am2 . . . . amn

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Order cont...

 
1 2 0
For example, the matrix has
3 4 8
order 2 × 3 and a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 0,
a21 = 3, a22 = 4 and a23 = 8.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Equality

Two matrices A and B are equal if and only

if they are of the same order and their
corresponding componets are equal.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Zero and Square Matrices

I A zero matrix is a matrix whose

elements are all zeros.
I An n × n square matrix is a matrix in
which number of rows = number of
columns = n.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES- Identity Matrix

I An n × n identity matrix, denoted In , is

a square matrix with ones in the main
diagonal and zeros elsewhere
 
  1 0 0
1 0
I I2 = and I3 =  0 1 0  .
0 1
0 0 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES- Column and Row Matrices

I A column matrix  isa matrix with only

2
one column, e.g .
7
I A row matrix is a matrix

with only one
row, e.g 1 0 −3 4 .

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES- Triangular Matrices

I An upper triangular matrix is a matrix

in which all the entries below the main
diagonal are zero.
I A lower triangular matrix is a matrix
in which all the entries above the main
diagonal are zero.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES- Diagonal Matrices

I A diagonal matrix is a matrix that is

both upper triangular and lower
triangular.
I Zero and identity matrices are examples
of diagonal matrices.
 
  2 0 0
3 0
I Other examples: ,  0 3 0 .
0 1
0 0 0

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Transpose

I The transpose of a matrix A, denoted

AT , is formed by interchanging the rows
and columns of A.
I A matrix A is symmetric if and only if
A = AT and skew-symmetric if
A = −AT .

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 1

 
  2 3
2 4 8
1. If A = , then AT =  4 2 .
3 2 0
8 0


2. If B = 1 20 −3 4 17 , then B T =?.
 
2 4 8
3. The matrix D =  4 1 0 , is
8 0 6
symmetric since D = D T .

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Addition and Subtraction

I The sum (or difference) of two matrices A

and B is found by adding (or subtracting)
their corresponding components.
I Only matrices of the same order can be
added or subtracted.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 2

Find X
+Y  and X − Y given
 that
3 6 −3 7
X = and Y = .
−2 4 2 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 2

 
3 + (−3) 6 + 7
X +Y =
−2 + 2 4 + (−1)
 
0 13
= .
0 3
 
3 − (−3) 6 − 7
X −Y =
−2 − 2 4 − (−1)
 
6 −1
= .
−4 5
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES
MATRICES - Scalar Multiplication

I A scalar is any real number.

I Multiplication of a scalar r by a matrix A
is done by multiplying each entry of A by
r.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 3

 
1 0
If A = , then
2 −3
   
3×1 3×0 3 0
3A = = .
3 × 2 3 × −3 6 −9

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Multiplication

I The product AB of two matrices A and B

is defined if and only if the number of
columns of A is equal to the number of
rows of B.
I Let A be an m × n matrix and B an
n × p matrix.
I The product AB has order m × p.
I AB is found by multiplying rows of A by
columns of B.
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES
MATRICES - Example 4

   
1 2 2 6
Given that A = and B = ,
−1 0 3 1
find AB and BA.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 4

  
1 2 2 6
AB =
−1 0 3 1
 
1×2+2×3 1×6+2×1
=
−1 × 2 + 0 × 3 −1 × 6 + 0 × 1
 
8 8
=
−2 −6

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 4 cont...

  
2 6 1 2
BA =
3 1 −1 0
 
2−6 4+0
=
3−1 6+0
 
−4 4
= .
2 6

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Multiplication cont...

I For any matrices A and B, the products

AB and BA are not generally equal.
I If AB = BA, then matrices A and B are
said to be commutative.
I Let In be size-n identity matrix and A an
n × n square matrix. Then
In A = AIn = A.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Exercise 1

Verify that
    
3 2 1 0 3 2
=
−1 4 0 1 −1 4
and that
    
1 0 3 2 3 2
= .
0 1 −1 4 −1 4

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Determinants

I The determinant of a square matrix A is a

real number denoted det(A) or |A|.
I A square matrix A is singular if
det(A) = 0, otherwise it is non-singular.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - 2 × 2 Determinant

I The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix is the

product of entries in the main diagonal
minus the product of entries in the other
diagonal.
 
a11 a12
I That is if A = , then
a21 a22
det(A) = a11a22 − a12a21.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 5

 
−1 2
Evaluate |A| given that A = .
−3 −4

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 5

−1 2
|A| =
−3 −4
= (−1)(−4) − 2(−3)
=4+6
= 10

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Important note

   
−1 2 −1 2
or is a matrix while
−3 −4 −3 −4
−1 2
= 10 is its determinant.
−3 −4

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - The Minor

I The minor of an entry of det(A) is a

determinant obtained from A by deleting
the row and column where the entry
occurs.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 6

Find the minor of 1 and that of −1 in the

−2 0 3
determinant 1 −6 5 .
−1 2 0

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 6

To find minor of 1 we delete the second row

and first column to get
0 3
= 0(0) − 3(2) = −6.
2 0
To find the minor of −1 we delete the third
row and first column to get
0 3
= 0(5) − 3(−6) = 18.
−6 5

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - The Cofactor

I The cofactor of an entry in the

determinant of a matrix A, is its signed
minor.
I For a 3 × 3 matrix, the sign is determined
by using acheckerboard
 pattern of + and
+ − +
− below:  − + − 
+ − +

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 7

Find the cofactor of 1 and that of −1 in the

−2 0 3
determinant 1 −6 5.
−1 2 0

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 7

Cofactor of 1 = -(Minor of 1). By Example

6, minor of 1 is −6. Hence cofactor of 1 is
−(−6) = 6.
Cofactor of −1 = minor of −1. By Example
6 minor of −1 is 18. Hence cofactor of −1 is
18.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - 3 × 3 Determinant

To find the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix:

1. Choose any row or column.
2. Multiply each entry in it by its cofactor.
3. Add the three products.
This is called expanding along a row or
column.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 8

 |A| given that

Evaluate 
2 −2 0
A = −3 1 2 .
1 −3 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 8

I We expand along the second column.

|A| =
−3 2 2 0 2 0
−(−2) +1 −(−3)
1 −1 1 −1 −3 2
= 2(−3 × −1 − 2 × 1) + (2 × −1 − 1 ×
0) + 3(2 × 2 − 0 × −3) =
2(1) + (−2) + 3(4) = 12.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Sarrus Rule

I Sarrus rule is another technique for

calculating the determinant.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Sarrus Rule cont....

a11 a12 a13

I To calculate |A| = a21 a22 a23 , write
a31 a32 a33
the first two columns on the right side of
 determinant forming a 3 ×5 matrix
the
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
 a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 .
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Sarrus Rule cont...

I Sum the products on all lines parrallel to

the main diagonal and subtract the
products on the lines parallel to the
second diagonal.
I That is
|A| = a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32 −
a13a22a31 − a11a23a32 − a12a21a33.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 9

Use the to evaluate |A| given that

 Sarrus rule 
2 −2 0
A = −3 1 2 .
1 −3 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 9

 
2 −2 0 2 −2
 −3 1 2 −3 1 .
1 −3 −1 1 −3
|A| = 2(1)(−1) + (−2)(2)(1) + 0(−3)(−3) −
0(1)(1) − 2(2)(−3) − (−2)(−3)(−1) =
−2 − 4 + 0 − 0 + 12 + 6 = 12.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Cramer‘s Rule

I Cramer‘s rule is used to solve a system of

two or three linear
( equations.
a11x + a12y = b1,
I For the system ,
a21x + a22y = b2
 
a11 a12
the matrix is called
a21 a22
coefficient matrix.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Cramer‘s Rule cont......

a11 a12 b a
I Let D = , Dx = 1 12 ,
a21 a22 b2 a22
a b
Dy = 11 1 .
a21 b2
I By Cramer‘s rule the solution is
b1a22 − b2a12
x = Dx /D = , and
a11a22 − a21a12
y = Dy /D, provided that D 6= 0.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 10

(
4x − 2y = 10
Solve the system .
3x − 5y = 11

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 10

4 −2 10 −2
Let D = , Dx = and
3 −5 11 −5
4 10
Dy = .
3 11

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 10 cont...

10(−5) − 11(−2)
x = Dx /D =
4(−5) − 3(−2)
−50 + 22 −28
= = = 2.
−20 + 6 −14
and
4(11) − 10(3)
y = Dy /D =
4(−5) − 3(−2)
14
= = −1.
−14
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES
MATRICES - Example 11


−x + 2y − 3z = 1


Solve the system 2x + z =0

3x − 4y + 4z = 2


FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 11

−1 2 −3
D = 2 0 1 = 10, Dx =
3 −4 4
1 2 −3 −1 1 −3
0 0 1 = 8, Dy = 2 0 1 = −15
2 −4 4 3 2 4
−1 2 1
and Dz = 2 0 0 = −16.
3 −4 2
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES
MATRICES - Solution to Example 11 cont...

Dx 8 4 Dy −15 3
x= = = ,y= = =−
D 10 5 D 10 2
−16 8
and z = =− .
10 5
4 3 8
Hence x = , y = − and z = − .
5 2 5

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Inverse

I If A is a square matrix of order n, then

the inverse of A, if it exists, denoted
A−1, is a matrix such that
AA−1 = A−1A = In .

where In is a size-n identity matrix.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - 2 × 2 Inverse

 
a11 a12
I Let A = .
a21 a22
 
1 a22 −a12
Then A−1 =
det(A) −a21 a11
provided that
det(A) = a11a22 − a12a21 6= 0.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 12

 
2 3
Find A−1 given that A = .
4 7

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 12

det(A) = 2(7) − 3(4) = 14 − 12 = 2.

Hence    
1 7 −3 7/2 −3/2
A−1 = = .
2 −4 2 −2 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Adjoint

I Lat A be a 3 × 3 matrix.
I The matrix of cofactors of A is the matrix
obtained by replacing each entry of A by
its cofactor.
I Adjoint (or adjugate) of A, denoted
AdjA, is the transpose of the matrix of
cofactors.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Exercise 2
 
2 −2 0
If A = −3 1 2  verify that
1 −3 −1
 
5 −1 8
−2 −2 4  is the matrix of cofactors of
−4 −4 −4
 
5 −2 −4
A and that AdjA = −1 −2 −4.
8 4 −4
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES
MATRICES - Exercise 3

 
0 2 1
Find adjoint of the matrix 3 −1 2.
4 −4 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - 3 × 3 Inverse

The inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix A, if it exits, is

given by
1
A−1 = (AdjA).
det(A)

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 13



2 −2 0
Find the inverse of A = −3 1 2 .
1 −3 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 13

By Example 9, determinant ofA is 12.

5 −1 8
By Exercise 2, −2 −2 4  is the matrix
−4 −4 −4
of cofactors
 of A and 
5 −2 −4
AdjA = −1 −2 −4.
8 4 −4

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 13 cont...

Hence
1
A−1 = (AdjA)
Det(A)
 
5 −2 −4
1 
= −1 −2 −4
12
8 4 −4
 
5/12 −1/6 −1/3
= −1/12 −1/6 −1/3 .
2/3 1/3 −1/3
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES
MATRICES - Equations and inverses

I If A is a square n × n matrix with inverse

A−1, and if X is a variable matrix and B
a known matrix, then the solution of a
matrix equation AX = B is given by
A−1AX = A−1B ⇒ X = A−1B.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Equations and inverses cont....

I Consider
( a system of two linear equations
a11x + a12y = b1,
.
a21x + a22y = b2

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Equations and inverses cont....

I Write
 thissystem
  as 
a11 a12 x b
= 1 .
a21 a22 y b2
I The solution, if it exists, is given by
   −1  
x a11 a12 b1
= .
y a21 a22 b2

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 14

(
4x − 2y = 10
Solve the system .
3x − 5y = 11

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 14

Write
 the
 system
 as
 
4 −2 x 10
= .
3 −5 y 11
 
4 −2
Now determinant of is 14.
3 −5
 −1  
4 −2 5/14 2/14
Therefore = .
3 −5 −3/14 −4/14

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 14 cont...

I Therefore
    
x 5/14 −2/14 10
=
y 3/14 −4/14 11
 
(5/14)10 + (−2/14)11
=
(3/14)10 + (−4/14)11
   
28/14 2
= = .
−14/14 −1
I Hence x = 2 when y = −1.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 15

Solve
 the following system of equations:
−x + 3y + z = 1


2x + 5y = 3 .

3x + y − 2z = −2


FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 15

Write
 the system
  as  
−1 3 1 x 1
2 5 0  y  =  3 .
3 1 −2 z −2

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 15 cont....

 
−1 3 1
Verify that the inverse of  2 5 0  is
3 1 −2
 
−10 7 −5
1
4 −1 2 .
9
−13 10 −11

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 15 cont....

Multiplying
  by this inverse both
 sideswe have
x −10 7 −5 1
1
y  =  4 −1 2   3  =
9
z −13 10 −11 −2
   
−10 + 21 + 10 21
1 1
4 − 3 − 4  = −3.
9 9
−13 + 30 + 22 39

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 15 cont....

21 7 −3 −1
Therefore x = = when y = =
9 3 9 3
39 13
and z = = .
9 3

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row operations

The three elementary row operations are:

1. Interchange rows.
2. Multiply a row by a non-zero scalar.
3. Replace a row by its sum with a scalar
multiple of another row.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row Equivalent

I If a matrix A is obtained from another

matrix B by one or more elementary row
operations, then the two matrices are said
to be row equivalent.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row Equivalent cont...

   
3 4 6 8
I Let A = and B = .
6 9 2 3
I Then B is found from A by row
1
operations 2R1 and R2.
3
I Hence matrices A and B are row
equivalent.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row Echelon Form

A matrix is in row echelon form (REF) if

1. All zero rows are below non-zero rows.
2. The first non-zero entry (also called the
leading entry) in a non-zero row is 1.
3. The leading 1 in the lower row occurs
further to the right than the leading 1 in
the higher row.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row Echelon Form cont.....

 
0 1 4 2
I For example, the matrix 0 0 1 1 is
0 0 0 0
in REF.
I Elementary row operations are used to
write a matrix in REF.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Reduced Row Echelon Form

A matrix A is in a reduced row echelon

form (RREF) if
1. A is in REF.
2. Each leading entry is the only non-zero
entry in its column.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Reduced Row Echelon Form cont...

 
1 6 0 2
I For example, the matrix 0 0 1 8 is
0 0 0 0
in RREF.
I Elementary row operations can also be
used to put a given matrix in RREF.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 16

Find 
REF and RREF
 of the matrix
1 2 1
A = −2 −3 1 .
3 5 0

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 16

 
1 2 1
I R2 → 2R1 + R2;  0 1 3 .
3 5 0
 
1 2 1
I R3 → R3 − 3R1;  0 1 3 .
0 −1 −3

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 16 cont...

 
1 2 1
I R3 → R2 + R3 ;  0 1 3 .
0 0 0
I This is now in REF.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 16 cont...

 
1 0 −5
I R1 → R1 − 2R2;  0 1 3 .
0 0 0
I This is in RREF.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row reduction and Determinants

I We use elementary row operations to

reduce the matrix to an upper (or lower)
triangular.
I The determinant of an upper (or lower)
triangular or diagonal matrix equals the
product of its diagonal entries.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Properties of Determinants

I det(A) = det(AT ).
I If any two rows (or columns) of A are
identical, or if A has a row (or column) of
all zeros then det(A) = 0.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Properties of Determinants cont...

I If B is obtained from A by multiplying a

row by r , then det(B) = rdet(A).
I If all n rows of A are multiplied by r to
obtain B, then det(B) = r n det(A).

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Properties of Determinants cont....

I If B is obtained by interchanging two

rows of A then det(B) = −det(A).
I If B is obtained from A by adding a
multiple of one row of A to another, then
det(B) = det(A).

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 17

Find 
the determinant
 of
2 −2 0
A = −3 1 2 .
1 −3 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 17

I ’factoring 2’ in R1
2 −2 0 1 −1 0
|A| = −3 1 2 = 2 −3 1 2 .
1 −3 −1 1 −3 −1
1 −1 0
I R3 → R3 − R1; 2 −3 1 2
0 −2 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 17 cont...

1 −1 0
I R2 → R2 + 3R1; 2 0 −2 2
0 −2 −1
I ’Factoring 2’ in R2
1 −1 0 1 −1 0
2 × 2 0 −1 1 = 4 0 −1 1
0 −2 −1 0 −2 −1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 17 cont...

1 −1 0
I R3 → R3 − 2R2; 4 0 −1 1
0 0 −3
I Now we have an upper triangular matrix.
I Hence Det(A) = 4(1)(−1)(−3) = 12.
I Note that we obtain the same value with
cofactor method and Sarru’s Rule.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row reduction and calculation of inverses

Let A be a square matrix of order n

I Write the n × 2n matrix [A|In ] where In is

a size-n identity matrix. This ia called

adjoining the matrices A and In .
I Row reduce A to In using elementary row

operations on the entire matrix [A|In ] to

obtain [In |A−1].

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row reduction and inverses cont...

I If this is not possible, A is not invertible.

I Check your work to see that
AA−1 = In = A−1A.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 18



1 −1 0
Find the inverse of A = 1 0 −1.
6 −2 −3

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 18

 
1 −1 0 1 0 0
I [A|I3] =  1 0 −1 0 1 0  .
6 −2 −3 0 0 1
I R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 →
 R3 − 6R1;
1 −1 0 1 0 0
 0 1 −1 −1 1 0 .
0 4 −3 −6 0 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 18 cont...

I R1 → R2 + R1 and R3 →R3 − 4R2;


1 0 −1 0 1 0
 0 1 −1 −1 1 0 .
0 0 1 −2 −4 1
I
2 → R2 + R3 and R1 
R → R1 + R3;
1 0 0 −2 −3 1
 0 1 0 −3 −3 1  = [I3|A−1].
0 0 1 −2 −4 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 18 cont...

 
−2 −3 1
−1
I Therefore, A =  −3 −3 1 .
−2 −4 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row reduction and linear equations

I Consider
 a system of linear equations
a11x + a12y + a13z = b1,


a21x + a22y + a23z = b2,

a31x + a32y + a33z = b3.


FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row reduction and linear equations cont...

 
a11 a12 a13 b1
I The matrix  a21 a22 a23 b2  is called
a31 a32 a33 b3
augmented matrix of the system.
I Use elementary row operations to rewrite
the augmented matrix in row echelon
form (or upper triangular).

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Row reduction and linear equations cont...

I The solution is found using back

substitution.
I This is the matrix version of the
Gaussian elimination.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Example 19

Solve the following

 system of linear
x + −2y + 3z = 9,


equations: −x + 3y = −4,

2x − 5y + 5z = 17.


FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 19

I The augmented matrix is

 
1 −2 3 9
 −1 3 0 −4 .
2 −5 5 17
 
1 −2 3 9
I R2 → R2 + R1 ;  0 1 3 5 .
2 −5 5 17

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 19 cont...

 
1 −2 3 9
I R3 → R3 − 2R1;  0 1 3 5 .
0 −1 −1 −1
 
1 −2 3 9
I R3 → R3 + R2;  0 1 3 5 .
0 0 2 4

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES

MATRICES - Solution to Example 19 cont...

I Using the third row we have

2z = 4 ⇒ z = 2.
I Using second row
y + 3(2) = 5 ⇒ y = −1.
I Finally using the first row
x − 2(−1) + 3(2) = 9 ⇒ x = 1.
I Hence x = 1 when y = −1 and z = 2.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA MATRICES