DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

PRPC324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Module 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design
I. Course Objectives:
1. The students are expected to familiarize with the materials used in reinforced concrete,
advantage and disadvantage of reinforced concrete.
2. The students are expected to understand the stages of concrete failure and properties of
reinforced concrete.
3. The students are expected to familiarize the formula’s, principles and concepts used in cracking
moment of beams.

II. Course Outline:

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
1.4 Materials Used in Reinforced Concrete
1.5 Properties of Reinforced Concrete
1.6 Stress-Strain Relationship of Concrete
1.7 Design Code and Design Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
1.8 Structural Elements
1.9 Loads on Structure and Basic Load Combinations
1.10 Stages of Concrete Failure
1.11 Cracking Moment
1.12 Sample Problems
1.13 Activity no.1

III. Learning Content:

1.1 Introduction
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change certain
characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.

As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength. Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement
provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting
compression forces and is used in columns as well as in other situations.

P a g e 1 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. It is used in one
form or another for almost all structures, great or small—buildings, bridges, pavements, dams, retaining
walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on. The tremendous success of this universal
construction material can be understood quite easily if its numerous advantages are considered. These
include the following:

1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is
the best structural material available for situations where water is present. During fires of average
intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the reinforcing bars suffer only surface
damage without failure.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under proper conditions, reinforced
concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load carrying abilities. This can be
explained by the fact that the strength of concrete does not decrease with time but actually increases
over a very long period, measured in years, because of the lengthy process of the solidification of the
cement paste.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement walls, piers, and
similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes from simple
slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and water) and
requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing steel, which may have to be shipped from
other parts of the country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other materials such as
structural steel.

1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

To use concrete successfully, the designer must be completely familiar with its weak points as
well as its strong ones. Among its disadvantages are the following:

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition, false work or
shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until
the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support themselves. Formwork is very expensive.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes an increasingly
important matter for long-span structures, where Reinforced concrete’s large dead weight has a great
effect on bending moments. Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce concrete weight, but the cost
of the concrete is increased.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be relatively large, an
important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and mixing.
Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as is the production of other
materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.

1.4 Materials Used in Reinforced Concrete

1. Reinforcing Steel
The reinforcing used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire fabric.
Reinforcing bars are referred to as plain or deformed. The deformed bars, which have ribbed projections
rolled onto their surfaces (patterns differing with different manufacturers) to provide better bonding
between the concrete and the steel, are used for almost all applications. Instead of rolled-on
deformations, deformed wire has indentations pressed into it. Plain bars are not used very often except
for wrapping around longitudinal bars, primarily in columns.

2. Portland Cement

Concretes made with normal portland cement require about 2 weeks to achieve a sufficient
strength to permit the removal of forms and the application of moderate loads. Such concretes reach their
design strengths after about 28 days and continue to gain strength at a slower rate thereafter.

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) recognizes five types of portland cement.
These different cements are manufactured from just about the same raw materials, but their properties
are changed by using various blends of those materials.

Type I cement is the normal cement used for most construction, but four other types are useful for special
situations in which high early strength or low heat or sulfate resistance is needed:
Type I—The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
Type II—A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I cement and that can
withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
Type III—A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a concrete
with a strength about twice that of Type I cement. This cement does have a much higher heat of hydration.
Type IV—A low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly. It is used for very
large concrete structures.
Type V—A cement used for concretes that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.

P a g e 3 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

Figure 1: Portland Cement

3. Aggregates

The aggregates used in concrete occupy about three-fourths of the concrete volume. Since they
are less expensive than the cement, it is desirable to use as much of them as possible. Both fine aggregates
(usually sand) and coarse aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone) are used. Any aggregate that passes
a No. 4 sieve (which has wires spaced 1/4 in. on centers in each direction) is said to be fine aggregate.
Material of a larger size is coarse aggregate.

Aggregates must be strong, durable, and clean. Should dust or other particles be present, they
may interfere with the bond between the cement paste and the aggregate. The strength of the aggregate
has an important effect on the strength of the concrete, and the aggregate properties greatly affect the
concrete’s durability.

Figure 2: Aggregates

4. Admixtures

Materials added to concrete during or before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They are used
to improve the performance of concrete in certain situations as well as to lower its cost. There is a rather
well-known saying regarding admixtures, to the effect that they are to concrete as beauty aids are to the
populace.

P a g e 4 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

Figure 3: Admixtures

5. Water

According to NSCP, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement. Non potable (non-drinkable) water not be used in concrete unless the following are
satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day strengths equal to at least 90 percent of
strengths of similar specimens made with potable water.

1.5 Properties of Reinforced Concrete

1. Compressive Strength (f’c)

The compressive strength of concrete, f’c, is determined by testing to failure 28-day-old 6-in. diameter
by 12-in. concrete cylinders at a specified rate of loading. For the 28-day period, the cylinders are usually
kept under water or in a room with constant temperature and 100% humidity. Although concretes are
available with 28-day ultimate strengths from 2500 psi up to as high as 10,000 psi to 20,000 psi, most of
the concretes used fall into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range.

2. Static Modulus of Elasticity (Ec)

Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with different concrete strengths,
concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregates.

In SI units, EC = wc1.5 0.043√𝑓′𝑐 with wc varying from 1500 to 2500 kg/m3 and with f ‘c in N/mm2 or
MPa (megapascals). Should normal crushed stone or gravel concrete (with a mass of approximately 2320
kg/m3) be used, Ec = 4700√𝑓′𝑐.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

[Link]’s Ratio

As a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads, it not only shortens in length but also
expands laterally. The ratio of this lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening is referred to as
Poisson’s ratio. Its value varies from about 0.11 for the higher-strength concretes to as high as 0.21 for
the weaker-grade concretes, with average values of about 0.16. There does not seem to be any direct
relationship between the value of the ratio and the values of items such as the water–cement ratio,
amount of curing, aggregate size, and so on.

4. Shrinkage

When the materials for concrete are mixed, the paste consisting of cement and water fills the voids
between the aggregate and bonds the aggregate together. This mixture needs to be sufficiently workable
or fluid so that it can be made to flow in between the reinforcing bars and all through the forms. After the
concrete has been cured and begins to dry, the extra mixing water that was used begins to work its way
out of the concrete to the surface, where it evaporates. As a result, the concrete shrinks and cracks.

The amount of shrinkage is heavily dependent on the type of exposure. For instance, if concrete
is subjected to a considerable amount of wind during curing, its shrinkage will be greater. In a related
fashion, a humid atmosphere means less shrinkage, whereas a dry one means more.

Figure 4: Shrinkage

5. Creep

Under sustained compressive loads, concrete will continue to deform for long periods of time. After
the initial deformation occurs, the additional deformation is called creep, or plastic flow. If a compressive
load is applied to a concrete member, an immediate or instantaneous elastic shortening occurs. If the load
is left in place for a long time, the member will continue to shorten over a period of several years, and the
final deformation will usually be two to three times the initial deformation.

P a g e 6 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

Figure 5: Creep

6. Tensile Strength

The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. A major
reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is filled with fine cracks. The cracks have little effect
when concrete is subjected to compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to close and permit
compression transfer.

The tensile strength of concrete members has a definite reduction effect on their deflections.
(Because of the small tensile strength of concrete, little effort has been made to determine its tensile
modulus of elasticity. Based on this limited information, however, it seems that its value is equal to its
compression modulus.)

7. Shear Strength

It is extremely difficult in laboratory testing to obtain pure shear failures unaffected by other stresses.
As a result, the tests of concrete shearing strengths through the years have yielded values all the way from
one-third to four-fifths of the ultimate compressive strengths.

P a g e 7 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

1.6 Stress Strain Relationship of Concrete

fc

Ultimate Compressive
Strength
f’c Breaking Point

Elastic Limit

Proportional Limit

Non - Linearly
Elastic Region

Linearly
Elastic Region
εc
εmax
`
 Proportionality Limit - stress is proportional to strain.
Hooke’s Law - the stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportionality limit
ℴ= 𝐸𝜀
where E is the Modulus of Elasticity

 Elastic Limit - the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed.
 Ultimate Compressive Strength - the highest stress on the stress-strain curve. The load-
carrying capacity of the uncracked portions of the concrete reaches a maximum value.
Commercial Available fc’ of Concrete:
17 MPa - Lowest value according to NSCP 2010/2015
21 MPa - 3 ksi
28 MPa - 4 ksi
34 MPa - 5 ksi

 Breaking Point / Rupture Strength - failure occurs, the concrete cracks in tension.

fr = 0.62λ √𝑓′𝑐 (NSCP 2010/2015)

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

1.7 Design Code and Design Analysis of Reinforced Concrete

Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used to establish the requirements for
the actual structural design. It should be realized, however, that codes provide only a general guide for
design.

NSCP 2015
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) - The behavior of concrete is LINEAR ELASTIC. The consideration is up
to the proportionality limit.

ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD) The behavior of concrete is NON-LINEAR ELASTIC. The consideration is
up to the ultimate strength.

1.8 Structural Elements

A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load. Important examples
related to civil engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers;

When designing a structure to serve a specified function for public use, the engineer must account
for its safety, esthetics, and serviceability, while taking into consideration economic and environmental
constraints. Often this requires several independent studies of different solutions before final judgment
can be made as to which structural form is most appropriate. This design process is both creative and
technical and requires a fundamental knowledge of material properties and the laws of mechanics which
govern material response. Once a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the structure must then
be analyzed to ensure that it has its required stiffness and strength.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

A.) Slabs
Slabs are flat horizontal panels that support the floor. It can be supported by
beams/girders on edges or directly by columns. They carry gravity loads and transfer them to the
vertical components (columns and/or walls), and also act as horizontal diaphragms by transferring
the lateral load to the vertical components of a structure.
Types of Slab:
1. One – way Floor System
2. Two – way Floor System

One-way floor system is a slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action. It is often referred to as a one-way slab. ( s/l < 0.50 ) ”s” is for
shorter span and “l” is for longer span. One-way slab bends in only one direction along the short span.

If the support ratio is s/l ≥ 0.5, the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams and
girders in two directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a two-way slab.

P a g e 10 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

B.) Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads.
Quite often they are classified according to the way they are supported, as indicated the figure.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however, if they are short and
carry large loads, the internal shear force may become quite large and this force may govern their
design.

 Flexure Cracks - originates in maximum moment region because the flexural capacity of the
beam is inadequate.
 Shear Cracks - originates near supports because the shear capacity of the beam is
inadequate.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

C. Columns

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads are referred to as columns.

 Lateral Ties – confinement to prevent buckling. It helps maintain the vertical positions of the
bars.
 Buckling Effect– due to moment and instability because of the applied compressive force.

P a g e 12 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

1.9 Loads on Structure

Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those elements that
are subjected to the primary loads the structure is intended to carry, and proceeds in sequence to the
various supporting members until the foundation is reached. In order to design a structure, it is therefore
necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.

A.) Gravity Loads - the vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight and snow or rain,
are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
B.) Dead Loads -dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the
weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead
loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common material densities
and minimum design dead loads for common components.

C.) Live Loads - live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by
the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live loads depending on the
use of the space.

D.) Impact Loads - when live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses
than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied gradually. The
dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is referred to as
impact.

E.) Wind Loads - when structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted
into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of wind on a
structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the wind,
the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its surface.

F.) Earthquake Loads - earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with
the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s
distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the structure.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

1.9.1 Basic Load Combination for Strength Design

Where strength design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects from
the following combination of factored loads:

Symbols and Notations:

D = dead load
E = earthquake load
Em = Estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed on structures
L = live load
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
W = load due to wind pressure

1.10 Stages of Concrete Failure

A. UNCRACKED STAGE

At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending tensile
stress at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with
compression on one side and tension on the other.

 Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr.

 No cracking occur.
 The gross section resists bending
 The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture

B. CRACKED STAGE (WORKING STRESS DESIGN)

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to
develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the
tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the cracking
moment, Mcr. Service Loads/Actual Loads are used.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

 Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr.

 Crack begins to form.
 The gross section resists bending.
 The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture point.

C. COLLAPSED STAGE (ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN)

As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than 0.50fc’, the
tensile cracks move farther upward, as does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin
to change appreciably from a straight line. It is assumed that the reinforcing bars have yielded.

 Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr.

 Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis.
 The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the rupture strength.

1.11 Cracking Moment

Cracking moment is the maximum bending moment for which the beam remains uncrack. It is
also the moment due to external loads in combination with pre-stress that produces a tensile stress
equal to the modulus of rupture.

So we have here the formula for cracking moment, Mcr :

𝒇𝒓𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒓 =
𝒚𝒕

where,
Mcr – Cracking Moment
fr – modulus of rupture, MPa
Ig – gross moment of inertia of the section, mm4
Yt – distance from the centroidal axis to the extreme fiber in tension, mm.

In modulus of rupture, fr :
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝛾√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 , for NSCP 2010/2015
𝑓𝑟 = 0.70𝛾√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 , for NSCP 2001

Wherein, 𝛾 refers to modification factor or multiplier of √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 reflecting the reduced mechanical

properties of weight of concrete. See section 408.7.1. NSCP 2010.

For normal weight concrete, 𝛾 = 1.0

For sand lightweight concrete, 𝛾 = 0.85

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

For all lightweight concrete, 𝛾 = 0.75

If average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete is specified,

𝒇 ′ 𝒄𝒕
𝜸= ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
(𝟎.𝟓𝟔√𝒇′ 𝒄)

For a given split cylinder tensile strength fct , modulus of rupture fr has different condition.

𝒇𝒓 = (𝟎. 𝟕𝟎)(𝟏. 𝟖)(𝒇𝒄𝒕 ) ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎√𝒇′ 𝒄

1.12 Sample Problems

1. A reinforced concrete beam is in the form of an inverted U-section having a uniform thickness of
100mm. and a total depth of 400mm and a width of 400mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-25mm
∅ bars at the bottom section one at each stem having a thickness of 400mm. The neutral axis is
at a distance of 241mm. from the bottom of the beam. The beam has a total area of 110,000mm2
and a moment of inertia at its neutral axis equal to 1,582x106 mm4. The beam has a span of 4m.
and carries a concentrated load of P at its midspan. Assume weight of concrete to be 23.5 kN/m3.
f’c=20.68 MPa, fct=2.2MPa (split cylinder tensile strength). NSCP 2001.
a.) Determine the cracking moment of the beam.
b.) Determine the concentrated load P at midspan that will cause the beam to crack.

Given:
Yt = 241mm
A = 110000 mm2
Ig = 1582x106 mm4
L = 4m.
Weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3
f’c = 20.68 MPa.
fct (split cylinder tensile strength)
NSCP 2001

Solutions:
a.) Modulus of rupture, fr

fr = (0.7)(1.8)(fct ) ≤ 0.70√f′c
fr = (0.7)(1.8)(2.2MPa) = 2.77 MPa
2.77 < 0.70√20.68 = 3.18MPa
∴ 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐟𝐫 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
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b.) Cracking Moment of the beam

frIg
Mcr = Yt
2.77 N/mm2(1582x1o6 mm4 )
Mcr =
241mm

Mcr = 18.18x106 N − mm

𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

P
c.)

Solve for uniformly distributed load, w:

w = (110000mm2 )(23.5 kN/m3 ) x (1m/1000mm)2
w = 2.59 kN/m

use Mcr as Mmax.

PL wL2
Mmax = +
4 8
P(4m) 2.59kN/m2 (4m)2
18.18 kN − m = +
4 8
𝐏 = 𝟏𝟑𝐤𝐍

2. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm., a total depth of 450mm. and an effective
depth of 375mm. It is reinforced with 3-28mm. ∅ bars at the bottom. If f’c= 27.6 MPa, fy= 314MPa.
Use NSCP 2010.

a) Determine the bending stress in the extreme fiber of the beam for a bending moment of 340
kN-m?
b) Determine the cracking moment.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

6M
fb =
bd2
6(340x106 N − mm)
fb =
300mm(450mm)2
𝐟𝐛 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝐌𝐏𝐚

c) Modulus of rupture, fr:

fr = 0.62γ√f ′ c
fr = 0.62(1.0)√27.6
𝐟𝐫 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚

d) Cracking Moment, Mcr

frIg
Mcr =
Yt
bh3
Ig = 12
, for rectangular section
300mm. (450mm. )3
Ig =
12
Ig = 2278.125x106 mm4

3.26N/mm2 (2278.125x106 mm4 ) 1kN 1m

Mcr = 225mm
x 1000N x 1000mm

𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟑𝟑 kN-m.

3. Determine the cracking moment of the section shown below if f’c=27.5 MPa. Use NSCP 2001.

fr = 0.70γ√f ′ c
fr = 0.70(1.0)√27.5MPa
fr = 3.67MPa

Solve for yt:

𝐴 𝑌 +𝐴 𝑌
𝑦𝑡 = 1 1𝐴 2 2 , from neutral axis (bottom)
𝑡

A1= 550mm(275mm)= 151250mm2 , Y1=962.5mm.

A2= 250mm(1100)= 275000mm2 , Y2=550mm.

P a g e 18 | 22
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

151250(962.5) + 275000(550)
𝑦𝑡 = = 696.37𝑚𝑚.
151250 + 275000

Solve for Ig:

Ig = I1 + I2
bh3
I= 12
+ Ad2
(550 )(275)3
I1 = 12
+ (151,250)(696.37 − 962.50)2
I1 = 1.17 x 1010 mm4
(250 )(1100)3
I2 = 12
+ (275,000)(696.37 − 550 )2
I2 = 3.36 x 1010 mm4
Ig = (1.17 + 3.36) (1 x 1010)
Ig = 4.53x1010 mm4

3.67 N/mm2 (4.53x1010 mm4 ) 1kN 1m

Mcr = x x = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦.
696.37mm 1000N 1000mm.

4.) A decorative concrete beam shown is simply supported on a span of 4m.

f’c = 30 MPa Unit weight of concrete = 23.5 KN/m3

fr = 3 MPa

Determine the minimum bending moment that will cause the beam to crack.

400 mm

P a g e 19 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

Solution:
frIg
a.) Mcr = Yt

100 mm
Yt = √2002 − 1002
Yt Yt = 173.205 mm
Ig = 4 I(triangle) + I (rectangle)
bh3 (100)(173.205)3 1 173.205 2
I(triangle) = 36
+ Ad2 = 36
+ 2 (100)(173.205)( 3
)

I(triangle) = 43.30x106 mm4

bh3 (200)(173.205x2)3
I(rectangle) = 12
= 12
= 692.82x106 mm4

3 (866.02x106 ) Ig = 4 (43.30x106) + 692.82x106 = 866.02x106 mm4

Mcr = 173.205

𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

1.13 ACTIVITY NO.1

Solve the problems completely.

1. Determine the cracking moment of the section shown below if f’c=28.5 MPa. Use NSCP 2010.

bf = 600 mm

t = 110 mm

h = 390 mm

bw = 300 mm

P a g e 20 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

2. Determine the cracking moment for positive and negative bending of the beam shown below if f’c =
21.73 MPa. Use NSCP 2010.

150 mm 200 mm 150 mm

200 mm

150 mm

150 mm

2.) A precast plain concrete beam shown is simply supported on a span of 3m. Use NSCP 2010.
Given:
f'c = 17 MPa a.) What is the allowable load on the beam (kN/m) if
Concrete Unit weight = 17 kN/m3 the cracking moment is 27 kN-m?
a = 250 mm d = 200 mm b.) Determine the cracking moment for the positive
b = 350 mm e = 600 mm and negative bending.
c = 100 mm

a b a

P a g e 21 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

IV. References
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac and Russel H. Brown , 9th Edition.

2. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010/2015 , Volume 1 (Buildings, Towers and other
Vertical Structures)

3. ACI 318 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Latest Edition

4. Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et. Al, Design of reinforced Concrete Structures, 13th Ed.
2000, McGraw Hill

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