SCIENCE 2ND QUARTER
LESSON 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM- used by scientists to describe the entire
range of lights that exists. They travel on vacuum at a constant speed of 3 x
10^8 m/s
• RADIO WAVE
• MICROWAVE
• INFRARED
• VISIBLE LIGHT
• ULTRAVIOLET RAY
• X-RAY
• GAMMA RAY
FREQUENCY- measured in hertz, which count the number of waves that
pass by a point in one second
WAVELENGTH- the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the
next
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
• RADIOWAVES- lowest range of the EM spectrum, with frequencies up to
about 30 billion hertz, and wavelengths greater than about 10 millimeters.
Radio is used primarily for communications including voice, data and
entertainment media
• MICROWAVES- they have frequencies from about 3 GigaHz, and
wavelengths of about 10 mm to 100 micrometers. Microwaves are used for
high-bandwidth communications, radar and as a heat source for microwave
ovens and industrial applications
• INFRARED- has frequencies from about 30 TrillionHz up to 400 TrillionHz
and wavelengths of about 100 micrometers to 740 nanometers. IR light is
invisible to human eyes, but we can feel it as heat if the intensity is sufficient
• VISIBLE LIGHT- found in the middle of the spectrum. It has frequencies
from about 400
THz to 800THz and wavelengths of about 740 nm to 380 nm. Visible light is
defined as the wavelength that are visible to most human eyes
• ULTRAVIOLET- it has frequencies of about 8x10^14 to 3x10^16 Hz and
wavelengths of about 380nm to about 10nm. UV light is a component of
sunlight: however, it is invisible to the human eye. It has numerous medical
and industrial applications, but it can damage the tissue
• X-RAY- classified into two types/ hard and soft X-rays. Soft X-rays have
frequencies about 3x10^16 to about 10^18 and wavelengths of about 10
nm to about 100 picometer, or 4x10^-8 inches. Hard X-rays occupy the same
region of the EM spectrum as gamma rays. The only difference between
them is their source; X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons, while
gamma rays are produced by atomic nuclei
• GAMMA RAYS- they have frequencies greater than about 10^18 Hz and
wavelengths of less than 100 pm. Gamma radiation causes damage to living
tissues, which makes it useful for killing cancer cell when applied in carefully
measured doses to small regions.
LESSON 2. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND EFFECTS OF EM WAVES
RADIO WAVES
• RADIO/TELEVISION SIGNALS- produced by making electrons vibrate. It
has a long wavelength capable to transmit sound and picture information
over long distances
• GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)- spaced based navigation system
that provides geographical position and time information anywhere on or
near the earth
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) - medical imaging technique
that uses powerful magnets, compute and radio waves to make detailed
pictures inside your body
MICROWAVES
• SATELLITE COMMUNICATION- it can penetrate the earth's atmosphere
• TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATION- a cellphone is a radio transmitter that
uses microwaves, it depends on overlapping network of cells
• COOKING- it can penetrate and agitate the water molecules within the
food
• RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING (RADAR)- detection system used to
determine the range, angle and velocity of objects. It can be used to aircraft,
ships, and the like
INFRARED
• REMOTE CONTROL- uses LED lights to transmit signals to control devices,
It emits pulses of invisible infrared light
• THERMAL IMAGING THROUGH INFRARED SCANNERS- used to show
temperature variation of the body
• NIGHT VISION GOGGLES- use thermal imaging technology to capture the
infrared light being emitted as heat by objects in the field of view
VISIBLE LIGHT
• SCREEN OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES
• ARTIFICIAL LIGHT- any light source that produce light instead of natural
lights produced by the sun
• OPTICAL FIBERS- used in endoscope, a flexible tube with tiny camera
that is used to observe the internal parts of the body
ULTRAVIOLET
• SECURITY MARKINGS- sensitive documents such as credit cards,
banknotes, and passports include a UV watermark that is only seen under UV
emitting light
• STERILIZATION OF WATER IN DRINKING FOUNTAINS- water
treatment system that can be used to remove most forms of microbiological
contamination from water
• FLUOROSCENCE- some washing powder contains fluorescent chemicals
which glow in sunlight
XRAY
• DIAGNOSING BONE FRACTURES- they are emitted when fast moving
electrons hit a metal target long wavelengths X-rays can penetrate the flesh
but not the bones that's why it is used in diagnosing bone fractures
• AIRPORT SECURITY SCANNER- short wavelength X-rays can penetrate
through metals
GAMMA RAY
• TREAT TUMORS AND CANCER THROUGH RADIOTHERAPY- the high
energy rays of gamma destroys cancer cells in are where it is given
• STERELIZE SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS- the energy they release kills
bacteria and other microorganisms
LESSON 3. QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF IMAGES
LAWS OF REFLECTION
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the
reflecting surface all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
INCIDENT RAY- the ray of lights coming from the light source towards a
surface
REFLECTED RAY- the ray of light which leaves the mirrors
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE- the angle between the incident ray and normal line
ANGLE OF REFLECTION- the angle between the reflected ray and normal
line
TYPES OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT
1. SPECULAR/REGULAR REFLECTION- it is defined as light reflected from
a smooth surface at a definite angle
2. DIFFUSED/IRREGULAR REFLECTION- it is produced by rough surfaces
that tend to reflect light in all directions
MIRROR LEFT-RIGHT REVERSAL- if you view an image of yourself in a
plane mirror, you will quickly notice that there is an apparent left-right
reversal of the image
TWO KINDS OF SPHERICAL MIRRORS
1. CONCAVE MIRROR- it reflects inward to one focal point. It is used to
focus light. It is also known as CONVERGING MIRROR, it has a
reflecting surface that is recessed inward
2. CONVEX MIRROR- also known as the DIVERGING MIRROR, it's a
curved mirror in which reflective surface bulges towards the light
source
REAL IMAGE- formed when light rays actually meet after reflection, also real
image is inverted with respect to the object
VIRTUAL IMAGE- light rays do not actually intersect, also virtual image is
erect with respect to the object
POINTS IN A MIRROR
• CENTER OF CURVATURE- the center of the sphere whose surface forms
the curved mirrors
• FOCAL POINT - where the light rays meet
• VERTEX- the point where the principal axis meets the mirror
• PRINCIPLE AXIS- the straight line passing through the center of curvature
to the mirror
• FOCAL LENGTH- the distance from the focal point to the vertex
• RADIUS OF CURVATURE- the distance from the vertex to the center of
the curvature
LESSON 4. USES OF MIRROR AND LENSES
CONCAVE MIRROR- this type of mirror is what the dentist used in
magnifying the are behind your teeth to check cavities and tooth decay. You
can also see concave mirrors used in headlamps, flashlights, and spotlights
CONVEX MIRROR- a car's side mirror enable the driver and its passenger to
see vehicle behind.
Also, while in mall supermarkets and some convenience stores, you may
notice mirrors hanging on corners from which you can see your reflection and
those other people
USES OF CONVEX LENSES- sometimes called a positive lens, characterized
by its bulging surfaces that is directed outward making it thicker at the
center than on its edges. If both sides of the lens are curved inward, then
that type of convex lens is called BICONVEX typically seen in magnifying
glasses. If only one side of the lens is curved inward and the other has a flat
surface, it is called PLANO-CONVEX
• MICROSCOPES- it uses lenses that can magnify objects 100x or even
more than a thousand times
• CAMERA LENSES- light rays are directed towards the slanted mirror
located near the camera shutter, and then the reflected from a translucent
screen projected to another mirror until it reaches the viewer's eye
HUMAN EYE IS A NATURAL CAMERA
* LENS- just like the CORNEA of our eyes that gathers and bends light rays
inwardly to the
camera
IRIS DIAPHRAGM- resembles the IRIS and the PUPIL of our eyes
* SHUTTER- shuts the aperture to avoid too much light exposure thus
helping the photographic film capture a beautiful image similar to the work
done by the EYELIDS and the RETINA
USES OF CONCAVE LENS
• CONCAVE LENSES AND MYOPIA (NEARSIGHTEDNESS) CORRECTION-
eyeglasses and contact lenses are used in correcting myopia.
• MYOPIA- condition in which light rays focus in front of the eye's retina
instead of, on the retina
• MENISCUS LENSES AND HYPEROPIA (FARSIGHTEDNESS)
CORRECTION- converging meniscus lens is used. The converging meniscus
lens converge light before it enters the eye eventually reducing the image
distance
• HYPEROPIA- eye condition that enables someone to see distant object
clearly but makes nearby object seem blurry
LESSON 5. USES OF MIRRORS AND LENSES IN OPTICAL DEVICES
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS- devices that progress light wave to improve an
image for clearer viewing
• TELESCOPES- first optical instrument which is used to magnify distant
images
• MICROSCOPES- magnifying very small images
PLANE MIRRORS- an ordinary mirror without a curve inside and out. The
images that a plane mirror reflects are known as "virtual images"
APPLICATION OF PLANE MIRRORS
• ELEVATOR MIRRORS- installed in order to distract people and give them
something to look while they waiting. The mirrors also gave the usually small
space of an elevator a sense of depth, thereby reducing the feeling of
claustrophobia that one might feel in such an enclosed space
• PERISCOPE- an instrument for observation over, around or through an
object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line of sight observation
from an observer's current position
• SIMPLE PERISCOPE- consist of an outer case with mirrors at each and set
parallel to each at 45 degrees angle, they allow a submarine, when
submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby target
and threats
• KALEIDOSCOPE- toy that uses light and mirrors to reflects objects and
create beautiful, fascinating repeating patterns
APPLICATION OF CURVED MIRRORS
• SIDE MIRRORS (MOTORCYCLE OR CAR)- placed on the outside of motor
vehicles to help the driver see areas behind and to the ides of the vehicle,
outside driver's peripheral view known as the "blind spot"
• DENTAL MIRRORS- referred to as the "mouth mirror." The head of the
mirror is usually round ad can be different sizes depending on the diameter
of the mirror
• DENTISTS' MIRRORS- more than a shiny surface as manufacturers have
come up with all kinds of mirrors that give dentists an enhanced view of the
inside of the patient's mouth
• SOLAR COOKER- it uses a natural non-polluting, free, abundant energy
source
LENS- piece of transparent material that is shaped so as to cause light rays
to bend in a specific way as they pass through. The word "lens' comes from
the Latin word for "lentil" due to the similarity in shape between a
converging lens and the legume
TERMS IN OPTICS
• FOCAL POINT- point where parallel rays converge when after passing
through a lens
• FOCAL LENGTH- distance from its center to the focal point
• OPTICAL AXIS- line of symmetry for the lens
• LIGHT RAYS- approximation of the path of light.
• BICONVEX LENS- simple optical lens with two convex
APPLICATION OF LENSES
• MAGNIFYING LENS- trick your eyes into seeing what isn't there. Light
rays from the object enter the glass in parallel but are refracted by the lens
so that they converge as they exit, and create a "virtual image" on the retina
of your eye
• CAMERA
• EYEGLASSES OR CONTACT LENS- works to correct the problems with
your vision
• BINOCULARS- they take you up to the action without having to move a
muscle. Binoculars are based on the science of optics and some pretty clever
tricks that lenses pull on the light
LESSON 6. IMAGES FORMED BY PLANE AND CURVED MIRRORS
REFLECTION- when light hits a completely opaque object, it cannot
penetrate the object and its rays are bounced off the surface
LAWS OF REFLECTION- when light bounces off an opaque surface, it
follows the laws of reflection
TWO TYPES OF REFLECTION
• SPECULAR OR REGULAR REFLECTION- parallel incident rays are
reflected regularly at the same angles
• DIFFUSED OR IRREGULAR REFLECTION- reflected rays are scattered in
different directions
MINIMUN MIRROR LENGTH FOR A FULL BODY IMAGE- a consequence of
the properties of images formed in a plane mirror is the fact that any person
would need a mirror with length of at least half of his/her height for him/her
to see his/her full body image
MULTIPLE IMAGES- can be formed by just using two mirrors
RAY DIAGRAMING- one technique to determine the qualities of images
formed in curved mirrors is by making diagrams of select incident and
reflected light rays
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGE
• LOCATION- the object or image could be placed at a location beyond C, at
C, between c and F, at F, between F and V or inside the mirror
• ORIENTATION- the image formed could be upright or it could be inverted
• SIZE- the image formed could be bigger (enlarged), smaller (diminished)
or same size as the object
• TYPE- real image or virtual image
LESSON 7. MOTOR AND GENERATOR
ELECTRIC MOTOR- Device which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy is called an electric motor.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Danish physicist HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED began a new scientific era
when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are linked. He showed by
experiment that an electric current flowing through a wire could move a
nearby magnet.
HOW DO ELECTRIC MOTORS WORK?
*Motors work through the principles of ELECTROMAGNETISM.
• If you run electricity through a wire, it creates a magnetic field.
• If you coil the wire around a rod and run electricity through the wire, it
creates a magnetic field around the rod with poles.
• When you surround that rod with other magnets, the rod will rotate from
the attractive and repulsive forces.
GENERATOR- A device which converts Mechanical Energy to Electrical
Energy.
PRINCIPLE BEHIND GENERATOR
• Modern generators can be attributed to MICHAEL FARADAY'S principle of
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. Faraday discovered that when a
conductor moves in magnetic field, electrical charges could be created and
directed to create a flow of current.