Urban Transportation Planning
Module 3: Data Collection & Inventories
Collection of data – Organisation of surveys and Analysis,
Study Area, Zoning, Types and Sources of Data, Road Side
Interviews, Home Interview Surveys, Commercial Vehicle
Surveys, Sampling Techniques, Expansion Factors, Accuracy
Checks, Use of Secondary Sources, Economic data – Income
– Population – Employment – Vehicle Owner Ship
Prof. CSRK Prasad
S
L D( )
A
1. To develop D(…): initial observations of S, L, A
and T are necessary
2. Once D(…) is known, one can obtain T for any
combination of (S,L,A)
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Data Needed for Obtaining D( )
• T – Through Direct Surveys
• S – Through Direct Surveys + Secondary Data
• L – Through Direct Surveys + Secondary Data
• A – Through Direct Surveys + Secondary Data
Transportation Studies - Data Collection is the heart
of the entire process
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Types of Data
• Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand
sources, using methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is
collected with the research project in mind, directly from primary
sources.
• Secondary data is data gathered from studies, surveys, or
experiments that have been run by other people or for other
research.
• Primary Data vs Secondary Data:
[Link]
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Travel Demand Surveys
Origin Destination
En-route
Surveys can be organised
• At origins
• At Destinations
• Enroute
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Components of Travel
External
Internal
Internal
Internal
External
External
Internal
External
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Work Related Mobility in US
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Internal to Internal Travel
• Origin Based Surveys
• Home
• Hotels
• Hostels, etc
• Destination Based Surveys
• Offices
• Educational Institutes
• Industries
• Commercial
• Hospitals
• Recreation Centers, etc.
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External Travel
•Internal to External Travel / External to Internal
Travel
• Terminal Surveys
• Cordon Surveys (Enroute surveys)
•External to External Travel
• Cordon Surveys (enroute surveys)
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Transportation Study Area
• Depend upon the geographical distribution of the trip
patterns – interest to the organisers
• Definition: Area within which trip patterns will be
significantly affected by the implementation of any
resulting transportation proposals
• External Cordon: The boundary of the study area
within which trip information is collected and
modelled in considerable detail
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Study Area
Chicago, USA
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External Cordon
• Position of External cordon is fixed so that as far as
possible all developed areas which influence travel
patterns are included together with areas which are
likely to be developed within the forecasting period of
the study.
• An imaginary line enclosing the whole study area
• Within the external cordon, trip information is
collected in considerable detail
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[Link]
bs1/cordon-line-survey
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[Link]
cotland/[Link]
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Cordon Line – Criteria (Bruton, 1985)
• Should isolate those problems of movement, which
are crucial to the daily life of the Urban Centre being
studied
• systematic daily movement
• Suburban and semi rural areas – generate regular flow of
trips
• Should include the area into which future urban
development will probably extend during the period
for which the Transportation facilities are to be
planned
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Cordon Line – Criteria (Bruton, 1985)
• Should meet certain technical requirements for road
side interviewing of traffic
• Reduce number of survey points
• Cross roads at a point, where it is safe to carry out
roadside interviews
• Continuous & uniform in its course so that movements
cross it only once
• Should be compatible with previous studies of the
area of studies planned for the future
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Study Area:
HMA
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Traffic Zones – Criteria
(Geographical area - permit the aggregation of data)
• Should be compatible with past or projected studies
of the region or adjacent region
• Should permit the summarizing of land use and trip
making data
• Should allow the convenient assignment of trips to
the transportation network
• Should not be so numerous as to make subsequent
data processing difficult
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[Link]
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Traffic Zones – Criteria
• Size of the zones will be governed by the detail, which is
required in the modeling process and in the resulting
transport proposals
• Should be selected after consideration of enumeration
boundaries and the grouping of local planning authority data
• Should be areas of predominantly similar land use activity
(residential, industrial, commercial, recreational, open space,
shopping, etc.)
• Should be compatible with screen lines and cordon lines
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Traffic Zones - Criteria
• Zone boundaries should preferably be water-sheds of trip
making
• Natural or physical barriers such as canals, rivers, etc can
form convenient zone boundaries
• Minimizing the number of intra-zonal trips
• Generate only connected zones and avoiding zones that are
completely contained within another zone
• Devise a zonal system in which the number of households,
population, area or trips generated and attracted are nearly
equal in each zone
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Traffic Zones - Criteria
• Zone boundaries correspond to places with very low trip
generation densities (reducing the probability of
misallocating trips to zones near the zones boundaries);
• Intra-zonal trips are minimized;
• The definition of zones with a very low number of trips or a
very large area (high geographical error) is avoided;
• The density of trip production inside a zone should be as
homogeneous as possible.
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Learning Resources
• Anthony J. Richardson, Elizabeth S. Ampt and Arnim H. Meyburg,
Survey Methods for Transport Planning
• Bruton, M. J., An Introduction to Transportation Planning (The Living
Environment), UCL Press, London, UK, 2000.
• Hutchinson, B.G., Principles of Urban Transport Systems Planning,
McGraw Hill, 1974.
• [Link]
10/25/2022 CSRK Prasad NITW 26
Thank You for your Attention!
Feel Free to Contact:
csrk@[Link]; csrk_prasad@[Link]
9440 347 348; 9515 890 908 (M)
10/25/2022 CSRK Prasad NITW 27
Urban Transportation Planning
Module 3: Data Collection & Inventories
Collection of data – Organisation of surveys and Analysis,
Study Area, Zoning, Types and Sources of Data, Road Side
Interviews, Home Interview Surveys, Commercial Vehicle
Surveys, Sampling Techniques, Expansion Factors, Accuracy
Checks, Use of Secondary Sources, Economic data – Income
– Population – Employment – Vehicle Owner Ship
Prof. CSRK Prasad
Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs)
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Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ)
• [Link]
emand%20Model/documents/Traffic-Analysis-Zone-
[Link]
• External Zones
• Internal Zones
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TAZs – External Zones
• External Zones: Traffic zones outside the external
cordon boundaries
• Cover the whole country
• As the influence of traffic generators tends to decrease
with distance away from the study area, so the size of
external traffic zones is increased with distance from the
study area
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TAZs – Internal Zones
• Internal Zones: Zones contained within the external
cordon.
• Central area zones
• Non-central area zones
• Internal zones - Small enough
• To give accuracy of movement
• To allow reliable trip generation rates to be established
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TAZs - Internal Zones
• Zones required for the establishment of trip
generation rates are generally smaller than those
required for trip distribution
• Households of similar types will be grouped together
• Limiting factor – Capacity of Computer – number and
size of traffic zones
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TAZs - Sectors
• Sectors
• Central area as one sector
• Other sectors are defined working outwards from the
central area
• Using topographical barriers such as rivers, canals, railways
in conjunction with natural traffic catchment areas to
delineate boundaries
• Sectors are then further subdivided into zones and
sub-zones, on the basis of predominant land use
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TAZs - Coding
•External zones are usually prefixed by the digit 9
•Area within the external cordon is normally
subdivided into nine sectors
• Central area is given the prefix 0
• Remaining 8 sectors are then given the prefixes 1-8
numbering clockwise and outwards from the
central area
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TAZs - Coding
•Sectors are then subdivided into 10 zones,
numbered 0-9, numbering outwards from the
central area
•Zones can be further divided into 10 sub-zones
numbered 0-9
•Examples:
➢654 – sector 6, zone 5 and sub-zone 4
➢209 – Sector 2, zone 0 and sub-zone 9
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Comprehensive Transportation Study Hyderabad
Metropolitan Area
TAZs Adopted
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Each TAZ: 20,000 to
30,000 population
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Screen Lines
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Screen Line Analysis
• A screen line is an imaginary line on a map, composed of
one or more straight line segments.
• Screen line analysis provides a means of comparing the
results of a traffic assignment with traffic count data.
• This is facilitated by comparing the directional (or bi-
directional) sum of traffic count volumes across a screen
line with the directional (or bi-directional) sum of the
assigned traffic volumes across the same screen line and
then computing the ratio of the sums, generally the
assigned flow sum to the count sum.
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Screen Lines
• A line which divides the area within the external cordon
• Trips crossing it at the present day can easily be measured
• A natural barrier to communication, if possible, be used
• Should be so positioned that it is unusual for trips to cross the
screen line more than once.
• If only one screen line is chosen, it should divide the study
area into approximately two equal halves, but should not
pass through the central area
• Screen line should not pass too close to the external
cordon
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Screen Lines - Control Points
• Alternative: use of two or three control points,
preferably in different parts of the study area
• Most suitable locations for control points: Viaducts,
bridges, underpasses or other well known points
through which large volumes of traffic pass
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HMA – Screen Lines
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[Link]
_03.pdf
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Data Collection - Surveys
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Types of Surveys
• Land use surveys
• Surveys of the Transport System Inventory
• Travel Pattern Surveys
• Transport System Performance Surveys
• Demographic and socio-economic surveys
• Perception and attitude surveys
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Survey Purposes
• First, they may merely attempt to describe existing
conditions at a given time in order to ascribe an order of
magnitude to various transport phenomena.
• Secondly, they may seek to establish causal explanations of
conditions at a given time so that greater understanding of
transport system behaviour may be obtained.
• Thirdly, it may be desired that after analysis of the survey
results, predictive models will be derived so as to forecast
future transport conditions or to predict the effects of
system changes.
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Survey Purposes
• Fourthly, rather than predict the effects of system changes, it
is often more appropriate, or convenient, to measure the
effects of system changes.
• Fifthly, an extension of the before-and-after concept is the
establishment of a regular series of monitoring surveys
whereby changes in transport system characteristics or
behaviour may be established over a long period.
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Learning Resources
• Anthony J. Richardson, Elizabeth S. Ampt and Arnim H. Meyburg,
Survey Methods for Transport Planning
• Bruton, M. J., An Introduction to Transportation Planning (The Living
Environment), UCL Press, London, UK, 2000.
• Hutchinson, B.G., Principles of Urban Transport Systems Planning,
McGraw Hill, 1974.
10/25/2022 CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal 33
Thank You for your Attention!
Feel Free to Contact:
csrk@[Link]; csrk_prasad@[Link]
9440 347 348; 9515 890 908 (M)
25 October 2022 CSRK Prasad, NIT Warangal 34
Urban Transportation Planning
Module 3: Data Collection & Inventories
Collection of data – Organisation of surveys and Analysis,
Study Area, Zoning, Types and Sources of Data, Road Side
Interviews, Home Interview Surveys, Commercial Vehicle
Surveys, Sampling Techniques, Expansion Factors, Accuracy
Checks, Use of Secondary Sources, Economic data – Income
– Population – Employment – Vehicle Owner Ship
Prof. CSRK Prasad
Survey Methodology (Cochran, 1977)
1. Establish a clear statement of the survey objectives
2. Define the population to be sampled and the target groups
to be focused on
3. Identify the specific data that are relevant for the purpose
of the survey
4. Specify the degree of precision required from the survey
results
5. Determine the methods to be used in obtaining survey
results
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Survey Methodology (Cochran, 1977)
6. Divide the population into sampling units and list the units from
which the sample will be drawn
7. Select the sampling procedure & sample size
8. Pretest the survey and filed methods to ensure that the procedures
are workable and the survey is understandable
9. Establish a good supervisory structure for managing the survey
10. Determine the procedures for analyzing and summarizing the data
11. Store the data and analysis results for future reference
(Cochran WG, Sampling Techniques, 3rd Edition, John Wiley. New
York, 1977)
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Sampling Procedures
•Simple random sampling
•Sequential sampling
•Stratified random sampling
•Cluster sampling
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Simple Random Sampling
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Sequential (Systematic) Sampling
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Stratified Random Sampling
5 out of 40
5 out of 60
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Stratified Random Sampling
4 out of 40
6 out of 60
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Sample size
• Accuracy of population estimates will increase with
the size of the sample
• Sample Size depends on
• Underlying distribution of elements (e.g. Normal
Distribution)
• Acceptable limits of error for the sample
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Required Sample size
The required sample size can be estimated by solving for n in the above
equation in two stages:
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
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Database for TD Modelling – Data Collection Techniques
• Home Interview Origin – Destination Surveys
• Roadside origin – destination surveys
• Truck – taxi origin – destination surveys
• Main road Inventory
• Public Transport inventory
• Travel time surveys (speed runs)
• Traffic volume census (traffic counts)
• Parking surveys
• Planning & Economic Data
10/25/2022 CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal 13
Home interview origin – destination surveys
(Household travel behaviour surveys)
• Detailed and most expensive
• Present day movements for all trips
• Travel is an expression of an individual's behaviour
• Habitual – repetitive – definite pattern
• Travel habits of different individuals are similar for work, shopping,
recreation, etc
• Persons included in sample are distributed geographically throughout
the survey area in the same proportion as the distribution of the total
population
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Home interview origin – destination surveys
(Household travel behaviour surveys)
• Dwelling unit – most reliable and convenient sample unit
Population Recommended Min. sample size
sample size
< 50,000 1 in 5 1 in 10
50,000 – 150,000 1 in 8 1 in 20
150,000 – 300,000 1 in 10 1 in 35
300,000 – 500,000 1 in 15 1 in 50
500,000 – 1,000,000 1 in 20 1 in 70
> 1,000,000 1 in 25 1 in 100
Minimum Sample Size: Long term proposals
Recommended Sample Size: Greater
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degree of reliability & accuracy
CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal 15
Home interview origin – destination surveys
(Household travel behaviour surveys)
•Methods of Administration of the survey
•Telephone Surveys
•Household Self-Completion Surveys (Mail
Back)
•Household Personal Interview Surveys (Face to
Face)
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CTS - HMA
•1.5% of households – 33,300
•MCH area with high population density (4
million) - 1.0%;
•Rest of GHMC area – 1.0% ;
•Secunderabad Cantonment area – 1.0%;
•Rest of the area – 3.0%;
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HIS – Household Record
Structure type Type of living quarters
Interview address Number of passengers
Persons age 5 & up Overnight visitors
Time at present address Previous address
Time at previous address Gender
Age 5 & up making trips Total trips made
Driver trips Number of walking trips
Income Occupation
Industry Age
Persons employed
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Automobile driver trips
CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal 20
HIS – Person Trip Record
Gender Age
Occupation Destination location
Purpose Land use at origin
Land use at destination Starting time of trip
Arrival time of trip Mode of travel
Blocks walked to origin Blocks walked at destination
No. of persons in car Kind of parking
Principle route of travel Automobile available
Income carpool
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Cordon (O-D) Surveys – External
•Through movements & External-Internal
movements
•Other than HIS Method
• A roadside interview
• A post card survey
• A license Plate Survey
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Cordon (O-D) Surveys – Data
•Class of vehicle
•Number of occupants in the vehicle
•O-D of the journey
•Purpose of the journey
•Route used & intermediate stops
(one interviewer – 8 vehicles per hour)
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Road Side Interview: Passenger Vehicle
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Cordon (O-D) Surveys – Sample Selection
• Systematic Sampling
• Time cluster sampling
• Volume cluster sampling
• Variable rate sampling
• (To reduce bias, different sample rates are usually calculated for
different classes of vehicles)
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Systematic Sampling
• Systematic samples of 10 and 20 percent are drawn by
selecting for each direction of travel every 10th and
every 5th trip in sequence throughout the 16-hr.
period.
• Statistically, these two samples adhered to the
characteristics of a normal distribution.
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Time Clustering
• Time-controlled basis by taking all vehicles reaching
the interview station in the first 2 min. of each 10-min.
period.
• First 5 minutes of each 15 minute period
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Volume Clustering
• Five vehicles are stopped and interviewed; then allow
20 vehicles to go
• 20% sample
• 5 Vehicles are stopped and interviewed; then allow 15
vehicles to go
• 25% sample
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Learning Resources
• Anthony J. Richardson, Elizabeth S. Ampt and Arnim H. Meyburg, Survey Methods
for Transport Planning
• Bruton, M. J., An Introduction to Transportation Planning (The Living Environment),
UCL Press, London, UK, 2000.
• Hutchinson, B.G., Principles of Urban Transport Systems Planning, McGraw Hill,
1974.
10/25/2022 CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal 37
Thank You for your Attention!
Feel Free to Contact:
csrk@[Link]; csrk_prasad@[Link]
9440 347 348; 9515 890 908 (M)
25 October 2022 CSRK Prasad, NIT Warangal 38
Urban Transportation Planning
Module 3: Data Collection & Inventories
Collection of data – Organisation of surveys and Analysis,
Study Area, Zoning, Types and Sources of Data, Road Side
Interviews, Home Interview Surveys, Commercial Vehicle
Surveys, Sampling Techniques, Expansion Factors, Accuracy
Checks, Use of Secondary Sources, Economic data – Income
– Population – Employment – Vehicle Owner Ship
Prof. CSRK Prasad
Public Transport Surveys
•Questionnaire & return post card survey
•Tape recorder surveys
•On board surveys
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Commercial Vehicle Survey
• Interview – owner or driver at all commercial vehicle
garages
• Data
• Vehicle information
• Journey information
• Small town – 100% sample
• Larger areas – 25% sample
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Taxi Survey
• Procedure adopted – identical to that used in
commercial vehicle survey
• Comparatively limited size of sample population
• Sample size - larger
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Existing Transport Facilities
• Main Road Inventory
• Public Transport Inventory
• Traffic Volume Census
• Internal Cordon or Screen Line counts
• Travel Time Survey
• Parking Survey
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Urban Road Network
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Main Road Inventory
• Physical characteristics of the road network
• Road classification
• Frontage access
• Carriageway widths
• Traffic regulations
• Visibility conditions
• Junction spacing & capacities
• Number, location & extent of any bottlenecks on the
network
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HMA Major Road Network
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Public Transport Inventory
• PT Network – principal routes, stopping places, travel
times, fare structure
• List of PT companies &/or operating agencies
• Total number & type of vehicles
• Type of service & routes
• Route number, description, terminal to terminal
mileage
• Location of transfer points, terminals & parking
facilities
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HMA – RTC Bus Route Network
HMA – Rail & Metro Networks
Public Transport Inventory
•Location of stops
•Hours of stops
•Headway by hour of the day
•Running time by route segment by hour of day
•Accidents by type & location
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Parking Survey
•Physical location, type, capacity, layout and
operating characteristics of existing on and off
street parking facilities within central area
•Distance walked after parking
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Planning & Economic Data
• Population & Employment Data (Census Books)
• Age structure of each zone
• Household structure of each zone
• Size & structure of the labor force of each zone
• Income
• Affects the number, frequency and mode of trips
• Level of vehicle ownership
• Proportion of owner occupied dwellings
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Planning & Economic Data
• Retail Sales
• Volume of retail sales
• Retail floor area
• Attendance at schools, colleges & other educational
Establishments
• Land use Data
• Type of land use
• Vacant unusable
• Watershed
• Dwellings & owner occupied dwelling units
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Expansion Factors – HIS & CV Surveys
• A – Total number of addresses in original list
• B – Total number of addresses selected as original sample
• C – Number of sample addresses that are ineligible e.g. demolished,
non-residential, etc
• D – Number of sample addresses where no response is made, e.g.
refusal to answer, no reply
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Expansion Factors – External Cordon Surveys
EF = A/B
• A – number of vehicles of the specified class counted passing through
the survey point for the relevant time interval
• B – number of vehicles interviewed of the same class and for the
same time interval
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Survey Accuracy
• Expanded HIS data should not vary by more than ±
15% of the adjusted census data
• If an unsatisfactory comparison does result then the
two possible causes are
1. An inadequate or poorly selected sample
2. Unsatisfactory work on the part of the interviewers
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Learning Resources
• Anthony J. Richardson, Elizabeth S. Ampt and Arnim H. Meyburg,
Survey Methods for Transport Planning
• Bruton, M. J., An Introduction to Transportation Planning (The Living
Environment), UCL Press, London, UK, 2000.
• Hutchinson, B.G., Principles of Urban Transport Systems Planning,
McGraw Hill, 1974.
• HMDA, Comprehensive Transportation Study for HMA, Prepared by
M/s LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, June 2014
10/25/2022 CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal 35
Thank You for your Attention!
Feel Free to Contact:
csrk@[Link]; csrk_prasad@[Link]
9440 347 348; 9515 890 908 (M)
25 October 2022 CSRK Prasad, NIT Warangal 36