Scribd
Upload
4 views13 pages

Kelvin-Planck Statement Explained

Chapter 5 discusses liquid/vapor systems in thermodynamics, emphasizing the equilibrium of saturated phases and providing examples of superheated steam expansion and energy transfer in a tank. It introduces the Second Law of Thermodynamics, highlighting the concepts of entropy changes and the impossibility of achieving 100% thermal efficiency in heat engines. The chapter presents the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, which outline fundamental limitations in thermodynamic processes.

Uploaded by

km2
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views13 pages

Kelvin-Planck Statement Explained

Chapter 5 discusses liquid/vapor systems in thermodynamics, emphasizing the equilibrium of saturated phases and providing examples of superheated steam expansion and energy transfer in a tank. It introduces the Second Law of Thermodynamics, highlighting the concepts of entropy changes and the impossibility of achieving 100% thermal efficiency in heat engines. The chapter presents the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, which outline fundamental limitations in thermodynamic processes.

Uploaded by

km2
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Ch.

5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 1 of 13

Chapter Five

1-1: Liquid/Vapor Systems

When a system consists of saturated liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium, the total value of any extensive
property (H, U, V, S) is the sum of the total properties of the phases.

Example 6-1: Superheated steam originally at P1 = 1000 kPa, T1 = 250 °C expands through a nozzle to an
exhaust pressure P2 = 200 kPa. Assuming the process is reversible and adiabatic; determine the down-stream
state of the steam and ΔH

Solution: Because the process is reversible and adiabatic, thus S1 = S2 Interpolation between 240 °C and 260
°C For superheated steam yields, at 1000kPa: H1 = 2,942.9 kJ/kg S2 = S1 = 6.9252 kJ/kg K Because the
entropy of saturated vapor at 200 kPa is greater than S2, the final state is in the two-phase liquid/vapor region.
Thus, T2 is the saturation temperature at 200 kPa, given in the superheat tables as T2 = 120.23 °C.
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 2 of 13

Example 6.2: A 1.5 m3 tank contains 500 kg of liquid water in equilibrium with pure water vapor, which
fills the remainder of the tank at 100 °C and 101.33 kPa. From a water line at a constant temperature of 70
°C and a constant pressure somewhat above 101.33 kPa, 750 kg of liquid is bled into the tank. If the
temperature and pressure in the tank are not to change as a result of the process, how much energy as heat
must be transferred to the tank?
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 3 of 13

5-2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy changes of system and its surroundings is positive, approaching zero when the process
approaches reversibility.
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 /𝑇 (5.1)
Heat quantity Q, transferred from higher temperature at (TH) to lower temperature at (TC)
𝛥𝑆𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 > 0 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) (5.2𝑎)

𝛥𝑆𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0 𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) (5.2𝑏)

There are two classical statements of the second law,

Kelvin–Planck statement: It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work. Or no heat engine can have a thermal
efficiency of 100%.

Clausius Statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no
effect other than the transfer of heat.
It is impossible to construct an engine that, operating in a cycle, produces no effect (in system and
surroundings) other than the extraction of heat and the performance of an equivalent amount of
work.
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 4 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 5 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 6 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 7 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 8 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 9 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 10 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 11 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 12 of 13
Ch.5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Page 13 of 13

You might also like