Randomization
Objective Type Questions
1. d) Suggesting improvement is an example of close ended question in a
survey.
2. c) The problem of omission
(as participant can opt to not answer any question)
3. b) Incidents
4. b) confidence interval and confidence level
5. c) increasing the sample size
6. a) Increase the confidence interval
7. a) Use of speed guns to measure the speed of vehicles by traffic police.
8. c) xml
Standard Questions
1. What is a survey? What are the things to keep in mind while creating a
survey?
A survey is a research method used to collect data where the subjects are
generally people. The things to keep in mind while creating a survey:
a. The process involves asking people for the information through a
questionnaire.
b. The outcome of a survey depends heavily on the type of questions
asked.
c. The questions should be carefully worded not to hurt the sentiment
of the people being surveyed.
2. What are the different types of questions that a survey can contain?
Provide two
examples for each type of question.
Surveys can be composed of two types of questions:
a. open-ended questions.
b. close-ended questions.
The respondents can answer open-ended questions in their own words.
Example: “Why do you like the sport you have selected above?”
In close-ended questions, the choice of answers from which to select is
fixed and generally provided alongside the question. Example: What is
your favourite sport? Cricket/Basketball/Football/Badminton
3. What is sampling bias? Is it reasonable to have a sampling bias? Provide
an
example to support your answer.
Sampling bias is a type of discrimination in which a sample is collected so
that some members of the considered population have a lower or a higher
sampling chance than the others. This sample type can be considered a
non-random sample as the likelihood of everyone being equally selected
is not there. If such a scenario is not
accounted for, it will generate wrong results for the phenomenon under
study.
4. Given below are instances of biased survey questions. Point out the
biasness involved and try rephrasing the questions so that the subject
responding to them can generate meaningful response.
a. How amazing was your experience with our customer service team?
Bias: This question assumes that the customer’s experience was
“amazing,” which may not be true for everyone. The phrasing implies a
positive response and skews the results towards a favorable view.
Unbiased Rephrasing:
"On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied were you with our customer service
team?"
Why It’s Better: This question is neutral and doesn’t assume any
specific experience, allowing for a more honest and varied range of
responses.
b. What problems did you have with the launch of this new product?
Bias: This question assumes there were problems with the product
launch, which may not apply to every customer. It also directs
respondents to focus on issues, which can lead to a negative bias.
Unbiased Rephrasing:
"On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied were you with the use of this new
product?"
Why It’s Better: This rephrased question doesn’t assume any faults and
gives respondents the freedom to rate their satisfaction without a pre-
set direction towards finding problems.
c. How do we compare to our competitors?
Bias: This question is broad and assumes that respondents have used
competitors' products. It lacks a clear benchmark, which makes it hard
for customers to provide a meaningful answer.
Unbiased Rephrasing:
"On a scale of 1-10, how likely would you recommend our range of
products to others?"
Why It’s Better: This question is more specific, asking about customers’
likelihood of recommending the product, which is a clearer measure of
satisfaction without needing a competitor comparison.
d. Do you always use product X for your cleaning needs?
Bias: This question is restrictive, offering only a “Yes” or “No” answer,
and implies that the respondent should be using the product
exclusively.
Unbiased Rephrasing:
"What discourages you from purchasing our product? Options: High
Price / Bad quality / Unaware of the product / Others."
Why It’s Better: This open-ended question invites more thoughtful
responses and gives specific options that provide insight into why
customers might not always use the product, without assuming
exclusive use.
5. What is a confidence interval? What are the different factors affecting
the values
of a confidence interval for a given population?
In statistics, the term used to measure the accuracy of a result is called
the confidence interval. The different factors affecting the values of a
confidence interval for a given population are:
i. Variations within the population of interest.
ii. Sample size.
6. Explain with an example how sensors are used widely in the field of
healthcare to collect data and monitor patients' health conditions.
Sensors play a vital role in healthcare by collecting data and monitoring
patients' health conditions with minimal human intervention. These
sensors continuously gather input from the patient’s body, convert the
information into signals, and present it in a format that healthcare
professionals or patients can easily understand.
Example: Heart Rate Monitors
A heart rate monitor is a common healthcare sensor. It measures the
pulse rate (input) of a patient, typically by detecting blood flow changes
through the skin using optical sensors. This data is converted into signals
and displayed as beats per minute (BPM) on a monitor or a wearable
device, such as a smartwatch.
The monitor continuously collects data, providing real-time information
about the patient's heart activity. If the heart rate exceeds or falls below a
predefined range, the device can trigger an alert, allowing immediate
medical intervention.
Advantages:
a. Continuous monitoring helps in early detection of abnormalities.
b. It minimizes the need for frequent manual checks by healthcare
professionals.
c. It can work autonomously, following pre-set thresholds to notify
caregivers of potential health issues.
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
India is a nation where most people are incredibly fond of watching
cricket as a sport. In order to better strategize against the opponent,
each team analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the opponent, a
lot of data is analysed off the field. Explain in detail, how this is done.
Analysing Cricket Data Using Sensors and Technology
In cricket, data analysis plays a significant role in understanding and
strategizing against opponents. By collecting and analysing large
volumes of data, teams can make informed decisions about their game
plans.
1. Sensors and Cameras in Cricket Analysis: High-speed cameras and
sensors track the ball's trajectory. Tools like Hawk-Eye and PitchVision
map the ball's movement, bounce, and swing. Sensors help generate
pitch maps showing where the bowler delivers the ball and where the
batsman tends to hit scoring shots. This data allows teams to analyse
areas where a batsman is strong or weak and zones on the pitch where
bowlers are more effective.
2. Batting Analysis: Data from sensors shows the areas where batsmen
score runs frequently, like cover drives or square cuts. The pitch map
highlights areas where the batsman struggles, such as short-pitched
deliveries or wide yorkers. Technology like Smart Bats (bats embedded
with sensors) can analyse bat speed, angle, and impact during play.
3. Bowling Analysis: Sensors indicate the areas on the pitch where
bowlers are most likely to take wickets, such as good-length deliveries
or yorkers. Analysis reveals where the bowler consistently pitches the
ball to get results against specific batsmen. Tools measure the bowler’s
accuracy in delivering balls to a targeted area.
4. Fielding and Heat Maps: Heat maps generated using GPS sensors
track player movements, helping strategize the best field placements.
Data is used to evaluate fielding efficiency and identify areas for
improvement.
5. Data Processing and AI: Algorithms process collected data to find
patterns, predict player performance, and suggest game strategies.
Video footage is analysed to understand player movements and
decision-making in real time.
Real-Life Example
Virat Kohli’s Batting Analysis: Analysts may use sensors to map his
frequent scoring shots, such as cover drives. If his weak area is
identified as deliveries outside off-stump at a full length, bowlers can
target that zone.
Jasprit Bumrah’s Bowling Strategy: Sensors might reveal that Bumrah is
highly effective with yorkers delivered on middle stump during death
overs. Opponent teams can prepare to counter this strategy.
In cricket, sensors and data analysis are revolutionizing how teams
prepare and strategize. By analysing pitch maps, batting patterns,
bowling accuracy, and fielding efficiency, teams gain a competitive
edge. This use of technology helps players and teams optimize their
performance and adapt their strategies to outsmart their opponents.
This showcases how data science and sensors have practical
applications in sports.