Permutations P ( A ∩ B)

 P ( B )=
 ‘r’ objects taken from ‘n’ different objects P ( A|B )
n n!
Pr = Independent
( n−r ) !
 If ‘n’ objects contain ‘p’ of one kind, ‘q’ of another, ‘r’ of  P ( A )=P ( A| B )
Independent if
n!  P ( A ∩B )=P ( A ) × P ( B )
another, etc., then
p ! q ! r ! etc .
 Switching like objects doesn’t give new arrangement Mutually exclusive
 Restrictions - Deal with restriction 1st  M.E. if P ( A ∩B )=0
 Groups – initially treat as 1 object, then
multiply all by no. arrangements in group
 P ( A ) + P ( B )=P ( A ∪ B )

Combinations– order doesn’t matter

n Addition Principle
n Pr n!
 C= =
r  If mutually exclusive, a+b= number of ways either
r ! ( n−r ) ! r !
A or B can occur naturally

r []
C r → n → from ‘n’ choose ‘r’
n

Inclusion-Exclusion Principle – add non mutually exclusive

c d c d
1. Include numbers in each set
 Group of ‘a’ and ‘b’, choose and -> C a × Cb
a b 2. Exclude numbers in the ‘2 set interactions’
 Empty set and/or set itself, then a set with ‘n’ different 3. Include numbers in the ‘3 set interactions'
elements has 2n possible subsets
4. Repeat as necessary – alternate
Pascal’s Triangle - ( x + y )a, a = row  Probability table

 For ( x + y ), all combos of row as exponents

∩ B B Total
A A∩B A∩B A
 Row 4 = x 4 + x 3 2 2
y+ x y + x y + y
3 4

n
A A∩B A∩B A
 Constant= C r , 1 per term, n=row, r=0 → row Total B B ξ
4 4 4 4 4
 Row 4 = C 0 +C 1 +C 2 +C 3 +C 4 Linear Equations
4 4 4 3 4 2 2 4 3 4 4
 C x +C x y +C x y + C x y + C y
0 1 2 3 4  Highest power is x 1
4 3 2 2 4 3
 1 x +4 x y +10 x y +4 x y +1 y  General y=mx+c
Binomial Expansion  Point-Gradient y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 )
x y
 exponents – each term has 1 of the possible combos of  Intercept + =1, a=x-intercept, b=y-intercept
numbers that multiply to n, in order a b
 constants – nth row of pascal’s triangle y 2− y 1
 m=
 ( x + y )0=1 x 2−x 1
( x + y )1=x + y
(
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
)

 Midpoint ¿ ,
 ( x + y )2=x 2+ 2 xy + y 2 2 2
 ( x + y )3=x 2 +3 x2 y +3 x y 2 + y 2  Distance ¿ √ ( x −x ) +( y − y )
2 1
2
2 1
2

 Parallel – same gradient

Probability
 Perpendicular – m 1 × m 2=−1 (negative reciprocals)
successful outcomes
 P ( sucsess )= Solving Linear Equations
sample space
 A ∩ B = multiply 1. Expand brackets
2. If fractions, multiply all by
 P ( A ∪ B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) −P ( A ∩ B )
Lowest Common Multiple
 P ( A ' )=1−P ( A ) Lowest Common Multiple
Conditional probability 3. Group so only variable terms on 1 side
4. Simplify
P( A ∩ B)
 P ( A|B )= Simultaneous Equations - ax +by =c
P (B )
 Out of ‘B’, how many ‘A’?  2 equations true at same time
 P ( A ∩B )=P ( B ) × P ( A| B )
  Substitution – rearrange 2nd equation to solve for x or y, 1
substitute into 1st equation. Rectangular hyperbole - y=
x
 Elimination – multiply 1st and/or 2nd so x or y has same
constant for both. Subtract 1st from 2nd a
 y= +k
Quadratic Relationships x−h
 a=¿ dilation (−a=x -axis reflection
Completing the square  h=x , Vertical asymptote (translation)
1. 2  as x → 0+¿ , y → ∞ ¿ and vice versa
x + bx=−c (make a=1)
 k = y , Horizontal asymptote (translation)
() ()
2 2
2 b b
2. x + bx+ =−c + +¿ ¿
 As x → ∞ , y → 0 and vice versa
2 2
 Sketch: 1. Find variables 2. Find asymptotes 3. Find

( ) ()
2 2
b b x & y variables
3. x + =−c+
2 2
Sideways parabola - y 2=x

2 √
± −c + ( )
2
−b b
4. x=
2  2
y=x , but reflect across y=x
 Transformation ( y−k )2=a 2 ( x−h )
Polynomial to Turning Point Form

−b ½ sideways parabola - y= √ x
 h= , substitute h to find k
2a 1

y= √ x=x 2 for x ≥ 0
General Quadratic Formula
 Translation y=a √ x−h+k , for x ≥ h


−b ± √ b −4 ac
2  y= √−x reflects across y-axis
x=
2a
Circles - ( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2

 Centre ( h , k ) , radius r
Discriminant - b 2−4 ac=Δ  General x 2+ y 2−2 hx−2 ky +c=0
 Complete square to get centre-radius form
 For a x 2 +bx +c=0 :
 If Δ >0, then 2 solutions √
Semicircles - y=± r 2−x 2
 If Δ=0 , then 1 solution
 If Δ <0, then no R solutions  y=+ √ r 2−x 2 = top half
 For a x 2 +bx +c=0 where a , b , c ∈Q :  y=− √ r 2−x 2 = bottom half
 If ( Δ = perfect ) & ( Δ≠ 0¿ ⇒ 2Q  x=+ √ r 2− y 2 = right half
solutions
 x=− √ r 2− y 2 = left half
 If Δ=0 , ⇒ 1 Q solution
 If ( Δ ≠ perfect )& ( Δ >0) ⇒ 2 ≠Q Circular functions
solutions

Quadratic Polynomial Function Families

 y=a ( x−ⅇ ) ( x−f )

 2 roots + 1 other point provided.
 ⅇ , f =¿ roots 0 ° 30 ° 45 ° 60 ° 90 ° 60 ° closer to
 sub. In other point. Rads 0 π π π π y-axis
2
 y=a ( x−h ) +k 6 4 3 2 30 ° closer to
 Turning point +1 other provided.
cos θ 1 √ 3 √2 1 0 x-axis
 (h , k )=¿ turning point
2 2 2
 sub. In other point.
 2
y=a x +bx +c
sin θ 0 1 √2 √3 1
 3 points provided. 2 2 2
 Sub. Points to get 3 equations. tanθ 0 1 1 √3 -
 Solve using substitution & elimination. √3
Graphs of Relations  for ( x , y ) of P ( θ ), x=cos θ , y =sin θ
 sin θ  Leading term a n x
n
 tanθ=
cos θ  Degree/order = n
( 2 a+1 ) π  +,−¿ × 2 polynomials = polynomial
 If , sin=±1 , cos=0
2
Dividing polynomials
( 2 a) π
 If , sin=0 , cos=±1 P(x)
2  When , 2 polynomials obtained: Q ( x )
Quad 2 Quad 3 Quad4 D( x )
sin θ ( π−θ )=sin( πθ +θ ) ( 2 π −θ ) quotient, R ( x )remainder
 P ( x )=D ( x ) Q ( x )+ R ( x )
¿−sin θ ¿−sin θ
 R ( x ) degree< D ( x ) degree or
cos θ ( π−θ )=−cos
( π +θ
θ ) ( 2 π −θ )
R ( x )=0
¿−cos θ ¿ cos θ
 P ( x )=¿ dividend
tanθ ( π−θ )=−tanθ
( π +θ ) ( 2 π −θ )  Solve with long division or equating coefficients
¿ tanθ ¿−tanθ
Long division
c
180 °
c π , 1. Divide…1st numerator term by 1st denominator term, put
Radians - 1 = or 1 °= 0
360 =2 π
c
into answer
π 180
2. Multiply…latest denominator term by answer, put below
Circle Mensuration denominator
θ in degrees θ in radians 3. Subtract…the 2
4. Bring Down…the remaining terms
Arc Length πrθ rθ
180

( θ2 ) ( θ2 )
Chord Length
2 r sin 2 r sin
Sector Area
πr θ
2
1 2
r θ
360 2
Segment Area 2
πr θ 1 2 1 2
− r sin θ r ( θ−sin θ )
360 2 2
Elevation and Depression
 Elevation
 Depression
 tanθ=¿ gradient (inclination)
 Bearing = de. Clockwise from N, always 3 digits
3 2
Sine Rule – 2 sides and their opposite angle  For
x −7 x +5 x−4 , write:
x−3
a b c
 = = x −7 x + 5 x −4=( x−3 ) ( x 2 +bx +c ) +r
3 2
sin A sin B sin C
 Equate coefficients to find b , c , r
b sin A
 a=
sin B Left Right Combined

( )
a sin B x
2
term −7 x
2 2
−3 x + b x
2
−3+b=−7
 A=sin−1 2 ⇒ b=−4
b ¿ (−3+b ) x
x term 5x 12 x+ cx=( 12+c ) x 12+c=5
Cosie Rule – 3 sides and 1 angle
0 ⇒ c=−7
 2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bc ×cos A
Constant −4 21+r 21+r =−4
term
⇒ r =−25
 a=√ b2 +c 2−2 bc × cos A Polynomial factorisation

( )
2 2 2
−1 b + c −a
 A=cos P(x)
2bc  Remainder theorem: when , remainder
βx+ a
Triangle Area:
1
2
bc sin A P ( −aβ )
 Factor theorem
n n−1 1
Powers and Polynomials a n x +a n−1 x …a 1 x + a0 P ( x )=0 ⇔ ( x−a ) factors into P ( x )
   Form is f ( x )=a ( x−h )3 +k , & ¿ 1 point

P ( −aβ )=0 ⇔ ( βx−a ) factors into P ( x) is known, h , k known

Quartic & Other Polynomial Functions

 Sub P ( x )=0, divide polynomial by x of
4
P ( x )=0 to factorise
 y=a ( x−h ) + k ,Implied domain = R
 Rational root theorem: a i ∈ Z ,  Even if f (−x ) =f ( x ) → symmetric about y-axis
 f ( 0 )=0 , as x → ± ∞ , y → ∞
{ a , bϵ Z : HCF=1 } ,
 For { m , n∈ even N :m>n }, then:
( βx +a ) factorsinto P ( x ) ⇒ mβ =a n ⇒ n⋅ a=a0
 x m > x n for { x ≠−1< x <1 }
 x 3 ∓ a3=( x ∓a ) ( x 2 ± ax +a 2)
 x m=x n for { x=0 , ± 1 }
 x m < x n for {−1< x <1 , x ≠ 0 }
 Odd if f (−x ) =−f ( x ) → same after 180rotation
 f ( 0 )=0 , as x → ± ∞ , y → ± ∞
Solving Cubic Equations factorisation
 For { m , n∈ odd N : m> n }, then:
 Extracting a simple common factor  x m > x n for { x >1 } or {−1< x <0 }
 Factor theorem  x m=x n for { x=0 , ± 1 }
 Polynomial division/equating coefficients
 x m < x n for { x ←1 } or { 0< x <1 }
 Sum/difference of 2 cubes
 Quadratic formula
Power function f ( x )=x r , for { r ∈ R :r ≠ 0 }
Factorised Cubic’s Graph
Functions, relations , transformations
 1/2/3 roots
 Sign diagram = shows when expression is (+) or (-)  R real number
 If y=a ( x−α )( x−β ) ( x−γ ), can graph by:  Algebraic number – a solution to a polynomial.
 y-intercept, x-intercepts Includes all Q ,∧ √ 2
 sign diagram  Transcendental
 consider y as x decreases either side of roots m
 Q rational number - , m & n integers n ≠ 0,
 2
repeated factor = if repeated factor m , y value n
has same sign immediately either side of either reoccurring or terminating decimal
corresponding root m
 Irrational – can’t be written as
 if 1 repeated factor & linear factor, then 2 roots & n
repeated factor correspond to 1 of turning points  Z integers
Cubic Graph to Equation
 N natural numbers (+ Z )
 N ⊆ Z ⊆ Q⊆ R
 horizontal inflection point ( b 2−3 ac=0 ) →
3 Interval notation
y=a ( x−h ) +k , ( h , k ) =¿inflection point
 rising/falling inflection ( b 2−3 ac <0 )  a & b R , a< b
 max and min turning point (b ¿¿ 2−3 ac >0)¿  ( a , b )={ x : a< x <b }
 ( a , b ] ={ x : a< x ≤ b }
 ( a , ∞ )= { x :a< x }
 (−∞ , b ) ={ x : x <b }
2 Relations, Domains, Range
y=a ( x−r ) ( x −s ) y=a ( x−r ) ( x−s ) ( x−t )
2  Relation = set of ordered pairs ( x , y )
y=a ( x−r ) ( x−s )
 Domain = set of x values, Range = set of y values
 Implied domain = largest domain while true
Functions
 Relation where each x only has 1 y
y=a ( x−r ) ( x 2+ px +q )
Cubic Polynomial Function Families  f : [ domain ] → R , f ( x ) =( rule )
 Restriction = same function, smaller domain
 cubic function rule can be determined if:
 4 points on graph known y=af ( bx−c ) +d
 α , β known , ≥ 1point known, form is  a = vertical dilation → if a< 0 reflect across x
2
f ( x )=a ( x−α ) ( x−β )  b = horizontal dilation → if b<0 reflect across y
 c = horizontal translation
 d = vertical translation
 apply in order a,b,c,d