1 3

2 4

THE VERNIER CALIPERS THE VERNIER CALIPERS THE VERNIER CALIPERS THE SCREW GAUGE
Aim Aim Aim
Aim
Find the volume of the given cylinder using Vernier Calipers. Determine internal volume of the given [Link] are supplied with Vernier calipers. Determine the diameter and hence the volume of the given sphere with the help of Vernier calipers.
Determine the diameter of the given wire using Screw gauge and hence find the volume.
Principle Principle Principle
Metre scale is provided.
value of 1 m.s.d value of 1 m.s.d value of 1 m.s.d
Least count of the vernier = Least count of the vernier = Least count of the vernier = Principle
No. of divisions on the vernier scale No. of divisions on the vernier scale No. of divisions on the vernier scale
Pitch
Length to be measured = Main scale reading + (vernier scale reading x least count) Length to be measured = Main scale reading + (vernier scale reading x least count) Length to be measured = Main scale reading + (vernier scale reading x least count) Least count =
Volume of a cylinder = r2h where r is the radius and h is the height of the cylinder Volume of the calorimeter = r2h where r is the internal radius and h is the depth of the calorimeter. No. of divisions on the head scale
Volume of a sphere = 4 r3 ,where r is the radius of the sphere
Observations and Calculations Observations and Calculations 3 Pitch is the distance moved by the tip of the screw when it undergoes one complete rotation.
Value of one main scale division = .............mm Value of one main scale division = .............mm Observations and Calculations Total reading = Pitch scale reading + (corrected head scale reading x least count )
No. of divisions on the vernier = No. of divisions on the vernier =
Value of one main scale division = .............mm Head scale reading is corrected by applying zero correction
value of 1 m.s.d value of 1 m.s.d
Least count = [Link] divisions on the vernier scale Least count = [Link] divisions on the vernier scale No. of divisions on the vernier =
Volume of a wire = r2l , where r is the radius and l is the length of the wire.
value of 1 m.s.d
= ............mm = .............cm = ............mm = .............cm Least count = [Link] divisions on the vernier scale Observations and Calculations
= ............mm = .............cm Distance moved for 5 rotations = mm
Dimensions Trial MSR VSR Total Reading Mean
Dimensions Trial MSR VSR Total Reading Mean No cm div MSR+ (VSR x L.C ) cm (cm) Distance moved for 5 rotations
No cm div MSR+ (VSR x L.C ) cm (cm)
Trial No MSR VSR Total Reading Mean Pitch =
(cm) (div) MSR+ (VSR x L.C) (cm) (cm) 5
Pitch
Diameter Least count =
Diameter No .of divisions on the head scale
zero error = ..................div
zero correction = .................div

Depth Trial No PSR HSR Corrected Total Reading Mean diameter

Length Mean diameter of the sphere = .........m (a) mm div HSR (b) a + ( b x LC) mm mm
Radius of the sphere (r) = ..........m

Volume of the sphere = 4 r3

Mean diameter of the calorimeter =.....................m
Mean diameter of the cylinder = ............m 3
Radius of the calorimeter (r) =......................m
Radius of the cylinder (r) = ............m Depth of the calorimeter (h) =......................m = .........m3 Mean diameter of the wire = ....................m
Volume of the calorimeter = r2h Result
Mean length of the cylinder (h) = ............m Radius of the wire = ....................m
Volume of the cylinder = r2 h = ...........m3 =.....................m3 Diameter of the sphere = -------------- m
Length of the wire = --------------- cm
Result Result = ---------------- m
Volume of the sphere = ...............m3
Volume of the calorimeter = ...........m3 Volume of the wire = r2l
Volume of the cylinder = .............m3
= ........................m3
Result
Diameter of the wire = ------------ m

Volume of the wire = ........................m3

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St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara

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7 8
THE SCREW GAUGE THE SCREW GAUGE SIMPLE PENDULUM SIMPLE PENDULUM
Aim Aim Aim : Aim :
Using Screw gauge, determine the thickness of the glass plate and find its volume .Graph paper supplied. Determine the volume of the given lead shot using Screw gauge. Determine the period of oscillation for lengths 65, 75, 85 and 95 cm using Simple [Link] L-T2 graph, Using Simple pendulum determine the period of oscillation for 65, 75, 85 and 95 [Link] acceleration due to
Principle find acceleration due to gravity using graph gravity by calculation.
Principle
Principle: Principle:
Pitch Pitch
Least count = Least count = When the bob is allowed to oscillate, it executes simple harmonic [Link] small When the bob is allowed to oscillate, it executes simple harmonic [Link] small
No. of divisions on the head scale No. of divisions on the head scale oscillations, the period of oscillation. oscillations, the period of oscillation.
Pitch is the distance moved by the tip of the screw when it undergoes one complete rotation. Pitch is the distance moved by the tip of the screw when it undergoes one complete rotation. T = 2 l /g T = 2 l /g
where ‘l’ is the length of the pendulum and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity. where ‘l’ is the length of the pendulum and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity.
Total reading = Pitch scale reading + (corrected head scale reading x least count ) Total reading = Pitch scale reading + (corrected head scale reading x least count )
l l
Head scale reading is corrected by applying zero correction Head scale reading is corrected by applying zero correction g = 42 From the above relation g = 42
From the above relation
Volume of the glass plate = Area x thickness T2 T2
Volume of the sphere = 4r3, where r is the radius of the sphere.
=Ax t 3
Observations and Calculations Observations and Calculations T2
Distance moved for 5 rotations = mm Distance moved for 5 rotations = mm l
C AB
Distance moved for 5 rotations Distance moved for 5 rotations g = 42
Pitch = Pitch = AC l
5 5
Pitch Pitch B A
Least count = Least count =
No .of divisions on the head scale No .of divisions on the head scale

zero error = ..................div zero error = ..................div

zero correction = .................div zero correction = .................div
l
Trial No PSR HSR Corrected Total Reading Mean thickness Trial No PSR HSR Corrected Total Reading Mean diameter Observations and Calculations Observations and Calculations
(a) mm div HSR (b) a + ( b x LC) mm mm
(a) mm div HSR (b) a + ( b x LC) mm mm Radius of the bob r = ......... cm Radius of the bob r = .........cm

Trial Distance between length of Time for 20 peroid of Trial Distance between length of Time for 20 peroid of
No the point of suspension the pendulum oscillations (s) oscillation No the point of suspension the pendulum oscillations (s) oscillation l
and the top of the bob l cm T = 20
t T2 and the top of the bob l cm t T2
T = 20 T2
( l - r ) cm 1
mean (s2) ( l - r ) cm
2 (t) (s) 1
mean (s2)
2 (t) (s) cm/s2
65
65
Thickness of glass plate , t = ......m Mean diameter of the sphere = ....................m
75
Area of glass plate, A = ..... m2 Radius of the sphere (r) = ....................m 75

Volume of the glass plate = A x t Volume of the sphere = 4 r3 = ..................m3 85

85
= ----------------- 3
= -------------- m3 Result 95
Result 95
Volume of the sphere =........................m3
Thickness of glass plate = .............m l T2 graph
Mean = ............cm/s2
l AB =............m/s2
Volume of the glass plate =........................m3 = l
T 2
AC g = 42
T2
 g = 42 AB = = m/s2
AC
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St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara
Acceleration due to gravity at the place = .............m/s2 Acceleration due to gravity at the place = ............. m/s2
 9 10 11 12

SPRING CONSTANT: Load -extension method SPRING CONSTANT: Load -extension method MOMENT BAR PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTORS
Aim Aim Aim Aim
Draw the load-extension graph of a helical spring for at least three different loads and determine the spring Tabulate load-extension for a helical spring for at least three different loads and find spring constant Using principle of moments determine the mass of the given body.
Find the mass of the given body using parallelogram law of apparatus.
Principle
constant from the graph. by calculation. Principle
Principle Principle When the point O is in equilibrium (refer fig.) the resultant of P and Q balances R. By parallelogram law the
According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit ratio of load to extension of a spring is a constant. According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit ratio of load to extension of a spring is a constant. diagonal OD x scale represents the resultant of P and Q.
Q P
ie load/extension = K, the spring constant ie load/extension = K, the spring constant Therefore R= OD x scale

If ‘l ’ is the extension produced by a mass ‘m’ , then If ‘l ’ is the extension produced by a mass ‘m’ , then The resultant of P and Q can also be calculated using the formula,
C
mg mg R= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos
K= K= D
l l
?
Y Observations and Calculations
W m
 Trial No Mass suspended Reading of the pointer on Extension mg
From the graph K= Load x load arm = Effort x effort arm
g loading unloading Mean l l
Extension

C AB cm N/m PC  m = QC  W A
B
Spring constant, K = x 9.8 1 mo xo =
BC m = QC  W O

A B 2 mo + x1 = x1 _ xo =
PC P Q
Observations and Calculations 
o load  X 3 mo + x2 = x2 _ xo =
O
4 Trial W QC PC Wx QC R
mo + x3 = x3 _ xo = m=
Observations and Calculations No g (g) PC
cm cm C

Mean K =.............N/m Observations and Calculations

Trial No Mass suspended Reading of the pointer on Extension
Result
g loading unloading Mean l Scale 1 cm = .............. gwt
cm Spring constant of the given spring = ............ N/m
1 mo xo = Trial P Q OD Angle Weight of the body (gwt)
No gwt gwt cm AOB = OD x scale P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos  Mean
2 mo + x1 = x1 _ xo =
3 mo + x2 = x2 _ xo =
4 mo + x3 = x3 _ xo =
Mean m = ........g
From the graph = ........kg
AB Result
Spring constant, K = x 9.8 Mass of the given body = ...............Kg
BC
= --------------- N/m

Result
Mean weight of the body w = ......... gwt
Spring constant of the given spring = ............ N/m
= ......... Kgwt
Result  Mass of the body = .......... Kg

Mass of the given body = .................. Kg.

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St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara

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SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING - Oscillation method OHM’S LAW
RESONANCE COLUMN-Determination of velocity of sound in air RESONANCE COLUMN-Comparison of frequencies
Aim Aim
Aim Aim
Using a helical spring, measure the period of oscillation with four different known masses and Determine the resistivity of the given wire by Ohm's [Link] gauge is provided.
Using resonance column apparatus, measure the resonating lengths for at least three tuning forks. Compare the frequencies of two tuning forks using resonance column apparatus.
Hence find the velocity of sound at room temperature. determine spring constant by calculation. Principle
Principle
Principle If the first and second resonating lengths for a tuning fork of frequency ‘n’ is l1 and l2 Principle According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature the current flowing through a conductor is directly
If the first and second resonating lengths for a tuning fork of frequency ‘n’ is l1 and l2 , A A The period of vertical oscillation of a spring when a mass M is suspended at its end is given by proportional to the potential difference across its ends.
the velocity of sound at room temperature is given by Vt = 2n ( l2 ---l1) ie, V/I = a constant known as the resistance of the conductor.
T = 2 M
N
A A K k
l1 l2
A ()
)
T2 = 42 M Rh
N N N K
+ V -
l1 l2 + -
A A
Spring constant, K = 42 M 2 X
N N T
If X is the resistance of a wire having length L and radius r, the resistivity of the material of the wire is given
Observations and calculations by
 = r X
2

Trial Mass suspended Time for 20 oscillations (s) Period T T2 M/T2 Mean M/T2 L
g 1 2 Mean S g/S2 kg/s2 Observations and Calculations
S2
To find the resistance
Trial No Current I Voltage V Resistance X = V
A volt I 
n1 ( l2I --- l1I )
Ratio of frequencies = =
n2 ( l2 --- l1)
Observations and Calculations Spring constant, K = 42 M2
T
Observations and Calculations Frequency First resonance length Second resonance length
cm cm = ...... N/m Mean X = 
Trial Frequency First resonance length Second resonance length Velocity of 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Result
To find the radius of the wire using screw gauge
No of tuning cm cm sound Spring constant of the given spring from calculation = ............ N/m
fork n Hz 1 2 Mean l1 1 2 Mean l2 Vt = 2n(l2 -- l1)
Pitch
l1 = Least Count =
cm / s n1 l11 =
No. of divisions on H.S.
Zero correction = ± ...... div
n2 l2 =
l21 = Trial No PSR HSR Corrected Diameter of the wire
mm div HSR(div) PSR + (HSR x L.C) mm

n1 ( l --- l )
2
1
1
1

Ratio of frequencies =
n2 ( l2 --- l1)

= --------------------- Mean Diameter = ............mm

Mean Vt = ...... cms--1 = ............m
Result Radius =...........m
Velocity of sound in air at room temp Vt = ...... m/s Ratio of frequencies = -------------- Length of the resistance wire L =...........m
Result = r X
2
Resistivity 
L = ........ m
Velocity of sound in air at room temp. = .......... m/s
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Result
St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara
Resistivity of the material of the wire = ..........m
 17 18 19 20
OHM’S LAW OHM’S LAW CONCAVE MIRROR CONCAVE MIRROR
Aim Aim Aim Aim
By drawing current-voltage graph, find the resistance of given wire by Ohm's law Find the resistance of the given wire using Ohm's [Link] find its conductance. Find the focal length of the given concave mirror by drawing u-v graph. Find the focal length of the given concave mirror using 1/u - 1/v graph
Principle Principle Principle Principle v

According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature the current flowing through a conductor is directly According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature the current flowing through a conductor is directly v
I

proportional to the potential difference across its ends. proportional to the potential difference across its ends. I

ie, V/I = a constant known as the resistance of the conductor. ie, V/I = X, constant known as the resistance of the conductor.
k k
() ()
O

Rh Rh u

+ V -
+ V - O
When a concave mirror forms a real image, it’s focal length,
u

f = uv
+ A - When a concave mirror forms a real image, it’s focal length,
+ A -
X u+v
X
f = uv
1 u+v Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image and
Conductance K =
Y X the mirror
C V I graph Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image and

>
Observations and Calculations
...................

the mirror
B
From graph To find the resistance
BC v
V .................. X= Trial No Current I Voltage V V 1 2
AB Resistance X = From the graph OA = OB = 2f cm-1 focal length, f =
A B
A volt I  v OA + OB
OA +OB
O X A  focal length, f =
I  4
O A >
Observations and Calculations 1
cm-1
u
Mean X =  O B u Observations and Calculations
Trial No. Current I Voltage V
A Observations and Calculations 1 1
volt 1 Trial No Distance between Distance between v
Conductance K = u
X mirror and object mirror and image
Trial No Distance between Distance between u cm v cm cm-1 cm-1
mirror and object mirror and image
= -------------  u cm v cm
Result
Resistance of the given wire = ..........
Conductance of the given wire = ..........
V I graph
1 1 graph
--
From graph u v
BC
X= uv graph OA = ........cm-1
AB
OA = ...........cm
Result OB =...........cm-1
Resistance of the given wire = .......... OB = ...........cm
2
f =
f = OA + OB
OA + OB
4
=.........cm =..........m
= ..........cm
Results
= ..........m Focal length of the concave mirror from 1/u - 1/v graph = .......... m
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St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara Focal length of the concave mirror from u-v graph = .......... m St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara

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21
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CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX LENS
CONCAVE MIRROR Observations and Calculations
Aim Aim
Find the focal length of the given concave mirror using u - v method calculation. Aim Find the focal length of convex lens using u - v method calculation.
Trial No Distance between Distance between Focal length
Principle Find the focal length of the given concave mirror using u - v method calculation. mirror and object mirror and image uv Principle
u cm v cm f = u+v
v Verify the result using normal reflection method OR distant object method
I Principle
v

I
O

u v
O
Mean f =........... cm =............ m
O
u
When a convex lens forms a real image, it’s focal length,
When a concave mirror forms a real image, it’s focal length, u Distant object method
When a concave mirror forms a real image, it’s focal length, f = uv
f = uv Trial No. Focal length in cm u+v
u+v
f = uv Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the lensand ‘v’ is the distance between the real image
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image and u+v
the mirror and the lens.
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image
and the mirror
Observations and Calculations
Observations and Calculations
Normal incidence or reflection method Mean f = ..............cm =................m Trial No Distance between Distance between Focal length
Trial No Distance between Distance between Focal length OR lens and object lensand image uv
f = u+v
mirror and object mirror and image uv Normal incidence method u cm v cm
u cm v cm f = u+v O
Trial No. Distance between Focal length
image/object and f = R cm
I
screen (R) cm 2

If the object is at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, the image is formed at the same position. Then
the distance between the mirror and the object gives the radius of curvature (R) of the mirror. Mean f =........... cm =............ m
Mean f =........... cm =............ m Results
Results focal length f = R Focal length of the convex lens = .......... m
2
Focal length of the concave mirror = .......... m
OR
Mean f = ..........cm =............m
Distant object method
Results
Focal length of the concave mirror
1. by u-v method = .......... m
v=f 2. by normal reflection method OR distant object method = ------------ m
F

when the object is at a very large distance from a concave mirror, the image is formed at the principal focus.
Then the distance between image and the mirror is the focal length.

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St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara
 25 26 27
28
CONVEX LENS CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS
Aim
CONVEX MIRROR
Aim Aim Aim
Find the focal length of convex lens by u-v graph. Find the focal length of the given convex lens by drawing 1/u - 1/v graph Find the focal length of the given concave lens by keeping it in contact with a convex lens. Find the focal length of convex mirror using a convex lens.
Principle Principle Principle Principle
1. Lenses in contact If the image formed by a convex lens placed infront of a convex mirror is at the centre of curvature of the
mirror , the rays are falling normally on the mirror. These rays therefore reflects back along the same path and
form an image at the position of the object. (Refer figure)
O O I Then distance between the mirror and the image formed by the convex lens is the radius of curvature (R)
O
of the mirror
u v u v u v
R
Focal length f =
When a convex lens forms a real image, it’s focal length, 2
When a convex lens forms a real image, it’s focal length, When a convex lens of focal length f1 is in contact with a concave lens of focal length f2, the reciprocal of the
f = uv f = uv
effective focal length., 1 1 1
u+v = +
u+v F f1 f2
0
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the lens and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image and Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the lens and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image and Ff1 I F I’
the lens the lens.  f2 =
f1 -- F 2f = R

f1 and F are determined using the formula,

>
v
From the graph OA = OB = 2f B focal length = uv for real image, where‘u’ is the object distance and ‘v’ is the image distance. Obsevations and calculations
OA +OB u+v
A  focal length, f = 1
4 cm-1 focal length, f = 2 Observations and Calculations
v OA + OB Trial No: Distance between screen
1. Lenses in contact and mirror R cm
O B u
O A > Lens used Trial Distance between Distance between Focal length Mean focal
Observations and Calculations 1 uv
cm-1 No lens and object lens and image length
u u+v
Trial No Distance between Distance between u cm v cm cm cm
lens and object lens and image Observations and Calculations
u cm v cm
Trial No Distance between Distance between 1 1
u v f1 =
lens and object lensand image cm-1 convex lens
u cm v cm cm-1
alone Mean R = ......... cm
=......... m
combination R
of convex  focal length f =
and concave 2
uv graph F=
lens = ........m
OA = ...........cm
OB = ...........cm 1 1 graph F f1 Result
--
OA + OB u v f2 = Focal length of the convex mirror = ........... m
f = f1 --- F
4 OA = ........cm-1
= ..........cm OB =...........cm-1
= ............... cm
= ..........m 2
f = =................... m
Results OA + OB
Focal length of the convex lens from u-v graph = .......... m Result
=......... cm =.......... m
Focal length of the concave lens by lenses in contact = ................. m
Binu Baby Results Binu Baby Binu Baby Binu Baby
St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara Focal length of the convex lens from 1/u - 1/v graph = .......... m St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara

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STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEMI CONDUCTOR DIODE CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO AN AMMETER REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM: i-d curve
CHARACTERISTICS OF A ZENER DIODE
Aim Aim
Aim Aim
Draw the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode in reverse bias. Plot a graph showing the variation of angle of deviation 'd' with angle of incidence 'i' for a given prism.
Draw the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode in forward bias. Convert the given galvanometer into an ammeter and verify the [Link] the resistance and figure of
Theory merit of the galvanometer. From the graph, find the angle of minimum deviation.
Theory
When the reverse voltage applied to a zener diode reaches the breakdown voltage, the reverse zener Theory Principle
When potential difference is applied across a diode, a negligible increase in current can be observed current increases to a large [Link] the voltage across the diode remains constant.
A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance (shunt) in parallel, which The angle of deviation of the light ray passing through a glass prism decreases with increase of angle of
upto the knee voltage and thereafter the current increases sharply with [Link] ratio of the forward biase
is given by Ig G incidence, reaches a minimum value called ‘angle of minimum deviation’ and thereafter increases.
voltage to the corresponding forward current is called the d.c resistance of the diode. + mA - S=
+ mA - I - Ig A
()

k +
Where Ig is the current for full scale deflection in the galvanometer, G is the resistance of the galvanometer
()

k + Rh V d
Rh V - and I is the maximum current to be measured. d
-
i R
Rh Q
D
G - P S
+
v (volts) O
I i
mA - B C
A +
()
I
mA Observations and Calculations
k
v (volts) Observations and Calculations Angle of the prism, A =................
Observations and Calculations
Observations and Calculations Least count of ammeter = -------- mA Trial No Angle of incidence (i) Angle of deviation (d)

Ammeter Trial No Reverse voltage Reverse current Number of divisions in galvanometer, n = ------ div
Voltmeter V (volt) I (mA )
Trial No readings V (volt) readings I
(mA ) Range of ammeter I = -----mA
I
Current sensitivity of galvanometer =
n = -----------mA/div

Reading of current in Reading of current in the Error

Trial No the given ammeter constructed ammeter
mA mA mA

Result
Result
Result 1. The variation of angle of deviation with angle of incidence is shown graphically.
The characteristic curve of a reverse biased diode is drawn.
The characteristic curve of a forward biased diode is drawn. 2. Angle of minimum deviation =

Result
[Link] given galvanometer is converted into an ammeter to read upto ---- A
[Link] reading of the constructed ammeter is checked with a given ammeter and the errors in the reading
are tabulated.

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St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara
 33 34

REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM: i-d curve LIQUID LENS - FOCAL LENGTH OF LIQUID LENS
Aim Aim

Draw the path of a ray of light through a prism for six different angle of incidence and find the refractive Find the focal length of a given liquid lens.

index of the material of the prism.(Angle of prism = ------------------ ) Principle

Principle When a convex lens of focal length f1 is contact with a concave lens of focal length f2, the reciprocal of the
effective focal length
The angle of deviation of the light ray passing through a glass prism decreases with increase of angle of 1 1
incidence, reaches a minimum value called ‘angle of minimum deviation’ and thereafter increases. F
= + 1
f 1 f
A
2

F f1
f2 =
f1 - F f
d
d
i R
Q
D

P S Observations and Calculations

i Focal lengths of convex lens
B C Distance of the pointer

If ‘A’ is the angle of the prism and ‘D’ is the angle of minimum deviation, then refractive index of the material Trial no from the top surface of Average distance
from the bottom surface
(cm)
(
the lens (cm) of the lens (cm)
of the prism,
A+ D
sin
n= 2
Sin A
2
Observations and Calculations
Angle of the prism, A =................
Focal length of the convex lens f1 = ------------ m
Trial No Angle of incidence (i) Angle of deviation (d)
Focal lengths of the combination

Distance of the pointer

Trial no from the top surface of Average distance
from the bottom surface (cm)
the lens (cm) of the lens (cm)

From the graph, angle of minimum deviation , D =

sin A+ D
Focal length of the combination F = ------------ m
2
Refractive index , n = Sin A F f1
Focal length of the liquid lens, f2 =
2 f1 - F
= ---------------- = -------------------- m
Result
Result Binu Baby Binu Baby
Focal length of the convex lens = ------------ m
Refractive index of the material of the prism = -------------- St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara Focal length of the liquid lens = ------------- m St. Joseph’s HSS Pullurampara