POLICE INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence
In Military Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration, and interpretation of all available information which may have immediate or potential
significance to the development and execution of plan, policies and programs of the user.

In Police Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of criminals and other
law violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to
commit crimes.

Sun Tzu authored the book entitled “Ping Fa” (The Art of War) which the following statements could be
found; “If you know your enemy and you know yourself, you need not fear the results of hundred
battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory you will suffer defeat. If you know
neither yourself nor the enemy, you are a fool who will suffer defeat in every battle”.

HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Numbers 13:17-32, Old Testament (Holy Bible) = Moses sent twelve (12) scouts to the land of
Canaan where he directed them to spy the land, the people and their location and the nature of their
living.

Rahab – known as the “Harlot of Jericho” who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel. Made a
covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers.

Delilah – an impromptu philistine agent. Used her sex to gain information that lead to the location of
the largest effective forces of the enemy.

Sun tzu – a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view in intelligence history. According to him,
what is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, nor from gods. It must be obtained from
men who knew the enemy situation. Sun –tzu wrote a book entitled “the Art of War” which is the
favorite book of the late Communist leader Mao Tse Tung.

Alexander the Great – when Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, there were rumors of
disaffection growing among his allies and mercenaries. He sought the truth and got it by simplest
expedient. He devised the first letter sorting and opening to obtain information. (modern day mail
censorship for prisoners)

General Romano Sertorius – (Quintus Sertorius of Rome) The Roman commander in Spain who
possessed a white fawn (young deer) and allowed it to become widely known that he derived both
secrets and guidance from its fawn. His allies also believed that he can communicate with animals.

Akbar – known as the “Great Mogul” master of Hindustan who employed more than 4,000 agents for
the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it.

Genghis Khan – known as the “Great Mongol” and founder of the Mongolian Empire. A leader of the
so-called “Mongol Conquererors” who used effective propaganda machine by spreading rumors of
mongol terror. The Leaders usually disguise as Merchants
The Renaissance Period

Sir Francis Walsingham – protector of Queen Elizabeth I. he utilizes English students residing in Italy
as his agents. He gave the England its first National Secret Service. Regarded as the First Great
Spymaster.

He employed spies on the staff of the Spanish army and able to obtain information regarding
Spanish army as to their strength and weaknesses.

Armand Jean du Plessis (Richelieu) – became a Cardinal and Chief or prime minister of King Louis
XIII. Cardinal Richelieu became the most powerful person in France.

Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military
intelligence organization.

Napoleon Bonaparte – “one spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field”. Organized two
bureaus:

1. The bureau of intelligence – consolidate all incoming information regarding the enemy to obtain
information.

2. The topographical bureau – maintains a large map, which covers the latest information regarding
both enemy and friendly forces.

Frederick the Great – known as the father of organized military intelligence/espionage. He divided
his agents into four classes:

[Link] spies – recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small sum or to accommodate a military
officer.

2. Double spies – the low informers and unreliable renegades of value. Chiefly in spreading false
information to the enemy.

[Link] of consequences – couriers and noblemen, invariable requiring a substantial bribes or bait.

[Link] who are forced to undertake espionage against his will – They are threaten in
burning their home, destroy their fortune, or harming their loved ones.

Hannibal/Harmisal – considered one of the brilliant military strategies in history. He had developed
an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome, and he usually roam around the city often
disguised as a beggar to gather first-hand information.

Julius Caesar – during his time, his staff of each legion includes ten “speculators” who served as an
information collecting agency. The speculators were the first intelligence personnel to appear
definitely in a military organization.

George Washington – served as the Grand Master in intelligence who mobilized the free masons of
the colonies at the outbreak of the American war of independence. He became the first President of
the USA
 Karl Schulmeister – Renowned as "Napoleon's Eye". He was credited for establishing counter
intelligence conducted against spies. He is a master of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital
information pertaining to the personality and identify of the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th
Century. Served as Austrian Chief Of Intelligence

Alfred Redl – brilliant intelligence agent although a homosexual. Become chief of the Austro
Hungarian Secret Service, but in fact a double agent of Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered
and he was forced to commit suicide.

His treason lead to the death of 500,000 agents and soldiers combine in 13 years of espionage service.

Wilhelm Johann Karl Eduard Steiber – Known as the Prussia's "King of Sleuthhounds" as
minister of police he studied the use of propaganda and censorship as well as utilizing statistical
intelligence accounting. Steiber's thorough organization and ruthless, his sinister innovations and cold,
calculating manipulation of human weakness made him the spymaster who most shape the course of
the 20th century espionage.

The Brahma Kautlya – in ancient India, he overthrew the NANDA dynasty and established the first
MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne.

Mayuryan Spy System – rivaled the modern Soviets and had the following tasks:

a. Shadow the king’s ministers and officials and attempt to determine their very thoughts

b. Report wrong doings of the people

c. Operate secretly in foreign countries

d. Spread unrest

e. Commit act of sabotage

f. Assassinate political and military leaders

g. Official envoys were instructed to make friends with officials of the enemy to compare their military
strengths with their own

Colonel William "Wild Bill" Donovan –Headed the Office of Strategic Service (OSS), the immediate
forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency, a lawyer and millionaire Republican, Donovan enjoyed
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's trust, friendship, and most crucial of all direct access to the inner
sanctums of the White House. His jovial outgoing personality and his upper class social background
played a considerable part in setting overall tone and style of

"THE COMPANY"

Herbert Yardley – Head of MI-8, The forerunner of the Top Secret National Security Administration
a.k.a Black Chamber, a Cryptanalytic Organization.
 Battle of Midway – In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval war in the Pacific, the victory gained
by the Americans was due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto – April 1943, the Cryptoanalyst of the U.S. Navy Communications
Intelligence intercepted a top secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral Yamamoto en route and
was intercepted and crashed in the Jungles of Baungainville.

King Edward I – King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called Witch and
Ward. By Royal proclamation, the profession “State Informer” was created in 1734 enjoining all
informers to expose criminal activities and be compensated.

Joseph Fouche – The French statesman (1759-1820) served as minister of police under Napoleon
and was influential in the return of King Louis XVIII to the throne in 1815.

He rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence director in French history. He
founded the system spying against spy which later know as counter-espionage/counter intelligence

JOSEPH PETROSINO – member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of
the Italian Squad. Who sent 500 men to prison. Through extensive intelligence network, he is credited
to smash the Black Hand Society.

Frey Tomas de Toquemada – Master Planner. Conducted espionage during the 15 th century under
the inquisition wherein purging and ecclesiastical cleansing was undertaken to fortify and solidify the
church

Sir Samuel Luke

Chief Scout of Oliver Cromwell who was able to dethrone King Charles I in British Civil War of
1640's. Sir Samuel Luke was said to be industrious in snooping on the enemy.

John Churchill – first duke of Malborough, told critics of his enormous expenditure on espionage, that
" No war can be conducted successfully without early and good intelligence, and such advices cannot
be had but a very great expense".

Sir Arthur Wellesly – Duke of Wellington, who defeated Napoleon's at Waterloo in 1815. Regarded
as the "Greatest Military Spymaster at All Time". He live by the motto; "All the business of war is
to find out what you don’t know by what you do." He always studied the enemy in depth, finding out
not only where the opposing army was and how strong it was, but the character of it's commander, the
spirit and training of its troops, their battle experience, and how they were supplied with arms and
rations. He also studied and mapped the roads, rivers and topography of the war theatre.

William Stephenson – A film mogul in England who founded the British Security Coordination in New
York to cooperate with American spy agencies on secret orders from Winston Churchill in coordination
with Franklin D. Roosevelt. Stephenson commented that "Battles were won because of advance
knowledge from enemy plans could influence those plans, and could anticipate enemy
actions by methods heretofore concealed.”
V2 Rackets – OSS agents working in conjunction with the British Intelligence, through penetration and
technical intelligence discovered Pneumundo, which was the V2 guide missile research project of Nazi
Germany.

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – The agency was created under the US National Security
Act of 1947 a.k.a. Public Law 110 established by the late President Truman in January [Link] CIA is
under the National Security Council. The First Director of the Agency was Rear Admiral Roscoe
Hillenkoetter. It is called THE COMPANY.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of
the U.S. Department of Justice. It becomes what is known as the F.B.I. under its first director John
Edgar Hoover in 1942.

The Committee for State Security – Russia – The intelligence agency known as the KGB – Komitet
Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB)

The British Secret Service (BSS – MI5/MI6) – established in 1909 as an internal departments
under the control of Secret Service Bureau. It is now known as Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)

The Mossad – (Ha-mosad le modiin u-letafquidim meyuhadim) – The agency’s motto is found in
“Proverbs XI, 14” Where no counsel is, the people fall, but in the multitude of counselors there is
safety. Mossad has two branches namely:

1. Aman – Military Intelligence (Israels Defense Forces)

2. Shabak – General Security Service (Internal Security

Shabak is from the word “shin bet” that means a defender who shall not be seen. Reuven Shiloah
was the First Director of MOSSAD.

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY (NICA-PHILIPPINES) – the intelligence

agency in the Philippines under the Office of the National Security Adviser

INFORMATION

Refers to all evaluated materials of every description including those derived from observation,
reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence is produced.

Two General Classifications of Sources of Information:

1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming from open sources.

 Enemy Activities
 POW
 Captured Documents
 Maps
 Weather Forecast, Studies, Reports
 Agencies

2. Close Sources – 1% of information from close sources.

Close/Covert Method

a. Surveillance
b. Casing
c. Elicitation
d. Surreptitious Entry
e. Employment of Technical Means
f. Bugging and Tapping Devices (RA 4200)
g. Tactical Interrogation
h. Observation and Description

PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INTELLIGENCE

Informant Net – a controlled group of people who work through the direction of the agent handler

Informant – persons who give information to the police voluntarily

Informer – persons who give information for reward or price

TYPES OF INFORMANTS

1. Criminal Informant – an informant who gives information to the police pertaining to the
underworld about organized criminals with the understanding that his identity will be protected.

2. Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but he gives information regarding violation of
crimes to includes crimes and criminals.

3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely and willfully as a witness to
a certain act.

4. Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized cases only and it is
regarded a special treatment by the operatives (ex. Teachers, businessman)

5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone with the hope that the
informant cannot be identified.

SUB-TYPE OF INFORMANT

1. Incidental Informant – person who casually imparts information to an officer with no intention of
providing subsequent information

2. Recruited Informant – person selected, cultivated and developed into a continuous source of
information

CATEGORIES OF INFORMANT

1. Spontaneous Informant – informant who by reason of his position or work has certain legal,
moral and ethical responsibilities to report an info to the police. Also known as Automatic Informant

2. Ordinary (Out-of-Their-Will) Informant – informant that is under the compulsion to report the
info to the police
3. Special Employee – informant who is of a specific operational value

Types Of Police Intelligence

1. Police Strategic Intelligence – refers to intelligence data that are not of immediate value. It is
usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities, modus operandi.

2. Police line Intelligence – any processed information coming from covert and open sources that
affect police operation. It must be current, concise and factual to produce probability of guesswork in
police planning and operation.

3. Police Counter Intelligence – It is an activity dedicated to the counter concealment and

protection of one own’s information. It is principally concerned with defending the department against
the penetration by individuals and various groups who are inimical to the best interest and general
harmony.

Principles Of Intelligence

1. Intelligence and operation are interdependent – separate and distinct activities but compliment each
other.

2. Intelligence requires continuous security measures – deny unauthorized personnel information about
operation and intelligence product.

3. Intelligence must be useful – must serve the commander’s need and requirements

4. Intelligence must be timely – must reach the user in time to serve as basis for appropriate action.

5. Intelligence must be flexible – based on reason and sound judgment

6. Intelligence requires imagination and foresight – agents must be given the leeway to be resourceful
to obtain more than what is normally acquired

Broad Categories of Intelligence

1. National Intelligence – integrated product of intelligence developed by all government

departments concerning the broad aspect of national policy and national security.

a. National Policy – specific courses of action to achieve the national objectives.

b. National Security – this relate to the protection and preservation of military, economic
and a productive strength of a country including the security of the government and domestics and
foreign affairs against espionage, sabotage and subversion.

2. Department of Intelligence – the intelligence required by department or agencies of the

government to execute its mission and discharge its responsibilities.

3. Military Intelligence – used in the preparation and execution of tactical plans.

1. Strategic Intelligence – knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and vulnerabilities of a foreign
nation, which is required by the National Planners for the formulation of an adequate National Defense
in peace and forms the basis for, projected military operations in time of war.

Components of Strategic Intelligence

a. Political Intelligence – deals with Domestic and Foreign affairs and relation of government
operations;

1. Basic Principles of the Government

2. Government Structures

3. Public Order and Safety

4. Subversion

5. Intelligence and Security Organization

b. Economic Intelligence – deals with the extent and utilization of Natural and Human resources to
the industrial potential of the Nations.

c. Transportation and Telecommunication Intelligence – concerned with the operations and

facilities not only the Military but also the Civilians.

d. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of groups of
people.

1. Population and Manpower

2. Characteristics of the People

3. Public Opinion – attitudes of the majority of the people towards matters of public
policy.

4. Education – based on literacy rate

e. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual personalities who have actual possession of
power.

f. Armed Forces Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the Nation.

1. Position of the Armed Forces – constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual role.

2. Organization and structure and territorial disposition

3. Military Manpower Recruitment

4. Order of Battle
g. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the natural as well as man made features of the physical
environment of man considered from the point in view of military operations.

1. Location – military and economic importance

2. Size – measurement of which a nation can exchange space or time during war.

3. Shape

4. Weather and Climate

h. Scientific Intelligence – deals with the progress of the research and development as it affects the
economic and military potential of a nation.

2. Line Intelligence (Tactical and Combat) – is the intelligence required by the commander to
provide for planning and conduct of tactical operation.

- Knowledge of the People, Weather, Enemy, and Terrain (PWET) – used in planning and
conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter insurgency.

What are the Intelligence Information to be Determined in Line Intelligence?

 People

a. living condition of the people

b. sources of income
c. education of the people
d. government livelihood of the people
e. extent of enemy influence to the people

 Weather

a. visibility
b. cloudy
c. temperature
d. precipitation(rain)
e. wind

 Enemy

a. location of the enemy

b. strength of the enemy
c. disposition
d. tactical capability
e. enemy vulnerability

 Terrain

a. relief and drainage system

 b. vegetation
c. surface material
d. man made features

3. Counterintelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the

effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and the protection of information against espionage,
subversion and sabotage.

Three Activity of Counterintelligence

1. Protection of information against espionage

2. Protection of personnel against subversion

3. Protection of installations and materials against sabotage

Two General Types of Counterintelligence

1. Passive Measures – are those measures, which seek to conceal information from the enemy.

2. Active Measures – are those measures, which seek actively to block the enemies’ effort to gain
information or engage in espionage, subversion, and sabotage.

Five Categories of Counterintelligence Operation

1. Military Security – it encompasses the measures taken by a command to protect itself against
espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or surprise.

2. Port Frontier and Travel Security – has to do with the application of both military and civil
security measures for counterintelligence control at point of entry and departure in international
borders and boundaries.

3. Civil Security – it encompasses active and passive counterintelligence measures affecting the non-
military nationals permanently or temporarily residing in an area under military jurisdiction.

4. Censorship – it is the control and examination of the following;

a. civil

b. national

c. armed forces

d. field press
 e. POW

Counterintelligence Investigation – is an activity which constitutes the value of the

counterintelligence workload, worldwide and includes specific investigation of individual and incidence,
which for the most part are conducted in an overt but discreet manner.

Three Categories of Counterintelligence Measures

1. Denial Measures – secrecy discipline, document security, camouflage and concealment,

communication security, military censorship, counter reconnaissance effort

2. Detection Measures – secuiry tag or pass card, challenge or password, reconnaissance

3. Deception Measures – ruse – use of escape and evasion, dummy position, fabricated information

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

Intelligence Cycle – the process through which intelligence is obtained, produced and made available
to users.

PHASE I – Planning the Collection Effort – it involves the determination of the requirements of
intelligence operation

1. Determination of Requirements

a. Enemy capabilities, including time, place, strength, or other details

b. Enemy vulnerabilities, including nature, extent, performance and other details

c. Enemy order of battle and factors

d. Terrain, including natural and artificial obstacles

e. Weather

f. Information desired by higher, lower or adjacent headquarters

2. Determination of the Essential Elements of Information

Essential Element of Information – an item of information of the characteristics of the area of

operations and the enemy which the commander feels he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a
decision.

3. Establishment of Priorities
Priorities – reflect the criticality of the need for the particular information. No formula exists which
can automatically determine priorities. Such determination is a matter of judgment.

PHASE II – Collection of Information

a. Determine collecting agency

b. Send orders or request

c. Supervise collection efforts

d. Use tools or technique in collection

e. Ensure timely collection

Factors in Choosing Collection Agents

1. Capability – agent’s placement or access to the target

2. Multiplicity – more agents

3. Balance – the number of agents needed in the operation

PHASE III – Processing the Collected Information

1. Recording – is the reduction of information into writing or some other form of graphical
representation and the arranging of this information into groups related items.

2. Evaluation – is the determination of the pertinence of the information to the operation, reliability of
the source of or agency and the accuracy of the information.

Evaluation to Determine

a. Pertinence – does it holds some value to current operation

is it needed immediately

b. Reliability – judging the source of information or agency

c. Credibility – truth of information

Judging Credibility

a. It is possible for the reported fact or event to have taken place?

b. Is the report consistent within itself?

c. Is the report confirmed or corroborated by information from different sources or agencies?

d. If the report does not agree with information from other sources which one is more likely to be true?

3. Interpretation – it is the determination of the meaning and significance of the information relative
to the information and intelligence already known and drawing deductions about probable meaning of
the evaluated information.

a. Assessment – shifting and isolating those elements that have significance in the light of
the mission or objective

b. Integration – combining the elements isolated in analysis and known information to form a
logical picture or theory

c. Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested and
considered valid in determination of effort and meaning of the information

EVALUATION RATING
Reliability Accuracy Sources of
of of Information
Informatio Informatio
n n
A– 1– T-Direct
Completel Confirmed observation by a
y Reliable By Other commander of a
Sources unit
B– 2– U-Report by a
Usually Probably penetration or
Reliable True resident agent
C - Fairly 3– V-Report by an
Reliable Possibly AFP trooper or
True PNP personnel in
encounter or
operation
D – Not 4– W-Interrogation
Usually Doubtfully of a captured
Reliable True enemy agent or
foreigner
E– 5– X-Observation by
Unreliable Improbabl a government or
e civilian employee
or official
F– 6 – Truth Y-Observation by
Reliability Cannot Be a member of
Cannot Be Judged populace
Judged
Z-Documentary

PHASE IV – Dissemination and Use of Information

1. Timeliness – intelligence must reach the users on time to be of value.

2. Propriety – the message must be clear, concise and complete and must be in the proper form for
the receiver to be readily understandable

TOOLS FOR RECORDING INFORMATION

1. Intelligence Journal – permanent official chronological record of the operations of the intelligence
section, unit or agency. Includes all incoming and outgoing messages

2. Intelligence Workbook – a device that provides a means of systematic arrangement of

information by type or subject for particular topic are group together

3. Situation Map – graphic representation of the current enemy situation

COVER AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

Cover – the means by which an individual, group or organization conceals the true nature of its acts
and/or existence from the observer

Cover Story – a biographic account, true or fictitious that will portray the personality of the agent he
assumed, a scenario to cover up the operation.

TYPES OF COVER

1. Natural Cover – using actual or true background

2. Artificial Cover – cover using biographical data adopted for such purpose

3. Cover Within a Cover – use of secondary cover in case of compromise for justification of existence

4. Multiple Cover – any cover wished

FUNCTIONS OF COVER

1. Offensive – gives access to the target and facilitates the achievement of clandestine objective

2. Defensive – serves to prevent detection

Organizational Cover – an account consisting of biographical data which when adopted by an
individual will assume the personality he wants to adopt

HAZARDS TO COVER

1. Static or Dormant Opposition

2. Inhostile Active Opposition

3. Hostile Active Opposition

GUIDELINES WHEN COVER IS COMPROMISE

1. Move out immediately

2. Start new facility for operations and develop it

3. Build entirely new cover

4. Use circuitous route and provide careful counter-surveillance

5. Be patient, build slowly and carefully

GUIDELINES WHEN ORGANIZATIONAL COVER IS COMPROMISE

1. Make a physical move or relocate

2. Start new facility and let it grow

3. Use new personnel

4. Let old personnel remain in place

5. Build entirely new cover identity

UNDERCOVER OPERATION – an investigative technique in which the agent conceal his official
identity to obtain information from the target organization

TYPES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT

1. Dwelling – one in which the agent establishes residence in or near the dwelling which houses the
subject

2. Work Assignment – places the undercover agent in a type of employment where he can observe
the activities of the target

3. Social Assignment – requires to frequent places of entertainment and amusement known to be

habitually visited by the target

4. Multiple Assignment – agent is given the task of covering two or more of the above specific
assignments simultaneously

5. Personal Contact Assignment or Rope Job – agent is required to develop friendship and trust
with the target for purposes of obtaining information or evidence

METHODS OF UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

1. Direct – employment and utilization of special agents

2. Indirect – employment and utilization of controlled informants

SELECTING ACTION AGENTS

1. Placement – location of prospective agent with respect to the target

2. Access – the capability of a prospective agent to obtain the desired information

TYPES OF ACCESS

1. Primary Access – the physical access to the desired information

2. Secondary Access – the access to the desired information through a principal source where the
agent has direct access

3. Outside Access – agent employed outside target and merely monitor information from a third
person who is monitoring info in the area

CONTROL – is the authority to direct the agent to carry out task or requirement on behalf of the
clandestine organization in an acceptable manner and security
TWO CATEGORIES OF CONTROL

1. Positive Control – characterized by professionalism and rapport like agent motivation or

psychological control

2. Negative Control – characterized by threat which includes:

a. Disciplinary Action – includes verbal reprimand for poor performance or insecure actions
of withholding certain rewards, reduction of agents, salary or threat of terminating professional
relationship

b. Escrow Account – control of agent by putting his salary in a bank to be withdrawn only
after a fulfillment of a condition

c. Blackmail

PROCURING DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGENT

1. Agent in Place – agent who has been recruited by an intelligence service within a highly sensitive
target, who is just beginning a career or have been long or insider

2. Double Agent – an enemy agent who has been captured, turned around as an agent of his captor

3. Expandable agent – agent whom false information is leaked to the enemy

4. Penetration Agent – agent who reached the enemy gets information and manage to get back
alive

5. Agent of Influence – agent who uses influence to gain information

6. Agent of Provocation – agent who provoke the enemy to get information

SURVEILLANCE

It is a form of clandestine investigation which consists of keeping persons, place or other

targets under physical observation in order to obtain evidence or information pertinent to an
investigation

Important Terms

 Surveillant – person conducting the surveillance

 Subject – a party under observation or surveillance
 Stakeout – the surveillant remains in one or fixed position or locale. Also called Plant or Fixed
Surveillanmce
 Convoy – a countermeasure to detect or elude surveillance
  Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a convoy whenever surveillance is
burned out
 Drop – any convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where police undercover man meet his
action agent for debriefing or reporting purposes
 Contact – any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under observation and
identifies the observer
 Mustard Plaster – the subject is followed so closely that surveillant and subject are almost in
lock step.. It is tantamount to protective custody
 Tailgaiting – open surveillance in which the subject’s vehicle is closely followed
 Tailing or Shadowing – surveillance of person
 Casing or Reconnaissance – surveillance of place
 Roping – surveillance of events, activities or other things

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

A. According to Intensity and Sensitivity

1. Loose or Discreet – a cautious surveillance in which the subject is unaware that he is being
followed or observed

2. Open or Rough – a surveillance with little or no attempt of concealment. The subject is most likely
aware that he is followed.

3. Close or Tight – the subject is kept undr constant surveillance. The aim is not to lose the subject
even at the risk of being detected.

B. According to Methods

1. Stationary – the surveillant is in fixed position

2. Moving – the surveillant follow the subject from place to place to maintain continuous watch

3. Technical – surveillance with the use of electronic gadgets, equipments or systems

CASING OR RECONNAISANCE

Casing is the term used in the police organization while reconnaissance is the term used in
the military. It is the visual inspection of an area, installation or building to determine its suitability for
operational activities.

TWO TYPES OF CASING

1. Exterior Casing – observation of the whole area, building or installation, possible exits and
approaches and the type vicinity

2. Interior – close observation of the layout of the building. Includes item that can be observed a
building which are of intelligence value

Methods of Casing

1. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective method and will produce the most information

2. Map Reconnaissance – it may not be sufficient but may produce a certain amount of information

3. Research – sometimes additional info can be gathered through research

4. Prior Information – information from records of file

5. Hearsay – info usually gain by operating personnel

TAILING METHODS

a. One-Man Tailing – most difficult method which must be a close one otherwise the person being
followed will be lost

b. Leapfrog Method – one member of the team maintains contact with the subject. The other
members of the team keep contact with those immediately ahead of them.

c. Group Method – involves several men, each man maintains contact with the subject. One may be
abreast of the subject and others in similar position. In order not to prevent discovery, such positions
may be exchange between members of the group.

OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION

Observation – encompasses the use of all the major senses to register and recognize the significance
of given operation

Description – actual and factual reporting of one’s observation

85% of knowledge gathered through sight

13% gathered through hearing

2% gathered through three other senses

Do’s and Don’ts in Surveillance

1. Do not make abrupt or unnatural movement

2. Do not make use of disguise that will attract attention

3. Never stare at the subject

4. Never speak to other surveillant unless absolutely necessary

5. Plan ahead and be aware on changes of action

6. Take down notes safely

7. Make use of street furniture

8. Retrace the step of the subject in case the latter turn around during shadowing

ELICITATION

A system in which information of value is obtained through the process of direct

communication in which one or more of the parties is unaware of the specific purpose of the
conversation.

ORDER OF BATTLE INTELLIGENCE (ORBAT)

It is the identification of strength, command structure and disposition of the personnel, units
and equipment of any threat force.

PHYSICAL SECURITY

The system of placing barrier between the potential intruder and the material being protected

COMMUNICATION SECURITY

The protection resulting from the application of measures to deny unauthorized persons from
gaining access from information of value

DOCUMENT SECURITY
 Document is any recorded information regardless of its physical form or characteristics.

Classified Matter – information or matter in any form or nature, the safeguarding of which is
necessary in the interest of national security.

Compartmentalization – granting of access to classified document or information only to properly

cleared persons when such classified document or info is required in the performance of their official
duties and restricting it to specific physical confines when feasible

Need-To-Know – the term given to the requirement that the dissemination of classified matters be
limited strictly to those persons whose official duty requires possession therof.

Compromise – lose of security resulting to unauthorized person obtaining knowledge on classified

matter

Classify – the assigning of information or material to one or of the four security classification
categories.

Upgrading – the changing of classified matter to a categories higher than the previously assigned to it

Reclassify – act of changing the assigned classification of a document or material

Declassify – removal of the security classification from document or material.

CATEGORIES OF CLASSIFIED MATTERS

1. Top Secret Document – record containing information and material, the unauthorized disclosure
of which would caused exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or from the
point of national security. This category is reserved for the nation’s closest secrets and is to be used
with great reserve. It is covered with legal size bond paper lined with a 1/2-inch green border.

2. Secret Document – record containing information or material, the unauthorized disclosure of

which would endanger national security, cause serious injury to the interest and prestige of the nation
or any governmental activity or would be of great advantage to other nation. It is covered with legal
size bond paper lined with a ½-inch red border.

3. Confidential Document – containing information or materials, the unauthorized disclosure of

which would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the nation or any government activity or would
cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury to the honor and dignity of an individual or
would be of advantage to foreign nation. Covered with legal size bond paper lined with a ½-inch blue
border

4. Restricted Record – Information and material which requires special protection other than that
determined to be top secret, secret or confidential. Cover sheet is not necessary, what is important is a
bold RESTRICTED word at the top and at the bottom of the bond paper.

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION

It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion and loyalty of an individual in order to
determine a person’s suitability or access to classified matters prior to the granting of security
clearance

TYPES OF PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION

1. National Agency Check (NAC) – investigation of an individual made on the basis of written
information supplied buy him in response to an official inquiry. It is simply a check no the files and
records of national agencies

2. Local Agency Check (LAC) – inquiry sent to local government agencies, former employers,
character references and schools where the subject attended.

3. Background Investigation (BI) – more comprehensive than LAC or NAC.

TWO TYPES OF B.I.

1. Complete Background Investigation (CBI) – it consists of the thorough and complete

investigation of the background of the subject including all the circumstances of his life.

2. Partial Background Investigation (PBI) – investigation of the background of the subject but
limited only to circumstances of his personal life which are deemed pertinent to an investigation.

Security Clearance – administrative determination from a security standpoint that an individual is

eligible for access to classified matter

TYPES OF CLEARANCE
1. Security Clearance – a certification issued by the proper authority that the person described has
an access to classified matter at the appropriate level.

2. Directed Clearance – a clearance granted for a specific purpose upon completion of prescribed
records check or background check

CRYPTOGRAPHY – the art and science of code and ciphers. It is done through the use of telephone
scrambler or technically speaking, Speech Inverter where speech frequencies are divided to produce a
scrambling speech when intercepted.

Cryptographer – person skilled in converting messages from clear to unintelligible forms by the use
of codes and ciphers. Also known as Coder, Encrypter or Code Clerk.

Crypto-Analyst – one who break intercepted codes

Coding – changing of message from plain clear text to unintelligible form. Also known as Encrypting.

Decoding – transforming of coded message into plain text. Also known as Decrypting.