Human Behavior (BUS.
316)
Course Instructor: [Link] Arif Jalban
Names: Liaqat Ali Memon (2K20/BBAE/82)
(BBA(Hons)2nd Semester Evening Program)
✓ Human Behavior
Human Behaviour, The Potential and Expressed Capacity For Physical, Mental, And Social
Activity During The Phases Of Human Life.
Humans, Like Other Animal Species, Have A Typical Life Course That Consists Of Successive
Phases Of Growth, Each Of Which Is Characterized By
A Distinct Set Of Physical, Physiological, And
Behavioural Features. These Phases Are Prenatal
Life, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence,
And Adulthood (Including Old Age). Human
Development, Or Developmental Psychology, Is A
Field Of Study That Attempts To Describe And
Explain The Changes In Human Cognitive,
Emotional, And Behavioural Capabilities And
Functioning Over The Entire Life Span, From The Fetes To Old Age.
4 types of human behaviour
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Human behaviour has revealed that 90% of the population can be classified into four basic
personality types: optimistic, pessimistic, trusting and envious. However, the latter of the four
types, envious, is the most common, with 30% compared to 20% for each of the other groups.
➢ Meaning Of Human Behaviour
Definition. Human Behaviour Refers To The Way Humans Act And Interact. It Is Based On And
Influenced By Several Factors, Such As Genetic Make-Up, Culture And Individual Values And
Attitudes.
Models To Understand Human Behavior
Models And Methods Of Understanding Human Behaviour. Include: The Biological Model, The
Psychoanalytic Model, The Behaviourist Model, The Cognitive-Behavioural Model, And The
Humanistic Model. Perceptions In Guiding Behavior And Mental Processes
Human Performance Modelling (HPM) Is A Method Of Quantifying Human Behaviour, Cognition,
And Processes; A Tool Used By Human Factors Researchers And Practitioners For Both The
Analysis Of Human Function And For The Development Of Systems Designed For Optimal User
Experience And Interaction.
➢ Individual Difference
Individual differences are the more-
or-less enduring psychological
characteristics that distinguish one
person from another and thus help
to define each person's individuality.
Among the most important kinds of individual differences are intelligence, personality traits, and
values.
➢ Whole Person
A whole person − As we all know that a person's skill or brain cannot be employed, we have to
employee a whole person. Skill comes from background and knowledge. Our personal life cannot
be totally separated from our work life, just like emotional conditions are not separable from
physical conditions.
➢ Value of the Person (Human Dignity)
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At its most basic, the concept of human dignity is the belief that all people hold a special value
that's tied solely to their humanity. It has nothing to do with their class, race, gender, religion,
abilities, or any other factor other than them being human.
➢ Model of Human Behavior
Introduction To Models And Methods Of Understanding Human Behaviour. include: The
Biological Model, The Psychoanalytic Model, The Behaviourist Model, The Cognitive-
Behavioural Model, and The Humanistic Model. perceptions in guiding behavior and mental
processes.
➢ ID
The id is the most basic part of the personality. It also represents our most animalistic urges, like
the desire for food and sex. The id seeks instant gratification for our wants and needs. If these
needs or wants are not met, a person can become tense, anxious, or angry. Sally was thirst
➢ EGO
Imagine Yourself In The Middle Of An Argument Between Two Of Your Friends. One Friend Wants
You To Go To A Party. The Other Friend Thinks That You Should Stay Home And Study For A Test You
Have Coming Up. You Want To Find A Way To Keep Both Of Your Friends Happy, So You Come Up
With A Compromise. You Will Study For An Hour And Then Go To The Party Later.
In This Example, Your Actions Are Similar To The Ego. According To Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic
Theory, There Are Three Parts To The Personality: The Ego, The Id And The Superego. The Ego Is The
Psychological Component Of The Personality That Is Represented By Our Conscious Decision-Making
Process. The Id Is The Instinctual, Biological Component , And The Superego Is The Social Component
Of Our Personality And Conscience . Our Behavior Is Determined By The Interaction Of These Three
Components.
➢ High Ego Strength
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People with well-developed ego strength tend to share a number of essential characteristics.
They tend to be confident in their ability to deal with challenges, and they are good at coming
up with solutions to life's problems. They also tend to have high levels of emotional
intelligence and are able to successfully regulate their emotions, even in tough situations.
➢ Low Ego Strength
On the other hand, those with weak ego-strength view challenges as something to avoid. In
many cases, reality can seem too overwhelming to deal with.
❖ Consciousness
Consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories,
feelings, sensations, and environments. Essentially, your consciousness is your
awareness of yourself and the world around you. This awareness is subjective and
unique to you.
Unconscious
In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic
theory of personality, the
unconscious mind is defined as a
reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness.
❖ Existential Model
Existential psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy based on the model of human nature and
experience developed by the existential tradition of European philosophy. It focuses on concepts
that are universally applicable to human existence including death, freedom, responsibility, and
the meaning of life.
❖ Internal Vs External Determinant of behavior
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He economy, politics, competitors, customers, and even the weather are all
uncontrollable factors that can influence an organization's performance. This is in comparison
to internal factors such as staff, company culture, processes, and finances, which all seem within
your grasp.
❖ Cognitive
Cognitive psychology is the science of how we think. It's concerned with our inner mental
processes such as attention, perception, memory, action planning, and language. Each of these
components are pivotal in forming who we
are and how we behave. Cognition is a
term referring to the mental processes
involved in gaining knowledge and
comprehension.
These cognitive processes include
thinking, knowing, remembering, judging,
and problem-solving. 1 These are higher-
level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning.
Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and
comprehension. These cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging,
and problem-solving. 1 These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language,
imagination, perception, and planning.
❖ Environment
The environment can influence peoples' behavior and motivation to act. ... The environment can
influence mood. For example, the results of several research studies reveal that rooms with bright
light, both natural and artificial, can improve health outcomes such as depression, agitation, and
sleep.
❖ Perception
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Perception is a subjective, active and creative process through which we assign meaning to
sensory information to understand ourselves
and others. ... Perception is very important in
understanding human behavior because
every person perceives the world and
approaches life problems differently.
For example, if you perceive that your
significant other is too focused on spending
time with friends, your interactions with her
will be based upon this perception. For
example, you could be frustrated and short tempered. In a workplace setting, perceptions
can also cause miscommunications.
The Vast Topic Of Perception Can Be Subdivided Into Visual Perception, Auditory Perception,
Olfactory Perception, Haptic (Touch) Perception, And Gustatory (Taste) Percep- Tion.
Attribution
In social psychology, attribution is the
process of inferring the causes of
events or behaviors. In real
life, attribution is something we all do
every day, usually without any
awareness of the underlying processes
and biases that lead to our inferences.
In an internal, or
dispositional, attribution, people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to
personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. In an external, or situational, attribution,
people infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors.
❖ Aggression and Anti-Social Behavioral
Antisocial behaviours refers to a heterogeneous set of
actions outside the norms, rules, or laws of the social
group in which the subject develops, such as
physical aggression, theft, and violation of societal rules.
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Aggressive behaviour can cause physical or emotional harm to others. It may range from verbal
abuse to physical abuse
Examples of antisocial behaviour
• noisy neighbours.
• graffiti.
• drinking or drug use which leads to people being rowdy and causing trouble.
• large groups hanging about in the street (if they are causing, or likely to cause, alarm and
distress)
• litter problems.
• racism.
❖ Personality and Importance of Personality
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual
differences in
particular personality characteristics, such as
sociability or irritability.
Personality traits reflect people's
characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a
specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time.
Nature And Nurture
Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other
biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as
the influence of external factors after
conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life
experiences and learning on an individual.
For example, when a professional athlete has
a child that also becomes a professional
athlete, is that nature or nurture. Was the
athletic ability passed genetically through birth or was it a behavior learned through countless
hours of repetition and practice.
Attitude and Attitude Change
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Attitude Refers To A Set Of Emotions, Beliefs, And Behaviors Toward A Particular
Object, Person, Thing, Or Event. Attitudes Are Often The Result Of Experience Or Upbringing,
And They Can Have A Powerful Influence Over Behaviour.
attitude is a way of feeling or acting toward a person, thing or situation. Passion for a sport, dislike
for a certain actor and negativity toward life in general are each an example of an attitude.
The four basic types of attitudes and behaviours that are positive, negative and neutral.
• Positive Attitude: This is one type of attitude in organizational behaviour. ...
• Negative Attitude: A negative attitude is something that every person should
avoid. ...
• Neutral Attitude: ...
• Sikken Attitude:
Language and Thought
The main use of language is to transfer thoughts from one mind, to another mind. The bits
of linguistic information that enter into one person's mind, from another, cause people to entertain
a new thought with profound effects on his world knowledge, inferencing, and subsequent
behaviour.
How does language affect our thoughts
Languages do not limit our ability to perceive the world or to think about the world, but they
focus our perception, attention, and thought on specific aspects of the world. ... So, different
languages focus the attention of their speakers on different aspects of the environment—either
physical or cultural
Problem Solving Decision Making
Problem solving is an analytical process used to identify the possible solutions to the situation at
hand. Making decisions is a part of problem solving. Problem solving is a complex process, and
judgement calls – or decisions – will have to be made on the way. Decision making is a choice
made by using one's judgement
Here are seven-steps for an effective problem-solving process.
1. Identify the issues. Be clear about what the problem is. ...
2. Understand everyone's interests. ...
3. List the possible solutions (options) ...
4. Evaluate the options. ...
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5. Select an option or options. ...
6. Document the agreement(s). ...
7. Agree on contingencies, monitoring, and evaluation
Conscience
conscience is the superego, or ethical component of personality, which acts as judge and critic of
one's actions and attitudes
conscience is a personal awareness of right and wrong that you use to guide your actions to do
right. An example of conscience is the personal ethics that keep you from cheating on an exam
Stand up for your beliefs.
1. Trust your own beliefs
and decisions of what is
right. Do not let yourself
be swayed by what others
think, say or do.
2. Speak up when you see an
injustice being done.
Many people have a
strong conscience but are
afraid to act.
Attention
Attention is the behavioural and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete
stimulus while ignoring other perceivable stimuli. ... Attention can be thought of as the allocation
of limited processing resources: your brain can
only devote attention to a limited number of
stimuli.
Following are the characteristics of attention:
• Attention is selective.
• Attention has shifting nature.
• Attention has cognitive, affective and
conative aspects.
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• Attention has narrow range.
• Attention increases of clearness of the stimulus.
• Attention needs motor adjustment.
▪ Emotion
Emotion Is "A Strong Feeling Deriving From One's Circumstances, Mood, Or Relationships With
Others." Emotions Are Responses To Significant Internal And External Events. ... In Some Uses
Of The Word, Emotions Are Intense Feelings That Are Directed At Someone Or Something.
Here's a rundown of those seven universal emotions, what they look like, and why we're
biologically hardwired to express them this way:
• Anger. ...
• Fear. ...
• Disgust. ...
• Happiness. ...
• Sadness. ...
• Surprise. ...
• Contempt.
▪ Motivation
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
... Psychologists have proposed different theories of motivation, including drive theory, instinct
theory, and humanistic theory (such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs)
2 types of motivation explained
• Intrinsic motivation: This is when motivation comes from "internal" factors to meet
personal needs. We do things we do because we enjoy them, not because we
have to. ...
• Extrinsic motivation: This is when motivation comes from "external" factors that are
given or controlled by others. Salary or praise are good examples.
▪ The six key elements of employee motivation and performance
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• Element #1: Purpose. ...
• Element #2: Expectations. ...
• Element #3: Competence. ...
• Element #4: Feedback. ...
• Elements #5: Support. ...
• Element #6: Rewards.
Note: Two Topic are Remaining (Read yourself)
Sixteen Traits of Personality
Therapies Of Behavioral Disorders
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