Basic Instrumentation
Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar
Basic Instrumentation
CONTENTS
Basic Concepts
Pressure Measuring Elements
Bourdon Tube Pressure Indicators
Types of Pressure Transmitters
Pressure Measurement
Pressure Measurement
• Pressure:
• Quantity of force in unit area.
• Units: Kg/cm2, PSIg, PSIa, PSIv, kPa, ATM,
• mmH2O, Inches H2O, mmHg, Inches Hg, N/m2, Bar.
Types of Pressure
➢ Atmospheric Pressure
➢ Absolute Pressure:
➢ Vacuum Pressure:
➢ Gauge Pressure:
Pressure Relationship
30 PSIa 15.3 PSIg
Guage pressure PSIg
Absolute pressure PSIa
14.7 PSIa Atmospheric Pressure Start 0 PSIg
Average Pressure at Sea Level 0 inches Hg
Vacuum pressure PSIv
0 PSIa Start 29.92 inches Hg
Pressure Relationship
Atmospheric Pressure
There is a mixture of uncontained gases surrounding the earth that is
generally referred as atmosphere or air. Atmospheric pressure is the
pressure exerted by the air on the earth surface.
It varies with altitude. At sea level the average pressure of the atmosphere is
sufficient to hold a column of mercury at the height of 760 mm or
29.92 inches of Hg. The amount of pressure exerted by air is approximately
14.7 psia at sea level.
Pressure Relationship
Absolute Pressure
Actual atmospheric pressure is the pressure that exists at any given
moment. Absolute scale is used to measure the absolute pressure and
references the absence of atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum Pressure
Absence of atmospheric pressure is called Vacuum. The space in which
the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure is said to be under
partial vacuum. When a vacuum gauge reads zero, the pressure in the
space is the same as atmospheric pressure.
Pressure Relationship
Gauge Pressure
The pressure that actually shown on the dial of a gauge that registers
pressure at or above atmospheric pressure.
Pressure Relationship
Pressure Conversion
Pressure Sensing Elements
❑ Barometer
❑ Manometers
❑Borden Tube (Guage)
➢ Borden Tube C-Type
➢ Borden Tube Spiral Type
➢ Borden Tube Helical Type
Pressure Sensing Elements
Barometer
Pressure Sensing Elements
Manometer U-Type
Pressure Sensing Elements
Bourdon Tube
( C-Type )
Pressure Sensing Elements
Bourdon tube
( Spiral )
Pressure Sensing Elements
Bourdon Tube
( Helical )
Pressure Sensing Elements
Pressure Switches
• A bourdon tube, a diaphragm or a bellow can
actuate the switch.
• Can turn an electric circuit ON or OFF at a preset
pressure.
• This pressure is called the set point of the switch.
• Usually is a micro-switch or a mercury switch.
• Used to actuate alarm and shutdown systems.
Pressure Sensing Elements
Pressure Switches
Pressure Switch High & Low Setting
Pressure Regulators & Needle Valve
Isolation Connection
Pressure Gauge
&
Pressure Transmitter
Isolation Connection
∆P Transmitter Isolation
2 valves for Process isolation
2 valves for Instrument isolation
1 valve for Pressure Equalization
Basic Instrumentation
Concept of Accessories
▪ Pigtail or Siphon
▪ Chemical Seal or Diaphragm Seal
▪ Purge Point
▪ Drain Point
▪ Condensate Bottle
▪ Sediment Trap
Concept of Accessories
Pigtail or Siphon
Concept of Accessories
▪ Chemical Seal or Diaphragm Seal
Concept of Accessories
Purge Point
&
Drain Point
Concept of Accessories
▪ Condensate Bottle
Concept of Accessories
▪ Sediment Trap
Types of Pressure Transmitters
1. Delta Pressure Transmitter
2. Guage Pressure Transmitter
3. Absolute Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Transmitters
1. Delta Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Transmitters
2. Guage Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Transmitters
3. Absolute Pressure Transmitter
Terminologies
Zero: The lower/minimum range of a measuring instrument
which can be measured by the meter.
Example: 30oC ~150oC, Zero = 30oC.
Span: The upper/maximum range of a measuring
instrument which can be measured by the meter.
Example: 30oC ~150oC, Span = 150oC.
Range: The range of a measuring instrument is the region
between the two extreme values which can be measured by
the meter. Example: 30oC ~150oC, Range = 120oC
Setting: A variable, expressed in the same units as the
measurement, which sets the condition at which alarms or
safety interlocks are to be energized.
Example: high pressure switch set at 32 psi.
Terminologies
• Reset: A variable, expressed in the same units as the setting,
which normalized the condition at which alarms or safety
interlocks are to be de-energized. Example: high pressure
switch reset at 30 psi.
• Dead Band: The interval between the initiations of an alarm
to normalized condition.
Example: dead band is 2 PSI.
• Static Pressure: The actual Pressure of Fluid in a pipe with no
Flow is called Static Pressure of that Pipe.
• Dynamic Pressure: The pressure of flowing fluid in a pipe
with static pressure is called dynamic pressure of that pipe.
Terminologies
Differential Pressure: The difference between two
independent, but related pressures is called differential
pressure. It is denoted by dp or ∆p.
Pressure Loss: Due to the flow in a pipe line, a fluid losses its
kinetic energy. This causes the pressure loss of fluid.
Q & A Session !!!