HUMAN ANATOMY MID-TERM

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
AND PHYSIOLOGY NURSING 1

MC 102NUR FACILITATOR: MA. DJOCELLE

LABORATORY / SECOND SEMESTER C. MALICAD
SY. 2021-2022
SAINT PAUL UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

WEEK 10.1

THE SENSES

The Human Cardiovascular System

 composed of the heart, blood, and the blood vessels

Major blood vessels that return blood to the RIGHT side of

the heart

 circulates blood to all parts of the body

 transports nutrients, OXYGEN and hormones
 removes metabolic waste products
Heart LEFT (SIDE OF THE) HEART
 about the size of a clenched fist  receives blood from the four pulmonary veins through
 located obliquely within the mediastinum of the thorax the left atrium
o base ~ level of 2nd ICS  systemic circuit pump
o apex ~ level of the 5th ICS  oxygen-laden blood entering the left atrium from the
 enclosed within a double sac made up of the outer lungs flows into the left ventricle and then into the aorta,
fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium which provides the functional supply of all body organs
(parietal and visceral layers)
 functionally, a DOUBLE PUMP

RIGHT (SIDE OF THE) HEART

 receives blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena
cava, and coronary sinus
 pulmonary circuit pump
 oxygen-poor systemic blood enters the right atrium,
passes into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary
trunk to the lungs, and back to the left atrium via the
pulmonary veins

Major blood vessels that return blood to the LEFT side of the
heart

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 The CONDUCTION SYSTEM of the HEART
 relays ACTION POTENTIALS through the heart
 consists of modified cardiac muscle cells that form two
nodes and a conducting bundle
o Sinoatrial (SA) nod
o Atrioventricular (AV) node
o Bundle of His (left and right)
o Purkinje fibers
 coordinates the depolarization of the heart
 ensures that the heart beats as a unit

SA NODE
 has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization
 known as the “pacemaker” of the heart
 sets the sinus rhythm

Functions of the HEART

a. Generating blood pressure – responsible for moving
blood through the blood vessels
b. Routing blood – separates the pulmonary and systemic
circulations and ensures better oxygenation to the tissues
c. Ensuring one-way blood flow – the valves ensure one-
way flow to the heart and blood vessels
d. Regulating blood supply – the rate and force of
contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues
(eg: rest, exercise, body position, etc…)

Layers of the HEART

 from the interior out:
o endocardium
o myocardium (reinforced by a fibrous skeleton)
o epicardium (visceral layer of the serous
pericardium)
 has two superior atria and two inferior ventricles

EPICARDIUM
also called the visceral pericardium, is a thin serous membrane
that composes the smooth, outer surface of the heart
MYOCARDIUM
the thick middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells
responsible for the heart’s ability to CONTRACT
ENDOCARDIUM
consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of The CONDUCTION SYSTEM of the HEART
connective tissue; covers the surfaces of the heart valves Video Transcript
THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

Video Transcript

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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY of the HEART

 The heart is autorhythmic – it is capable of stimulating

itself to contract
 PACEMAKER POTENTIAL – action potentials
generated in the SA node
 Venous blood collected by the cardiac veins (great,
o Na+ ions cause DEPOLARIZATION by moving into middle, and small), is emptied into the coronary sinus
the cells that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
o Decreased permeability to K+ ions also cause
depolarization
o As a result of depolarization, Ca2+ channels open CORONARY CIRCULATION
and move into the pacemaker cells causing further Video Transcript
depolarization
o Repolarization occurs when Ca2+ channels close The CARDIAC CYCLE
and K+ channels open  The heart has 4 chambers

STRUCTURES of the HEART o 2 atria – “primer pumps”

o 2 ventricles – “ power pumps”
 Has right and left coronary arteries that branch from the
aorta and via their main branches (anterior and posterior  CARDIAC CYCLE – refers to the repetitive pumping
interventricular, marginal, and circumflex arteries) process that begins with the onset (beginning) of cardiac
supply oxygenated blood to the heart itself muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the
next contraction

o Pressure changes produced within the chambers

as a result of muscle contraction move blood from
an area of higher to lower pressures.

The CARDIAC CYCLE

 SYSTOLE – means to “CONTRACT”
o Atrial systole
o Ventricular systole
 DIASTOLE – means to “DILATE” or “RELAX”
o Ventricular systole
o Ventricular diastole

The CARDIAC CYCLE

- consists of events occurring during one heartbeat:
 during mid-to-late diastole, the ventricles fill and
the atria contract
 ventricular systole consists of the isovolumetric
contraction phase and the ventricular ejection
phase
 during early diastole, the ventricles are relaxed and
are closed chambers until increasing atrial
pressure forces the AV valves open and the cycle
begins again
The CARDIAC CYCLE
Video Transcript

NORMAL HEART SOUNDS

Video Transcript

The HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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 BLOOD PRESSURE
Video Transcript
HEART
- has cardiac output (CO) BLOOD PRESSURE
Video Transcript
 CO - amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1
minute (typically 5 L/min) The HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 has continuous system of blood vessels (BV):
 measured as: o these BV, except capillaries, have three layers:
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
CO = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV)

STROKE VOLUME
- the amount or volume of blood pumped by the left
ventricle with each contraction (approximately 70 ml)
 difference between end diastolic volume (EDV) and end
systolic volume (ESV)
 depends to a large extent on the degree of stretch of
cardiac muscle by venous return

STROKE VOLUME
Video Transcript

HEART RATE
 number of heart beat in full minute
 affected by the activation of
o sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate
and contractility
o parasympathetic activation - decreases heart rate
but has little effect on contractility
 other factors influencing HR are:
o age
o sex
o exercise
o body temperature

PULSE PRESSURE
- systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

 routinely measured by the auscultatory method

 NORMAL blood pressure in adults is 120/80 mmHg
(systolic/diastolic)

o varies directly with CO, peripheral resistance (R),

and blood volume
o vessel diameter is the major factor determining
resistance, and small changes in vessel (chiefly The Blood Vessels
arteriolar) diameter significantly affect blood
pressure ARTERIES
 transport blood away from the heart (except the
PULMONARY)
BLOOD PRESSURE VEINS
 force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the  have comparatively larger lumens than arteries, and a
contained blood system of valves prevents backflow of blood\
 peaks during systole (systolic pressure)  carry blood back to the heart (except the PULMONARY
 during diastole, as blood is forced distally in the VEINS)
circulation by the rebound of elastic arteries, arterial BP
drops to its lowest value (diastolic pressure)
CAPILLARIES
 BP is regulated by autonomic neural reflexes involving:  composed of tunica intima only
o baroreceptors or chemoreceptors  carry blood to tissue cells and are exchange sites
o vasomotor center (a medullary center that
regulates blood vessel diameter)
o sympathetic vasomotor fibers, which act on
vascular smooth muscle

The BLOOD VESSELS

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  collectively called the circulatory system
o Pulmonary vessels – transport blood from the
RV through the lungs and back to the LA
o Systemic vessels – transport blood through all
body parts from the LV
o and back to the RA

 General functions:
o carries blood – to and from the heart
o exchanges nutrients, waste products and gases
with tissues
o transports substances
o helps regulate blood pressure
o directs blood flow to the tissues

The BLOOD VESSELS

 ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart
o Elastic
o
o Muscular
o Arterioles

 Blood flows from arterioles into the CAPILLARIES –

where most of the exchanges occur

 From capillaries blood flows into the VEINS – carry

unoxygenated blood towards the heart
o Venules
o Small veins
o Medium or large veins

VEINS

The LAYERS of BLOOD VESSELS

EFFECTS of AGING on BLOOD VESSELS

Video Transcript

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