Outline

The importance of Measurement

Chapter 1. Introduction Classification of Metrology
Objects of Metrology
Metrology terminologies
Characteristics of Measuring System/Device
Quoc-Nguyen Banh, PhD Measurement Methods
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Measurement Error
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The Importance of Measurement

Why Measurement To ensure safety and effectiveness of healthcare
diagnostic and treatment
Measuring composition of Material
Measurement
To ensure proper food supply
To ensure consistency of time standards
Design Control New theory Commerce
To ensure fairness between buyer and seller
To ensure structural health constructions
To evaluate newly developed products and processes
To get accurate and precise data in scientific research
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 Measurement VS Metrology
Measurement is the process of experimentally Basic Activities of Metrology
obtaining one or more numerical values that can
reasonably be attributed to a quantity or property. Definition of internationally accepted Units (SI units)
Metrology is the science of measurement and its
application. It establishes a common understanding of Realization of the Units of measurement in practice
units and measurement processes. Metrology covers the
(Ex. Realization of a meter by establishing a material
accuracy, precision and repeatability of a measurement. It
involves traceability or comparison with a or standard)
between different measuring systems. Metrology includes
all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, Establishing traceability, linking measurements made
whatever the measurement uncertainty or the field of
in practice, to reference standard
application.

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Scientific or Fundamental Metrology

Types of Metrology Establishment of quantity systems, unit
systems, units of measurement
Development of new measurement methods
Metrology
Realization of Measurement Standards and
the transfer of traceability from the standards
Scientific or Applied, Technical
to users in society
Fundamental or Industrial Legal Metrology
Metrology Metrology What kind of
environment?

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 Legal Metrology
Applied, technical or industrial Metrology The activities which result from statutory
Apply measurement science to manufacturing requirements
processes and their use in the society Legal requirements of processes, units,
Ensure the suitability of measurement instruments instruments and methods of Measurement
Emphasis in this area of metrology is on the
measurements themselves, and traceability of the regulations on qualities and control of
calibration of the measurement devices to ensure measuring instruments and their use.
confidence in the measurements Ex:
The measurement of blood or breath alcohol
The quantification of controlled substances (number
9 and purity) 10
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Metrology and Innovation Measurement VS Inspection

To develop new products and processes,
companies need to measure quantity, quality Measurement is the process at which any
and performance material(feature) can be quantified or can
know its value.
components, used in aircrafts and space crafts,
have tight specifications the content whether it is ok or not ok
In industrial sense both of the terminologies
are used identically

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 7 Base SI Units
General Measurement Concepts Physical Quantity Unit Definition
(Dimension)
Measurand: physical quantity or property to be Length meter (m) The length of path travelled by light in a
measured vacuum during the time interval of 1/299
792 458 of a second (17th CPGM, 1983);
measurand with a known originally 1/10 000 000 of the distance
from the North Pole to the Equator
standard for evaluation through Paris, France.
Mass kilogram (kg) The mass equal to the International
Prototype of the kilogram (3rd CPGM,
quantitative comparisons are to be made, which is 1901) originally defined as the mass of 1
internationally accepted dm3 (1 liter) of water at 4 C.
Time second (s) The duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of
radiation corresponding to the transition
between the two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the cesium-133 atom
(13th CGPM, 1967).

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Dimension Unit Definition

Electric current Ampere (A) The constant of current which, if maintained in
two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross-section, and
Derived Unit???
placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force
equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of length
(9th CGPM, 1948).
Thermodynamic Kelvin (K) The fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature triple point of water (13th CGPM, 1967)
(approximately the fraction 1/100 of
temperature difference between the freezing
point and boiling point of water at 101.315 kPa
pressure).
Amount of a Mole (mol) The amount of a substance of a system which
substance contains as many elementary entities (atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, or other particles
or specified groups of particles) as there are
atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. (14th
CGPM, 1971).
Luminous intensity Candela (Cd) The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of
a source that emits monochromatic radiation
of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a
radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt
per steradian (16th CGPM, 1979). 15 16
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 Types of Input Quantities Structure of Measurement System
Time dependence
Static: constant in time
Dynamic: varying in time
Steady-periodic: magnitude has a definite repeating time cycle
Nonrepetitive or transient. Ex: The acceleration-time Sensing element: contact the process and gives and
relationship accompanying an isolated mechanical impact (pulsed output which depends on the variable to be measured.
transient quantity) Ex: thermocouples, Strain gage, orifice plate
Analog and Digital Signal conditioning element: takes the output of
Analog signal has a value at every instant in time, and the sensing element and converts it into a form more
it usually varies smoothly in magnitude. suitable for further processing. Ex: deflection bridge
converts an impedance change into a voltage change; amplifier
Digital: change in a stepwise manner between distinct amplifies millivolts to volts; oscillator converts impedance
magnitudes: a high and low, on and off, etc. 17
change into a variable frequency voltage 18
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Expanded Measuring System

Signal processing element: takes the output

of the conditioning element and converts it into
a form more suitable for presentation. Ex: ADC
converts a voltage into a digital form; computer calculates the
measured value from the incoming digital data
Data presentation element: presents the
measured value in a form which can be easily
recognized by the observer. Ex: single pointer scale
indicator, chart recorder, Visual Display Unit (VDU)
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 Examples Examples

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Electronic weighting system Arduino weighting system

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 Systematic Characteristics of Span: is the maximum variation in Input or
Measurement System Output, i.e. Imax Imin
Ideal straight line: an element is said to be
Range: the input range of an element is specified linear if corresponding
by the minimum and maximum value of Input, values of I and ) lie on a straight line.
i.e. Imin to Imax. The output range is Non-linearity
specified by the minimum and maximum value
of Output, i.e. Omin to Omax.
Ex: A Pressure Transducer has input range: 0 to
104 Pa, and output range: 4 to 20 mA

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Accuracy VS Precision
Error is the difference between the true value and the Accuracy vs Cost
indicated value of the measured quantity. The requirement of Accuracy increases, the cost
Accuracy of measurement system is the degree of increases exponentially.
closeness of measurements of a quantity to that
actual (true) value Increasing accuracy make the measuring equipment
Precision of a measurement system, related to unreliable
reproducibility and repeatability, is the degree to which The desired/required accuracy to cost considerations
repeated measurements under unchanged conditions depends on the quality and reliability of the
show the same results
component/product and inspection cost

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 Calibration and Traceability Calibration
The main objective of all calibration activities is to ensure that
the measuring instrument will function to realize its accuracy
objectives. General calibration requirements of the measuring
systems are as follows:
(a) accepting calibration of the new system,
(b) ensuring traceability of standards for the unit of measurement under
consideration
(c) carrying out calibration of measurement periodically
Calibration is achieved by comparing the measuring
instrument with the following:
(a) a primary standard,
(b) a known source of input
(c) a secondary standard that possesses a higher accuracy
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Example Methods of Measurement

Direct method in which the value of the
quantity is obtained directly without any
calculations. Ex: Measurement of length by a
Venier caliper.

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 Methods of Measurement

Indirect method in which the value of the

quantity is obtained by measuring other
quantities which are related with the required
quantity. Ex: Angle measurement using sine
bar.

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Comparison Method Contact vs Non-contact Method

The value of the quantity to be measured is Contact Method The surface to be measured is
compared with a known value of the same quantity or touched by the sensor of measuring tip of the
another related quantity. In this method, only instrument. Ex: using Micrometer, Vernier Caliper,
deviations from master gages are recorded. Ex: Use of dial and dial Indicator
indicator as a comparator.
Non-contact (contactless) Method: There is no
direct contact with the surface to be measured. Ex:
Optical Instrument, tool microscope, and
profile projector.

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 Composite Method Error in Measurement
The actual contour of a component to be checked is
compared with its maximum and minimum tolerance Systematic error
limit. This method is very reliable to ensure
Calibration error
interchangeability and is usually effected through the
use of composite GO gages. Ambient condition
Deformation
Avoidable error
Random error

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Deformation Avoidable Error

Datum error:
Reading error
Parallax effect
Misalignment
Zero error

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 Random error
Systematic VS Random Error

Random errors provide a measure of random deviations when measurements of

a physical quantity are carried out repeatedly. When a series of repeated
measurements are made on a component under similar conditions, the values or
results of measurements vary. Specific causes for these variations cannot be
determined, since these variations are unpredictable and uncontrollable by the
experimenter and are random in nature.
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THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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