Ruggedizing LTE Security Using

Hybridization of AES and RSA

to Provide Double Layer Security

Anu Ahlawat and Vikas Nandal

Abstract Achieving better security for the transmission of data over cellular
networks has always being a hard nut to crack. Security of long-term evolution
(LTE) network is prime concern because of existence of malicious attackers. The
security of network can be enhanced by utilizing cryptography. However, each cryp-
tographic algorithm has its own pros and cons. So, hybridization (merging two or
more algorithms) is one of the solutions to achieve better security. In this paper, double
layer protection is implemented in order to ruggedize the security mechanism of LTE
networks. The proposed algorithm utilizes better speed of AES and robust security of
Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) together to achieve a hybrid system with improved
performance compared to the traditional algorithm. The cryptanalysis has been intri-
cated by increasing the number of keys to six. Further, the time required for encryption
of keys is less when compared to decryption making the network more rugged and
secure. In order to further enhance the speed, the concept of parallel processing is
utilized. Then, proposed framework is analysed based on various parameters, and it is
experimentally concluded that it provides approximately 22.7% increment in acceler-
ation when compared to encryption rate and about 22.3% increment in acceleration
when compared to decryption rate. 10% enhancement in percentage of avalanche
effect has been achieved thereby increasing confusion in ciphertext and reducing
chances of decoding. 5.39% increment in PSNR values of the proposed algorithm
has been achieved when compared to existing algorithm.

Keywords Cryptosystem · AES · RSA algorithm · Private key · Public key ·

Encryption · Decryption · LTE

A. Ahlawat (B) · V. Nandal

Department of Electronics and Communication, UIET, MDU, Rohtak, India
e-mail: [Link]@[Link]
V. Nandal
e-mail: nandalvikas@[Link]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 121
A. Khanna et al. (eds.), Data Analytics and Management, Lecture Notes
on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies 54,
[Link]
122 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

1 Introduction

The concern of security of data transmission through cellular network has become
more crucial these days because cellular phones are widely used for various tasks that
involve sensitive data transmission like credit card numbers, Internet banking details,
social security numbers [1]. Much of the information shared over the air is highly
confidential and should not be disclosed to adversaries. Hence, the effects of data
security breach can be catastrophic. So, the following factors should be taken into
consideration in order to achieve better security services for the cellular networks:
1. Authentication
2. Confidentiality
3. Integrity
4. Availability
5. Non-repudiation.
The introduction of all IP-based networks has been caused by a transition from
circuit-switched network to packet-switched network [2]. This transition has made
the network open and easily accessible but has introduced whole new set of vulner-
abilities and threats. LTE is truly a fourth-generation network which provides high
data rates, scalability, and quality of service and also supports secure wireless
services. However, various possible threats and vulnerabilities in LTE network can
be categorized into four types, namely
1. Attacks against Authentication
2. Attacks against Availability
3. Attacks against Privacy
4. Attacks against Integrity.
Authentication and privacy-preserving security mechanisms of LTE utilize
various countermeasures to overcome or lessen the possibility of attacks. Figure 1
presents the classification of countermeasures used by LTE networks.
As it is evident from Fig. 1 that to protect the data from unauthorized access and
prevent the discloser of confidential information, the concept of cryptography came
into existence. Cryptography (a Greek word) is a technique of secret writing or it may
be defined as an art which helps in encoding and decoding the information in order
to prevent the disclosure of information among adversaries. It helps to achieve data
security by providing authenticity, availability, integrity, and confidentiality. In LTE
networks, AES algorithm is utilized for providing encryption and integrity protection
in order to provide better authentication and privacy to the users [3]. However, AES
has drawback of key-distribution. Thus, into order this drawback, hybridization is
proposed.
Here in this present research work:
• Symmetric-key (AES) and asymmetric-key (RSA) algorithms are implemented
to obtain a hybrid algorithm in order to improve efficiency and achieve better
security.
Ruggedizing LTE Security Using Hybridization … 123

Fig. 1 Countermeasures used by LTE networks

• The keys used by AES-128 are encrypted before transmission using RSA to
achieve double layer protection. The number of keys used in the proposed work
is six making cryptanalysis more difficult, thereby enhancing the security and
making the network more rugged.
• The confusion in ciphertext is intensified which improves the percentage of
avalanche effect and decreases chances of decoding.
• Higher PSNR value is observed in the proposed framework which reduces
distortion and increases the integrity of LTE network.

1.1 Symmetric-Key Algorithm

AES is a symmetric-key encryption standard. AES uses variable block and key sizes.
In AES generally, the block size is fixed to 128 bits and variable key sizes of 128,
192, 256 bits are used [4]. Unlike DES, it is not based on Feistel structure rather it
uses four different functions for each round. The length of the key determines the
number of rounds in AES as depicted by Table 1.
Each round of AES-128 bit consists of four different functions. All the rounds
consist of four stages except for the last round which consists of three stages except
mix column [5]. The 128-bit input is at first copied into state matrix that is modified

Table 1 Key-round
Length of key Number of rounds
combinations
128-bits 10
192-bits 12
256-bits 14
124 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

at each round of the algorithm and finally after ten rounds of the algorithm an output
matrix is obtained. The pseudocode for AES can be represented as:

1.2 Asymmetric-Key Algorithm

RSA is the most popular and widely used asymmetric cryptosystem. It is that public-
key algorithm which performs encryption and decryption based on number theory.
It is a block cipher which uses variable key sizes depending upon the requirements.
Long keys are used for enhanced security, and short keys are used for better efficiency
(typically size is kept 512 bytes) [6]. The entire RSA algorithm is divided into three
sections:
1. Key Generation
2. Encryption
3. Decryption.
The aforementioned symmetric-key and asymmetric-key algorithms have their
own set of strengths and weakness. AES is more efficient in terms of speed as
compared to RSA, whereas RSA since uses two keys for encryption provides better
security. There is problem of key-sharing in AES since the same key is being used
for encryption and decryption; however, there is no such issue with RSA [7].
At present, researchers are continuously working on new cryptographic algorithm.
In order to increase robustness of cryptographic algorithm, various factors are paid
attention to, including number of keys used, complexity of algorithm, memory usage,
time complexity, etc. Hybridization is one of the techniques which enhance the
security of algorithms by utilizing the concept of merging two or more algorithms.
Since each algorithm has its own set of strengths and drawbacks. Hybridization
uses the strengths of one algorithm in order to overcome the drawbacks of another
Ruggedizing LTE Security Using Hybridization … 125

algorithm, and thereby the security achieved by hybridization is more robust and
enhanced as compared to the traditional algorithm [8].
Protection of core network signalling protocols of LTE network is of utmost
importance. Thus, adaptation of a hybrid model will help in enhancing user-to-
network and end-to-end security mechanisms. Thus, to address security scheme of
LTE, RSA and AES were together implemented in order to achieve better security
for encryption and integrity protection in order to provide better authentication to
the users.
The rest of the paper is organized as Sect. 2 provides current related research
survey, and Sect. 3 describes the proposed framework adopted for hybrid implemen-
tation in order to enhance the robustness of security algorithm. Section 4 analyses
and validates the results obtained. Finally, the paper is concluded in last section.

2 Current Related Research Survey

The authors in [9] proposed an efficient implementation of RSA algorithm by using

two public keys instead of one as used in basic RSA algorithm so as to enhance
the security. Then the proposed algorithm was compared with the basic RSA algo-
rithm, and it was concluded that the proposed algorithm was less vulnerable to
brute-force attacks and provided high communication overheads. Moreover, the two
public keys were transmitted separately which further enhances the system security.
The authors in [10] presented a new approach to enhance the efficiency and reliability
of data transmission by using three Mersenne prime numbers to construct a modified
RSA algorithm. The strength of modified RSA depends upon the unbreakable large
prime numbers. The proposed approach of using three large prime numbers which
makes factorization more difficult and hence system more secure. In [11], a novel
hybrid technique which can be implemented for both wired and ad hoc networks
was proposed. The hybrid technique used AES-128 and ECC-128 for encryption of
data. Also, in order to achieve security of key ECDH algorithm was used. It was
experimentally concluded that proposed framework provided higher security with
low costs and complexity. The authors in [12] proposed a hybrid algorithm by using
combination of RSA algorithm and block cipher so as to enhance the system secu-
rity. However, the security strength of RSA algorithm depends upon the exponential
process and the factorial number which is very difficult to factorize till now. However,
by using the combination of aforementioned algorithms the authentication of plain-
text was made more secured. The authors in [13] presented an enhancement in RSA
algorithm by making use of optimized dynamic key management techniques in order
to achieve better confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of data transmitted. The
proposed algorithm used five prime numbers making the factorization task difficult.
The results were simulated using MATLAB12a. It was concluded that the security
of proposed algorithm was increased but there was decreased in computation time.
The authors in [14] proposed an enhanced version of RSA algorithm which provides
more secure path for data transmission than conventional RSA algorithm. The value
126 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

of ‘n’ is not transmitted over the air in the proposed algorithm due to which the factor-
ization of ‘n’ becomes more difficult for the intruder. Instead the authors proposed
a new number, i.e. ‘f’ which can be used for calculations of both private key and
public key. The substitution of ‘n’ with ‘f’ makes the factorization of ‘n’ into two
prime numbers ‘p’ and ‘q’ very time consuming, and difficult task hence increases the
complexity of algorithm making it more secure. In this paper [15], authors proposed
some modifications to basic AES and RSA in order to optimize their process of
encryption and decryption. In order to reduce encryption and decryption time of
AES algorithm, the number of computations of mix column and inverse mix column
were reduced. Also, to further optimize the performance of AES the key expansion
mechanism was enhanced. Chinese remainder theorem together with Montgomery
modular multiplication was implemented for better performance of RSA algorithm.
Then implemented modified algorithms in order to obtain mixed encryption system
which provided higher speed, proper key management, and higher efficiency. In [16],
authors proposed a novel method theta uses dynamic features of chaotic system and
encryption techniques of modern S-AES. Due to the usage of chaos-based hybrid
technique, the algorithm so obtained was more efficient in terms of memory usage
and faster as compared to some other proposed hybrid algorithms. In [17], with
the aim of preventing unauthorized access to channel a hybrid encryption algorithm
was proposed by the authors. Hybridization was achieved by combining substitu-
tion and transposition techniques in order to enhance security of data or plaintext.
The number of keys implemented was not predefined rather depended on the size
of message to be encrypted. To evaluate the performance of proposed algorithm,
possible keys combinations were analysed and it was concluded that with 2.560 X
106 possible combinations the cryptanalysis of the proposed algorithm was difficult.
In [18], authors surveyed various traditional and modern hybrid encryption tech-
niques including blowfish, DES-RSA, RSA based on ECC with AVK, etc., in order
to provide comparative analysis of their performances. Blowfish was found to be
more secure than AES, DES, and IDEA. Also, it was better to compress the data
prior to encryption to enhance performance of security. However, quantum encryp-
tion techniques outperformed all other techniques in terms of ruggedness, requires
less resources and also key-distribution problem is solved. In [19], authors used
the concept of both steganography and cryptographic techniques to obtain a hybrid
method. Random nature of chaotic neural network (CNN) is utilized for encrypting
the message to be transmitted. The access to secret key is given only to authorized
users to further enhance the security. The experimental results showed a higher
value of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) which indicates higher security with less
distortion.

3 Proposed Hybrid Algorithm

In this section, a novel hybrid technique which merges both the algorithms (AES
and RSA), i.e. symmetric and asymmetric techniques, is proposed. Hybridization is
Ruggedizing LTE Security Using Hybridization … 127

proposed along with parallel processing in order to speed up the execution process
with ruggedized security of the cellular networks. The proposed work is divided into
two phases. Both the phases operate in parallel in order to achieve better speed with
optimum efficiency of the network.

4 Encryption Process

The proposed algorithm uses AES and RSA for encryption process. At first step, the
message to be encrypted (MG) is divided into two blocks, namely BL1 and BL2 . The
values of these blocks are given by Eqs. (1) and (2):

(n−1)/2

BL1 = MGi (1)
i=1

where n = total length of message (MG).


n
BL2 = MGi (2)
i=(n+1)/2

The values in two blocks BL1 and BL2 are converted into binary form and then
groups of 128-bits are created, and the concept zero padding is utilized in case if
any part of any block is not equal to 128-bits. Using a random number generator two
keys, i.e. K 1 and K 2 , with each being equal to 128-bits are generated.
Using K 1 key generated by random number generator and the values in BL1
as input to AES-128-bit algorithm the encryption is carried out. The Encrypted
Message1 (EMG1 ) is given by Eq. 3:

EMG1 = AES_Enc(BL1 , K 1 ) (3)

After getting EMG1 , the values are converted into binary form and bit-wise ex-ored
with values of Key (K 1 ) as given by Eq. 4 and then back converted into hexadecimal
values before transmission.

EMG1 = Bitxor(EMG1 , K 1 ) (4)

Using public key of RSA algorithm, the value of K 1 is also encrypted before
transmission. The encryption is specified by Eq. 5:

K 1 = RSA_Encrypt(K 1 , publickey) (5)

128 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

At the same time using the concept of parallel processing, the values in
BL2 are encrypted using AES and randomly generated key (K 2 ). The Encrypted
Message2(EMG2 ) is given by Eq. 6:

EMG2 = AES_Enc(BL2 , K 2 ) (6)

After getting EMG2 , the values are converted into binary form and bit-wise ex-ored
with values of Key (K 2 ) as given by Eq. 7 and then back converted into hexadecimal
values before transmission.

EMG2 = Bitxor(EMG2 , K 2 ) (7)

Using public key of RSA algorithm, the value of K 1 is also encrypted before
transmission. The encryption is specified by Eq. 8:

K 2 = RSA_Encrypt(K 2 , publickey) (8)

After the above steps, the values of EMG1 and EMG2 are concatenated to get the
final ciphertext and transmitted along with the encrypted keys, i.e.K 1 and K 2 .

5 Decryption Process

At the phase, the first step is to divide the concatenated message back in two parts
to get values of EMG1 and EMG2 . After achieving this, the values of keys obtained
are decrypted using private key component of RSA algorithm as given by Eqs. 9 and
10.
 
K 1 = RSA_Decrypt K 1 , privatekey . (9)

 
K 2 = RSA_Decrypt K 2 , privatekey (10)

When the values of both the keys are decrypted, the parallel processing is again
implemented at the receiver’s side in order to speed up the decryption phase. After
getting EMG1 , the values are converted into binary form and bit-wise ex-ored with
values of Key (K 1 ) as given by Eq. 11 and then back converted into hexadecimal
values before decryption.
 
EMG1 = Bitxor EMG1 , K 1 (11)

Using K 1 as Key and EMG1 as input to AES-128-bit algorithm the decryption is

carried out. The decrypted Message (BL1 ) is given by Eq. 12:
Ruggedizing LTE Security Using Hybridization … 129

Enter the message to be RSA decryption

encrypted

Split the message into two parts

in order to implement concept of Decrypted keys
parallel processing.

Using random key generator, AES-128 Decryption

generate two keys

Concatenation of decrypted
AES-128 Encryption for mes- messages
sage

Plotting graphs for perfor-

RSA Encryption for keys mance evaluation

Fig. 2 Flow diagram of proposed hybrid implementation (AES and RSA)

BL1 = AES_Dec(EMG1 , K 1 ) (12)

At the same time using the concept of parallel processing, the values in EMG2
are decrypted using MAES and key (K 2 ). The decrypted Message2(BL2 ) is given by
Eq. 13:

BL2 = AES_Dec(EMG2 , K 2 ) (13)

Finally, the values of both the decrypted values are concatenated in order to obtain
the original message which was transmitted. The flow diagram given below explains
the proposed hybrid model (Fig. 2).

6 Results and Discussions

The hybrid implementation has been proposed in order to achieve better secu-
rity without compromising system complexity and speed of cellular networks. The
following section clearly analysis that the requirements are meet by taking into
consideration various parameters including number of keys used for algorithm, time
taken for encryption and decryption of keys, total time taken for encryption and
decryption of string, PSNR, and diffusion and confusion tests.
130 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

Fig. 3 Comparison of
number of keys used

6.1 Number of Keys Used

The number of keys used in hybrid implementation of AES with RSA is compared
to the traditional AES and RSA is depicted in Fig. 3. The AES algorithm uses single
key for encryption and decryption as a result of which key-distribution is one of
the major problems faced in such algorithms. RSA algorithm uses two keys, i.e.
public and private keys. However, the proposed framework uses six keys making the
cryptanalysis more difficult and thereby enhancing security and making the network
more rugged.

6.2 Encryption and Decryption Time for Keys (K1 and K2 )

The keys used for encryption using AES-128 are encrypted before transmission using
RSA algorithm in order to achieve double layer protection. The time required for
encryption and decryption of key using RSA is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The time
required for encryption is less when compared to decryption which indicates an
enhancement in security. Because of higher decryption time, it can be concluded that
performing cryptanalysis of key will be a difficult task for adversaries, and hence,
data will be more securely transmitted.

6.3 Time Taken for Encryption and Decryption Phases

The total time taken to convert the given message string into ciphertext is defined as
encryption time and the total time taken for obtaining original message string from
ciphertext is termed as decryption time.
Ruggedizing LTE Security Using Hybridization … 131

Fig. 4 Time period for

encryption and decryption of
K1

Fig. 5 Time period for

encryption and decryption of
K2

Table 2 provides comparison of the encryption and decryption time of proposed

algorithm with traditional AES algorithm. In order to validate the experimental results
obtained, process of encryption and decryption is performed 10000 times on five
different groups of strings.
Table 2 depicts an increment of acceleration of about 22.7% when compared
to encryption rate and about 22.3% increment of acceleration when compared to
decryption rate. Hence, the proposed algorithm provides better speed when compared
to traditional AES without comprising security. This increment is achieved by parallel
processing of message string.
132 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

Table 2 Encryption and decryption time comparison

Algorithm Traditional AES algorithm Proposed algorithm
Time (ms) Encryption Decryption Encryption Decryption
First sample string 470 491 365 377
Second sample string 450 501 348 380
Third sample string 461 490 353 375
Fourth sample string 471 500 368 390
Fifth sample string 460 481 350 365
Average value 462.1 486.3 356.8 377.4

6.4 PSNR Analysis

After the process of encryption, the proposed framework is tested by determining

PSNR values. The PSNR value is calculated using the formula given below:

R2
PSNR = 10 log10 (14)
MSE
where MSE is mean square error and is defined as error between the encrypted data
and cover image used. Table 3 depicts different values of PSNR obtained by taking
different sizes of input string and different cover images. Since the value of PSNR
is high so amount of distortion is less, it is difficult to detect the change in cover
image. Since the values of PSNR obtained are higher, therefore the integrity of LTE
network is more compared to traditional network. The value of PSNR obtained is
compared to values obtained in [7] and plotted as shown in Fig. 6. There is about
5.39% increment obtained in PSNR values of the proposed algorithm when compared
to existing algorithm [7].

Table 3 PSNR values for

Size and type of cover Size of encrypted PSNR value
different sizes of ciphertext
image used message
[Link] (384 × 512 2000 bytes 72.1775
× 3) 4000 bytes 67.0500
7000 bytes 65.4277
[Link] (256 × 2000 bytes 62.8301
256) 4000 bytes 58.6153
7000 bytes 55.8314
Ruggedizing LTE Security Using Hybridization … 133

Fig. 6 Comparison of
PSNR obtained with
Existing algorithm

6.5 Validation Using Confusion and Diffusion Tests

In order to reduce the chances of statistical analysis of transmitted message by adver-

saries the concept of diffusion and confusion proposed by Shannon are taken into
consideration. At first, the number of bits is varied in plaintext without variation in
number of bits of keys and corresponding variations in ciphertext are recorded and
tabulated in Table 4.
Now, the confusion of the proposed algorithm is tested using variations in key
keeping the plaintext constant. The recorded variations are given in Table 5.
The changes obtained in ciphertext when the bits in plaintext and ciphertext are
varied are approximately 10% more than the original algorithm. This indicates an

Table 4 Number of bits

No of bits changed in No of bits variations in ciphertext
variation in ciphertext when
Plaintext Traditional AES Proposed algorithm
key remains unchanged
1-bit 61 ± 6 64 ± 4
2-bit 63 ± 4 65 ± 6
3-bit 60 ± 6 63 ± 6

Table 5 Number of bits

No of bits changed in No of bits variations in ciphertext
variation in ciphertext when
Plaintext Traditional AES Proposed algorithm
plaintext remains unchanged
1-bit 63 ± 4 66 ± 6
2-bit 62 ± 6 64 ± 6
3-bit 64 ± 4 65 ± 4
134 A. Ahlawat and V. Nandal

enhancement in percentage of avalanche effect, thereby increasing the confusion in

the ciphertext and reducing the chances of decoding the message transmitted. Hence,
due to the improved avalanche effect, the encryption mechanism of LTE networks
will be more secure and robust when compared to basic AES.

7 Conclusion

In this paper, double layer protection achieved by the hybridization of AES with RSA
provides enhanced security with less distortion. The concept of parallel processing
has been efficiently combined with hybridization resulting in about 22.7% increment
in acceleration rate. To make the system more robust in terms of key-locking, the
number of keys used is six which makes cryptanalysis task cumbersome. To further
add, the values of PSNR obtained are high which indicates less distortion and more
efficiency. Hence, the concept hybridization has helped to overcome the cons of the
traditional algorithms and make system more secure and robust. Thus, the encryption
and integrity protection mechanism of LTE which provides better authentication
as well as privacy to the users which were earlier based on AES algorithm, when
implemented using the proposed hybrid algorithm provides ruggedized security and
better efficiency.

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