READING

AND
CORE KTO12
WRITING
SKILLS
 UNIT I: THE READING PROCESS

● Nowadays, Filipino students carry the burden of such a

great expectation: to acquire the necessary knowledge
and skills to navigate and succeed in an increasingly
globalized, demanding, and changing environment.
● Understanding English, especially through developing

the essential skills of reading and writing, can only

happen effectively if we begin where the students are.
 UNIT I: THE READING PROCESS

● Studying a language like English is an adventure. You

will discover many things as you develop
communicative skills in reading and writing. Though at
times it may seem moments that you will be mystified
by some ideas before you learn them.
 UNIT I: THE READING PROCESS

● But you do not have to be daunted. Studying English –

and excelling in it – can be achieved by going back to
the basics.
● Improving your reading skills is the first step.
 Introducing the Reading Process and Reading
Strategies

“A reader lives a thousand lives before he dies...

the man who never reads lives only one.”
-George R.R. Martin
 Enduring Understandings:

● Reading is an activity that challenges our beliefs, inspires our

imagination, and expands our understanding of the world.
● Reading involves a complex interaction between the text and
the reader. The reader’s interpretation is shaped by his of her
prior knowledge, experiences, and attitudes.
● Reading is an indespensible skill that requires continuous
practice, development, and refinement.
 Essential Questions:

● What are the characteristics of an efficient and

active reader?
● Which reading strategies can help me increase
my comprehension of the text?
● How can I effectively apply reading strategies
to improve my understanding of the text?
 OBJECTIVE:

● APPLY EFFECTIVE READING STRATEGIES

IN COMPREHENDING A TEXT/
 INTRODUCTION

● Does the act of reading not amaze you? The

fact that you are able to decipher the written
symbols on this page, get meaning from, and
putting meaning into them, is no small wonder.
But reading intelligently is not just a matter of
knowing what is written in the book.
 INTRODUCTION

● To reading intelligently means you are able to

read actively and critically. You do not only
unerstand what the text says and mean but
are also able to evaluate its content.
 INTRODUCTION

● Reading is an important skill for high school

students to master because many of their
requirements in school are reading-based.
 INTRODUCTION

● Therefore, learning how to maximize this skill

will be indespensible to your success as a
student. But have you really considered just
how many skills you actually apply when you
read something?
 INTRODUCTION

● Take a moment and write down on your paper

as many actions as possible that can be
associated with reading.
Reading can be defined as a cognitive
process of decoding symbols to derive
meaning from a text. It is always an
interaction between the text and the
reader.
What is reading anyway?
 Pre-Reading Strategies
Getting an Overview of the Text

At times, it may be good idea to survey

the text as a whole before delving deeper into
each part. Whenever you want to get the gist of
the content, you use previewing, skimming, and
scanning.
 A. Previewing
Previewing means looking at the readily visible parts
of the text, like titles and subtitles and also visuals and
graphs, pictures, and charts.

● To preview the text properly, identify first your

purpose for reading.
● Next, examine the titles and subtitles of the text.
● Afterwards browse the introduction and conclusion of
the text.
● Finally, look at the visual elements of the text.
 B. Skimming and Scanning
Skimming the text means you look for the
main point of the reading and identify the
ideas that develop it.

● Skimming effectively means physically

moving your eyes rapidly along the page
and tracing your finger along the lines of
the text to speed up your reading.
 B. Skimming and Scanning
Skimming the text means you look for the
main point of the reading and identify the
ideas that develop it.

● This skill also involves quickly going through

beginning and concluding sentences of
paragraphs because these usually talk about
the topic of the text.
 B. Skimming and Scanning
Scanning the reading means looking for specific
information.

● To scan the text effectively, you need to have an

idea of the details you are looking for. The
instructions of your teacher or questions about
the text may help you in knowing what to read.
● You do not have to read every word; just read
until you locate the details you are searching for.
 C. Recalling Background Knowledge

As you read, you make sense of the sense of the text

by seeing how it fits with what you already know.

● Your backround knowledge is informed by your

experience; thus, the more you connect new
knowledge and information to what you already
know, the more your comprehension will increase.
 During-Reading Strategies
A. Using Context Clues

Context clues are words, phrases, and

sentences that surround an unfamiliar word that can
help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word
because the text gives you information about it.
 Most Common Types of Context Clues

1. 2. 3.
Synonyms Antonyms Examples
4.
Explanations
and 5.
Definitions Situations
 1. Synonyms

Synonyms are used when the text has words or phrases

that are similar in meaning to the unknown word.

● Alice envisaged the Jabberwock in her mind. She

imagines its sharp claws and jaws and the shivered in
fright.

● The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son’s

victory for he cried out triumphantly when the boy came
home.
 2. Antonyms
An antonym is a word that reveals the
opposite meaning in relation to the unkown
word.

● When you see words like “although,” “but,”

“despite,” “instead,” “in contrast,” “unlike,”
“however,” “eventhough,” “on the contrary,” and
“conversely,” these usually precede antonyms
because these are used to show contrasting ideas.
 2. Antonyms

● The boy in the poem surreptitiously set out to

find the monster. He did not tell anyone about his
plans because he did not want them to worry.

● The Jabberwock relentlessly pursued by the

boy, unlike the others who gave up easily when
they heard how terrifying the creature was.
 3. Examples
Examples are specific details in a text that are used
to clarify the meaning of a word.

● There are many eccentric creatures in the forest such as

mome raths and borogoves.

● Only a few weapons are truly nifty in hunting monsters like

the vorpal sword.

● The boy’s father was ecstatic when he found out that the
Jabberwock was conquered by his son. His behavior
included laughing, cheering, and hugging his son.
 4. Explanations and Definitions

Explanations may be given as clues to describe

an unknown term. When phrases like “because” or
“that is” follow a word, these may be explanations.

Definitions may follow an unfamiliar word.

Terms like “is,” “means,” “is defined as,” and “refers
to” are used with definitions.
 4. Explanations and Definitions

● Humpty Dumpty told Alice that “brillig” means the same thing
as four o’ clock in the afternoon because that is when people
started broiling things for dinner.

● Hearing someone “outgrabe”–which means he is whistling,

bellowing, and sneezing all at once – can be a funny sight.

● Alice thought that “toves” were curious creatures since they

were part-badger, part lizard, and part corkscrew.
 5. Situations

The situation in which a word is used

can also be helpful in determining
the meaning of that word. The
meaning of a word may change
depending on its context or how and
where it is used.
 5. Situations
● The boy wondered if he should have brought
some back up in case he could not take on the
Jabberwock by himself.
● The hero’s conquest of the Jabberwock is an
exemplary case of bravery.
● The hero is lucky that the murder of the
Jabberwock does not merit a case in court!
 During-Reading Strategies
B. Using Connotation and Denotation
Denotation is the basic, precise, literal meaning of
the word that can be found in a dictionary.
Connotation, meanwhile, is the positive, negative, or
neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas, or associations with a
word.
 During-Reading Strategies
B. Using Connotation and Denotation
These shades of meaning are affected
by social overtones, emotional meanings,
or cultural implications.
 Denotation and Connotation
Father
Denotation: a male parent
Connotation: association: positive
-feeling: love and respect

Daddy
Denotation: a male parent
Connotation: association: positive
feelings: love, familiarity, childhood
 Denotation and Connotation

Connotations, therefore, portray more multifaceted definitions

of a word whether these are positive, negative, or neutral.
● Positive connotations are generally favorable
associations toward a word.
● Negative connotations, meanwhile, tend to have
unfavorable feelings or ideas toward a word.
● Neutral connotations bring up objective or unbiased

associations toward a word.

 Positive, Negative, Neutral Connotations

Examples:
1. House, Home, Shanty
2. Tita Jennifer says: He is thrifty. Tita Joanna says:
He is stingy.
3. Tita Jennifer says: He is very focused on his job.
Tita Joanna says: He is very obsessed with his
job.
 Introduction

Picture this: Your phone vibrates, signaling a new message. You

open the message. It is from an unknown number, but what
catches your attention is its content: You have just won PHP
100,000 from a contest! The only thing you need to do to claim
your prize is to provide your personal information, along with
some credit card details.

Would you, do it?

 Introduction
 It is dangerous to believe everything you are
told without questioning any aspect. This is
precisely why critical thinking, especially as
applied to reading is a necessary skill to
develop.
 Effective reading entails a deeper, more
analytical sort of engagement.
 CRITICAL READING
 Whenever you read something and you evaluate
claims, seek definitions, judge information,
demand proof, and question assumptions, you
are thinking critically. This type of reading goes
beyond passively understanding a text.
BUT WHY SHOULD YOU READ CRITICALLY?
 Reading critically means you are thinking
critically.

 By reading critically, you find out the author’s

view on something, ask questions, evaluate the
strengths and weaknesses of the author’s
argument, and decide to agree or disagree with
it.
 Some techniques to help you develop critical reading skills.

1.
Keeping a 2. 3.
reading Annonating Outlining
journal the text the text

5.
4. Summarizing Questioning
the text the text
 1. Keeping a reading journal

 A reading journal is similar to keeping a diary, except you

are writing your feelings and ideas in reaction to your
reading assignment.

 This process allows you to develop your impression of the

text and connect them to your personal experiences. This
allows you to better relate to the essay and understand
the author’s ideas.
 1. Keeping a reading journal

 “We have attained our freedom, but our

spirit is still bound by the shackles
forged from the frailties of our own
nature. We owe it to ourselves and our
posterity to strike them down.”
 2. Annotating the text

 Annotating the text simply means making

notes on your copy of the reading.
 This includes highlighting or underlining
important passages and writing notes,
comments, questions, and reactions on the
margins.

“The Filipino today is soft, easy going.”

 3. Outlining the text
 Creating a rough outline of the text will also be
helpful in getting to understand it more critically.

 By locating the thesis statement, claims, and

evidence, and then plotting these into an
outline, you can see how the writer
structures, sequences, and connects his or
her ideas.
 3. Outlining the text

 Creating a rough outline of the text will also be

helpful in getting to understand it more critically.

 By locating the thesis statement, claims, and

evidence, and then plotting these into an
outline, you can see how the writer structures,
sequences, and connects his or her ideas.
 4. Summarizing the text
 Summarizing the text is similar to outlining, in that you
need to get the gist. A summary consists of getting the
main points of the essay and important supporting
details.

 Usually, locating the thesis statement and topic

sentences are helpful in creating your summary. The
supporting details in a paragraph and succeeding
paragraphs may be used to develop or clarify the
writer’s point.
 5. Questioning the text
 Questioning the text involves asking
specific questions on points that you are
skeptical about. These may be topics that
do not meet your expectations or are not
aligned with your personal vies.
Alternately, you should also take note of
things that you found impressive.
 5. Questioning the text
 What type of audience is addressed?
 What are the writer’s assumptions?
 What are the writer’s intentions?
 How well does the writer accomplish
these?
 How convincing is the evidence
presented?
 5. Questioning the text

 How reliable are the sources? Are they

based on personal experience, scientific
data, or outside authorities?
 Did the writer address opposing views
on the issue?
 Is the writer persuasive in his/her
perspective?
 Identifying and
Analyzing Claims
Determining Explicit and Implicit
Information
 Determining Explicit and Implicit Information

 Critical reading also means that you are

able to distinguish the information that
is clearly stated (explicit) in the text
from the ideas that are suggested
(implicit). This will help you make
inferences about what you read.
 How can you tell whether something is implicit or
explicit?
 Explicit information is clearly written and explained
in the text so the reader will not be confused.

 Implicit information is something that is implied but

not stated outright in the text.

 An inference is a conclusion that you make on

explicit information and your reasoning and
background knowledge.
 Defining Claims

 Knowing how to identify explicit and implicit

information will help you in one of the most
important skills needed in critical reading:
evaluating the claims made by an author. This
involves going back to the text to recognize the
writer’s arguments and evidence so you can begin
judging the writer’s work.
 Defining Claims
 Whenever you read something, you find yourself looking for the
writer’s point or position regarding the chosen topic. That point
is also known as the claim, or the central argument or thesis
statement of the text.

 This claim is what the writer tries to prove in the text by

providing details, explanations, and other types of
evidence. As such, it is usually found in the introduction or in
the first few paragraphs of the text.
 The following are the characteristics of good claims
1. A claim should be argumentative and
debatable.

2. A claim should be specific and focused.

3. A claim should be interesting and engaging.

4. A claim should be logical. It should result from

reasonable weighing of the support provided.
 Here are some questions to help you determine the writer’s
claim while you are reading a text:

1. What is the author’s main point?

2. What is the author’s position regarding it?