Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 59

Revision Questions
A. One Mark Questions
Q.1 The flowers which open their petals to expose their reproductive parts to allow pollination are called
(a) Cleistogamous (b) Geitonogamous Ne) Chasmogamous (d) Autogamous
(ISC2020)
Ans. (c)
Q.2 Which of following processes in angiosperms involves formation of seeds without fertilization?
(a) Parthenocarpy (b) Apomixis (c) Sexual reproduction (d) None of these
(ISC 2020)
Ans. (a)
Q.3 How many pollen grains will be formed after meiotic division in 25 microspore mother cells? yoiy s
(a) 25 (b) 50 se) 100 (d) 200
[ISC 2022 (Sem-1)]
Ans. (c)
Q.4 If the root cells of an angiosperm have 38 chromosomes, then the number of chromosomes in the primary
éndosperm nucleus of this plant will be : [ISC 2022 (Sem-1)]
(a57 (b) 38 (c) 19 (d) 76
Ans. (a)
Q.5 The main constituent of the intine layer of the pollen grain is : [ISC 2022 (Sem-1)]
(a) Sporopollenin t o Pectocellulose (c) Lignin (d) Lignopectin
Ans. (b)
Q.6 The compatibility of the pollen-pistil interaction is determined by : [ISC2022 (Sem-1)]
(d) Lactose
(a) Starch ) Special proteins (c) Lipids
Ans. (b)
swollen to
Q.7 Assertion : The first cell of the suspensor towards the micropyle, in a dicot embryo becomes
form the haustorium.
Reason: The haustorium absorbs food material for the developing embryo. [ISC2022 (Sem-1)]
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
v) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans. (b)
Q.8 Give one example of dicot endospermic seed.
Ans. Castor seed.
ledon of maize arain technically called ?
Q.71 Give an example of a plant which came in to India as a contaminant and is a cause
Ans. Parthenium (Carrot grass).
Q.72 Give the exact location of embryo sac. (ISC 2008)
Ans. In a mature ovules, embryo sac is present in the cnetre.
Q.73 Write the best known contribution of the scientist Nawaschin. (ISC 2002)
Ans. Best contribution of Nawaschin is the discovery of double fertilization in angiosperms.
Q.74 Mention the most significant function/role of nucellus. (ISC2002)
Ans. It provides nourishment to the developing embryo before the formation of primary endosperm.
Q.75 Give the scientific term for the development of embryo from the egg without the process of fertilization.
(ISC2012)
Ans. Parthenogenesis.
Q.76 Give the scientific term for development of more than one embryoin seed. (ISC 2012)
Ans. Polyembryony.
 dna
(b) the terminal generally bilobed structure called
the anther.
Q.5 Give four characteristics of insect pollinated flowers. 2M
Ans. Such flowers have rich amount of nectar. They are brilliantly
(ISC 2019))
male insects. They are usually found in clusters.
coloured and often have fragrance to attract
0.6 Differentiate between monoecious and dioecious plants. Give one
example of each.
 p
gametes, fertilisation cannot occur. So, polination helps in the transfer of male gamete.
Q.27 How do flowers reward their insect pollinators ?
Explain. flowers
ns Poiens provide nutrition, and nectar is an important source of food for insect pollinators. Some
provide space for shelter and reproduction for pollinators also.
Q.28 If you squeeze a seed of orange you might observe many embryos of different sizes. How Is It possibie?
Explain.
Ans. In orange seed, embryos originate by adventive embryony from diploid cells of nucellus or integument and
are thus in large number inside a seed. These embryos are in different stages of development, so they are
of different sizes. 2M
Q.29 VWhy should a bisexual flower be emasculated and bagged prior to artificial pollination? (ISC2019)
Ans. A bisexual flower is emasculated to prevent self-pollination in the flower and it is bagged after emasculation
to prevent contact of unwanted pollen grain with the stigma of the flower.
 yed Disadvantage : Least variations observed, or Leads to inbreeding depression.
0.33 What is the significance of dispersalof seeds? Give any two points. (ISC2019)
onut Ans. (i) It reduces competition among seed for sunlight, water and other soil minerals.
(ii) It reduces the spread of epidemic diseases among crowded plant species.
Q.34 Mention one application of pollen bank. How are pollens stored in a bank ?
Ans. Pollen grains can be stored in viable condition in pollen bank for many years, preserved in liquid nitrogen
(-196°C) and can be used for crop breeding programmes.
Q.35 Why are non-albuminous seeds so called ?
Ans. Non-albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo
development, e.g., pea and groundnut.
Q.36 An anther with malfunctioning tapetum often fails to produce viable male gametophytes. Give any one
reason.
eds Ans. The tapetum is the innermost layer of amicrosporangium and it is responsible for nourishing the pollen
lop grains. So, in the absence of nutrition, viable male gametophyte is not produced.
Q.37 Draw a labelled diagram of germinating pollen grain with at least four labellings. (ISC 2020)
ole Ans. Refer to fig. 2.16, Page 36.
C. Three Marks Questions
 Q.35 How does the study of different parts of a flower help in identifying in wind as its pollinating agent ?
Ans.
Study of different parts of aflower shows that there are various adaptations for effective pollination in wind
pollinated plants. These are
(i) The flowers are small and inconspicuous.
(ü) The pollen grains are light and non-sticky so that they can be easily transported by wind.
(ii)They have well-exposed stamens so that pollens get easily dispersed.
(iv) They often have feathery stigma to trap the pollens grains.
(v) The pollen grains are dry and do not gain moisture from air.
Q.36 (a) Draw a labelled schematic diagram of the transverse section of a mature anther of an angiospermic
plant. (ISC 2019)
aus (b) Describe the characteristic feature of an insect pollinated flower. (ISC 2019)
Ans. (a) See figure 2.6 (Page 28).
S (b) Characteristic feature of an insect pollinated flower are:
(i) They are large, colourfull and bright.
(iü) They have fragrance.
(ii) They produce nectar to offer floral rewards to the visitng insects.
Q.37 (a) Explain triple fusion in angiosperm.
(b) Write the fate of the product of this fusion in the mature fruit of coconut.
Ans. (a) One of the two male gametes, fuses with two polar nuclei at centre to produce anuclei)
triple primary
so, it is
endosperm nucleus (PEN). This fusion involves three nuclei (one sperm and twO polar
called triple fusion. The primary endosperm nucleus later develops into endosperm.
(b) The cells of endosperm are triploid and therefore sterile. Hence, they are used for nutrition purpose. In
part is
coconut, the water in the centre represent free-nuclear endosperm and white kernel in the outer
the cellular endosperm. Vallisneria.
pollination in
Q.38 Write the mode of pollination in Vallisneria and water lily. Explain the mechanism of
pollination occurs by wind
Ans. In Vallisneria, pollination takes place with the help of water but in water lily the
long stalk. At same time
the help of its
In Vallisneria, the female flower rises upto the surface of water with
surface of water. These male fowers are
the male flower get detached from the parent plant and fall on thepollination.
carried by the water currents towards the female flowers for flowers.
xenogamy. Why do cleistogamous
Q.39 State the similarity and differences between geitonogamy and
 Case OT Danana. Pldce, SUCh fruits are seedless, as in

yersArcualanrg
of anther
0.47 Describe the
development
OR Explain the
development of
preceeds that
endosperm after double fertilization in an angiosperm. Why does
of zygote ? endosperm
different types of endosperm in angiosperms.
grains.
e anthe Ans. Developmnent of endosperm The primary endosperm
(ISC 2019)
nucleus (PEN), which is a triploid structure,
results from triple fusion. It repeatedly divides to give rise to free
pies the free nuclear endosperm, Cell wall formation
The endospernm may either be fully consume by the
nuclei. This stage of development is called
occurs, in a cellular endosperm.
growing
The endosperm develops before the embryo because the cell embryo
or stained in the mature seed.
of the endosperm provide nutrition to the
developing embryo.
0.48 State what is apomixis. Comment on its significance. How can it be
fruit
e when
is commercially used ?
Ans. Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction, which mimics sexual reproduction, but there is neither meiosis
to the nor fusion of gametes (fertilisation).
Significance Certain species of plants belong to Asteraceae, and grasses exclusively use the
phenomenon of apomixis for producing seeds.
mbryo Commercial applications of apomixis
start Production of hybrid seeds is costly and hence the cost of hybrid seeds become too expensive for the
farmers. If these hybrids are made into apomicts there is no segregation of characters in the hybrid
progeny. Then the farmers can keep on using the hybrid seeds to raise new crop year after year and he does
not have to buy hybrid seeds every year.
Q.49. Describe the events that take place during fertilization in an angiosperm. (ISC 2001)
Ans. Fertilisation in angiosperms is unique. It is called double fertilisation, because it involves two fusions - ()
same
Syngamy and (ii) Triple fusion.
lly it The pollen tube contains two sperms (each is a haploid male gamete). These are released inside the embryo
sac. One of the two sperms goes to fertilise the egg cell. This fusion is called syngamy. It results in the
only formation of zygote, which gives rise to proper embryo.
in the centre of embryo
the The remaining sperm now gets fused with the two haploid polar nuclei (present and 2 polar nuclei, are fused), It
sac), This fusion is called as triple fusion (as three nuclei i.e., one sperm
which on development form the endosperm.
Ous results in the formation of triploid endosperm nucleus, nutrition to the developing
serves to provide
tive Endosperm is therefore triploid in angiosperms. Endosperm
embryo.
 74
(ISC 2020,22)
Q.50 Describe the process of double fertilisation in angiosperms. What is its significancer
Ans. Processof double fertilisation: Doutble fertilization involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes tne ey eto
Trorm the zygote, while the other fuses with the two poiar nuclei that form the endosperm. Arter rertilzation,
the fertilized ovule forms the seed while the tissues of the ovary become the frut.
Signicance: Double fertilization gives rise to an endosperm that provides nourishment to the developing
embryo. It increases the viability of the seeds of angiosperms. It utilizes botth the male gametes proauced
by the pollen grains.
Q.51 Draw e neat labelled diagram of amature anatropous ovule before fertilization. (ISC 2012)
Ans. See figure 2.19 (Page 36).
Q.52 Expiain the development of the different types of endosperms in angiosperms. (ISC2007, 13, 19)
OR
Give an account of the different types of endosperms in angiosperms. (ISC 2021)
Ans. The endosperm inangiosperms is the result of triple fusion (sperm + 2 polar nuclei) and has 3x (triploid)
nature. The triploid nature of endosperm makes it genetically useless but it can serve as an excellent
nutritive tissue.
On the basis of development, the endosperm in angiosperms can be of following three types :
(i) Nuclear types : In this case the primary endosperm nucleus, divides by free nuclear division.
Cytokinesis occurs only at alater stage.
(ii) Ceilular type : In this case, all the division of primary endosperm nucleus are
followed by wall
formation (cytokinesis).
(ii) Helobial type : In this case, the first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a
transverse wall formation, resulting in an upper micropylar and lower chalazal chamber. The further
divisions are free nuclear.
Q.53 Draw awell-labelled diagram of L.S. of embryo sac.
(ISC 2018)
Ans. See figure 2.23 (Page 39).
Q.54 Draw a well-labelled diagram of T.S. of mature anther. (ISC2019)
Ans. See figure 2.6 (Page 28).
Q.55 Explain the process of developnent of male gametophyte in angiosperms. (ISC 2021)
Ans. See text (Page 35).
 Q.21 (a) Explain the process of microsporogenesis in angiosperms.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature pollen grains.
Q.22 (a) Explain the process of megasporogenesis in angiosperms. (ISC 2018)
(b) Draw labelled diagram of a mature ovule and embryo sac with its contents.
Q.23 (a) Coconut palm is monoecious while date palm is dioecious. Why are they so called ?
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of sectional view of a mature embryo sac of an angiosperm.
Q.24 (a) ofWhyendosperm
does endosperm development precede embryo development in angiosperm seeds? State the role
in mature albuminous seeds.
(b) Describe with the help of three labelled diagrams the different embryonic
development.
Q.25 (a) Explain the different ways apomictic seeds can develop. Give an
example of each.
(b) Mention one advantage of apomictic seeds to farmers.
(c) Draw a labelled mature stage of adicotyledonous
embryo.
Q.26 (a) Describe the formation of mature female
gametophyte within an ovule in angiosperms.
(b) Describe the structure of the cell(s) that guide(s) the pollen tube to
enter the embryo-sac.
Q.27 (a) Draw alongitudinal section of a pistil of an angiosperm showing the
growth of the pollen tube up to the
micropyle of the ovule. Label (i) stigma, (ii) embryo sac, (iii) pollen tube (iv) micropyle.
(b) Explain the events that occur, upto fertilisation, when the
Q.28 A flower of tomato plant, following the process of
cornpatible pollen grain lands on the stigma.
sexual reproduction produce 240 viable seeds.
Answer the following questions giving reasons:
(a) What is the minimum number pollen grains
that must have been involved the pollination of its pistil ?
(b) What would have been the minimum
number of ovules present in the ovary ?
(C) How mariy megaspore mother cell were involved ?
(d) What is the minimum number
microspore mother cells involved in the above case ?
(e) How many male gametes were involved in this
case ?
Q.29 (a) Plan an experiment and prepare a flow
chart of the steps that you would follow to
are formed only from the desired sets of ensure that the seeds
pollen grains. Name the type of
out. experiment that you carried
(b) Write the importance of such
Q.30 Explain the development of an anther experiments.
and the formation of microspores in
angiosperms. (ISC 2006)
Q.21 (a) Explain the process of microsporogenesis in angiosperms.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature pollen grains.
Q.22 (a) Explain the process of megasporogenesis in angiosperms. (ISC 2018)
(b) Draw labelled diagram of a mature ovule and embryo sac with
[Link].
Q.23 (a) Coconut palm is monoecious while date palm is dioecious. Why are they so called ?
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of sectional view of a mature embryo sac of an
angiosperm.
Q.24 (a) of
Whyendosperm
does endosperm development precede embryo development in angiosperm seeds? State the role
in mature albuminous seeds.
(b) Describe with the help of three labelled diagrams the different embryonic development.
Q.25 (a) Explain the different ways apomictic seeds can develop. Give an example of each.
(b) Mention one advantage of apomictic seeds to farmers.
(c) Draw a labelled mature stage of a dicotyledonous embryo.
Q.26 (a) Describe the formation of mature female gametophyte within an ovule in angiosperms.
(b) Describe the structure of the celI(s) that guide(s) the pollen tube to enter the embryo-sac.
Q.27 (a) Draw a longitudinal section of a pistil of an angiosperm showing the growth of the pollen tube up to the
micropyle of the ovule. Label (i) stigma, (i) embryo sac, (ii) pollen tube (iv) micropyle.
(b) Explain the events that occur, upto fertilisation, when the cornpatible pollen grain lands on the stigma.
Q.28 Aflower of tomato plant, following the process of sexual reproduction produce 240 viable seeds.
Answer the following questions giving reasons :
(a) What is the minimum number pollen grains that must have been involved the pollination of its pistil ?
(b) What would have been the minimum number of ovules present in the ovary ?
(c) How mar1y megaspore mother cell were involved ?
(d) What is the minimum number microspore mother cells involved in the above case ?
(e) How many male gametes were involved in this case ?
Q.29 (a) Plan an experiment and prepare a flow chart of the steps that you would follow to ensure that the seeds
are formed only from the desired sets of pollen grains. Name the type of experiment that you carried
Qut.
(b) Write the importance of such experiments.
Q.30 Explain the development of an anther and the formation of microspores in angiosperms. (ISC2o06)