GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics (STEM)
RECAP
Discussion last meeting
Week 1:
Measurements
Go to fullsize image
Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able
to:
1. Solve measurement problems involving
conversion of units, expression of
measurements in scientific notation
2. Differentiate accuracy and precision.
3. Differentiate random errors and systematic
errors.
4. Use the least count concept to estimate
errors associated with single
measurements estimate errors associated
with single measurements
S HI H
P YCS PI C
SSY
study of the natural world, both seen and
unseen
M
RATTE
TAEM
R
anything that takes up space and can be
weighed
YG
E NER
EGRN
Y
the capacity for doing work
U
S N
U I T N
S
measure for length, volume, and mass
G
PRSA
HAPG
HRS
pictorial representation
S.I. or International System:
• metric system of measurements.
• an internationally standardized system,
giving a common language between
nations and between the different
branches of science and technology
Go to fullsize image
What do we measure?
⚫ Fundamental properties
◼ mass (weight) kilogram
◼ length meter
◼ time second
◼ temperature Kelvin
Go to fullsize image
◼ Derived quantities
⚫ density, velocity, force, etc...
Scientific Notation
- involves expressing a number in terms of a power of 10.
The number is written as: (a number between 1 and 10)
times (10 raised to a power)
0.000136 = 1.36 x10− 4
Go to fullsize image
1,230,000 = 1.23 x 106
10,000 = 1.00 x10 4
0.0000001 = 1.00 x10− 7
0.0000812 = 8.12 x10− 5
CONVERSIONS
Steps to Problem Solving
◼ Read problem
◼ Identify data
◼ Write down a unit plan from the
initial unit to the desired unit
◼ Select conversion factors
◼ Change initial unit to desired
unit
◼ Cancel units and check
◼ Do math on calculator
◼ Give an answer using
significant figures
Practice
A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How
long is the snake in cm?
1) 2440 cm
2) 244 cm
3) 24.4 cm
Solution
A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is the
snake in cm?
2) 244 cm
2.44 m x 100 cm = 244 cm
1m
What is wrong with the following setup?
1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec
24 hr 1 hr 1 min
1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec
24 hr 1 hr 1 min
Units = day2/hr2 Not the final unit needed
If the ski pole is
3.0 feet in length,
how long is the
ski pole in mm?
3.0 ft x 12 in x 2.54 cm x 10 mm =
1 ft 1 in. 1 cm
Convert units from one system
of measurement to another
system of measurement.
1. A car travels at the rate of 80 km/hr. What
is its speed in m/s?
2. Convert 5000 cm3 to m3
Convert units from one system
of measurement to another
system of measurement.
3. Find the area of a circle in meters with
radius 10 cm. What is its area in ft2?
Area of a Circle (A)
A = π r2
Solution:
r = 10 cm x 1 meter = 0.10 m
100 cm
A = πr2 Area in ft2
= (3.1416) (0.10 m)2 A = = 0.031416 m2 x 3.28 ft 2
A = 0.031416 m2 1m
A = 0.338 ft2
Accuracy and Precision
◼ Accuracy refers to the
closeness of a
measured value to a
standard or known
value.
◼ Precision refers to the
closeness of two or
more measurements
to each other.
Accurate, but Precise, but Accurate and
not precise not accurate precise
Errors in Measurement
◼ Random errors in experimental measurements are
caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in
the experiment. These changes may occur in the
measuring instruments or in the environmental
conditions. Random errors usually result from the
experimenter's inability to take the same
measurement in exactly the same way to get exact
the same number.
◼ Systematic errors, by contrast, are reproducible
inaccuracies that are consistently in the same
direction. Examples of systematic errors caused by
the wrong use of instruments are: errors in
measurements of temperature due to poor thermal
contact between the thermometer and the substance
whose temperature is to be found, errors in
measurements of solar radiation because trees or
buildings shade the radiometer.
Estimating errors
◼ Uncertainty a quantitative measure of how
much measured values deviate from one
another.
Example:
A measurement of 5.07 g ± 0.02 g
means that the experimenter is confident
that the actual value for the quantity
being measured lies between
5.05 g and 5.09 g.
Determining Accuracy of
Measurements
◼ Collect as many measurements of the thing
you are measuring as possible. ...
◼ Find the average value of your
measurements. ...
◼ Find the absolute value of the difference of
each individual measurement from the
average.
Sample problem
In an experiment, the values of refractive indices of glass were found
to be 1.54, 1.53, 1.44, 1.54,1.56 and 1.45 in successive
measurements. Find the Percentage error.
Solution:
Mean = 61.54+1.53+1.44+1.54+1.56+1.45 = 1.51
6
Mean absolute error = 1/6 ∑(x1ˉ−xˉ)2 = 0.04
Relative error = Absolute error = 0.04 = 0.026 ≈ 0.03
Mean 1.51
% error= Relative error × 100 = 3%
Graphical Analysis in
Linear Fitting
In Graphical Analysis this is called a linear fit.
Preforming a linear fit will also give us the y
intercept of the line. The Graphical analysis is
“the method of analysis which performs
graphing by taking the input from data tables”.
Graphical analysis can be done by creating
the graphs, histograms, data tables and FFTs
(Fast Fourier Transform).
Here are some graph presentations by linear fitting :
Here are some graph presentations by linear fitting :
Thank GOD for Physics we can
measure lots of things and
improve the way we live in a
tremendous ways!
(1 sheet of pad paper)
Do not forget to write your name, section and the date today.
1. Express the 0.000167 to power of 10.
2. The edge of a cube is measured to be 1.2×10−2 m.
Its volume should be recorded as ____________.
3. Convert 40 ft/s to m/s
4. When buying a television, the screen size is
measured in inches between opposite corners. How
many feet across is a 45-inch
5. Find the perimeter of a parallelogram 7 meters
long and 5 feet wide.