U1

State hooked law and the conditions under which it is valid.

1. extension is directly proportional to force
2. If the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

Describe the behavior of a spring when it is stretched beyond the region where
hooked law is obeyed.
1. There is greater extension for small increase in force
2. Extension is not proportional to the applied force
3. Beyond the elastic limit, it will plastically deform & not return to
its original length
[old] why does glass need high temperatures to mold it
1. At low temperature glass is brittle means little or no plastic
extension
2. At high temperature glass is ductile means large plastic extension

Sky diver falling through the sky. A velocity time graph is given with constant
velocity till 7s and velocity then increases but in a decreasing rate then
eventually levels off.
1. Initially, a=g as drag is 0 and this is a point of maximum acceleration
as the only force acting is weight force
2. Drag increases with velocity
3. Resultant force decreases
4. Until U=D and now acceleration is 0 as resultant force is 0
Explain effect of the mass of the skydiver on the terminal velocity reached before
he opened his parachute.
1. Terminal velocity increases as mass increases
2. As a greater drag force is needed to equal the increased weight and
make resultant force zero.

How to reduce terminal velocity when a sky diver is falling.

1. Increase the drag force
2. By increasing surface area or make a streamlined shape as he falls

Why ski-ears start from a lower height than a taller one?

1. lower start height would decrease the initial GPE
2. At take offf the KE would be lower as GPE is converted into KE
3. So velocity is lower and lesss distance is travelled
4. Landing velocity and the force will be lower so the jump is safer
To find velocity In vertical direction, use v= u+ at if time is known

trajectory of ski-er/ ball in air for a jump

1. air resistance is acting
2. Vertical acceleration reduced, horizontal deceleration occurs
3. Velocity is reduced mid air
4. Shorter distance travelled, both horizontally and vertically

To find distance travelled in a velocity time graph, find area under the graph

As slope gradient increases / , the normal reaction force decreases, weight stays
constant

Magnet A weaker and smaller is kept above magnet B stronger and bigger. How forces
experienced by both of them change?
1. Downward force acting on magnet A by magnet B
2. Upward force acting on magnet B by magnet A
3. By N3, the forces between magnets are equal
Why speed is calculated as an average speed?
1. Because total distance travellled is used
2. And speed may vary during these time interval

When ball falls in cylinder of oil, what happens to the forces until terminal
velocity reached?
1. The drag force is increasing as speed is increasing
2. There is upthrust (constant) and drag acting as upward force
3. Eventually drag forces increases to the point where W= U+D so resultant
force becomes 0 and there is 0 acceleration
4. Acceleration decreases until terminal velocity is reached and becomes
zero when it is reached due to resultant force being 0 (F=ma)

Normal contact force= weight force - frictional force

Describe property of aluminum that allows it to mound into different shapes

1. Aluminum is malleable
2. And will undergo a large plastic deformation under compression

Proportional limit: when stress is directly proportional to strain and hookes law
is obeyed

Elastic limit: maximum stress a material can withstand before permanent deformation
and still return to its original shape.

Yield point: the point at which there will be large increase for strain with little
increase in stress.

Permanent deformation: non-reversible deformation occurring after the elastic limit

is exceeded.

Breaking stress: the maximum stress a material can endure before breaking

Tensile stress : the maximum stress a material can endure before fracturing

Malleable: ability of a material to be hammered or rolled without breaking, this is

when a material can undergo large plastic deformation under compression.

Properties that make a material suitable for releasing/storing energy:

1. Low Young’s modulus
2. High elastic limit

In a displacement time graph, final displacement is measured from 0

Upthrust always stays constant. Of density of fluid & volume of sphere stays
constant.

For newtons 3rd law pair:

1. Forces must be acting on different bodies
2. Forces must be opposite in direction
3. Forces must be equal in size
4. Forces must be acting at the same time
5. Forces must be of the same type

Resultant force: vector sum of all forces acting on a body.

[Momentum] when kinetic energy before and after collision is not equal:
1. Forces acted between the objects
2. External forces act on the objects
Tough material is a material that can undergo a lot of stress for a small. Ross
sectional area.

Upthrust is the weight of the displaced fluid. And it is the upward force exerted
by a fluid on an object submerged in it.
Upthrust remains constant . U= p(fluid) x volume(sphere) x g

Laminate flow:
1. fluid layers flow past each other without mixing
2. Smooth orderly flow of fluid

Turbulent flow :
1. chaotic and irregular movement resulting in mixing within the fluid.
2. Occurs at high velocities

Sum of forces in equilibrium is zero

Why force of attraction between magnets don’t affect conservation of momentum?

The gliders accelerate in opposite directions
Magnetic forces are opposite and equal in direction
And magnetic forces are qualitatively in magnitude

What is meant by equilibrium

Zero resultant force
Zero moment force

What is meant by center of gravity

-The point at which the weight of an object is considered to act

When explaining newtons 2nd law-

Acceleration of an object is directly related o the net force and inversely related
to its mass F=ma, F mv/t
⁃ there is resultant force acting on the object
⁃ Then the object will accelerate

For stokes law to apply

⁃ spherical and small in shape
⁃ Ball moving at Low speed
⁃ Laminar flow

Where suvat equations won’t apply to a scenario

⁃ gradient and steepness of the slide/trajectory varies
⁃ So the acceleration of child/ball varies
⁃ Suvat equations require a constant acceleration
Under force-extension graph, find area of graph giving energy wastedd

1. limit of proportionality
2. Elastic limit
3. Yield point
4. Ultimate bye isle strength/breaking stress
5. Fracture point
Gradient of FORCE-LENGTH OF SRPING graph gives STIFFNESS K=F/L

Acceleration can be found from the gradient of a velocity-time graph.

Velocity can be found from the gradient of a displacement time graph.

 Find area under a velocity-time graph to find displacement for both slope and
straight line.

A material which shows a large plastic deformation under compression, is malleable.

Gradient of a displacement-time graph gives velocity

A material which goes under large plastic deformation without cracking is known as
malleable.

Q) Weighing scales in a lift, person weighing 100N

1. Accelerating upwards= Greater weight
2. less weight = Accelerating downwards, reaction is less than
weight,resultant force is downwards, upward force is less than weight of student.
3. Scales show 100N, reaction force is the reading on the scale.
4. At constant speed, weight=Reaction so resultant force is zero and
scales would show 100N

Springs in parallel constant, 1/kt=1/k1 + 1/k2

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS
⁃ A ball is thrown straight up in air and caught when it comes down.
Straight downward sloping line.
⁃ gradient gives Acceleration
⁃ ball is dropped to the ground and caught when it bounces up again.
[Positive straight line, vertical line,

A lift moves upward from rest with an acceleration a. A student of mass 70kg
standing in the liftbexerts a force of 800N on the floor of the lift. Which
equation determines a?
800-70g=70a

Upthrust changes when

1. fluid density increases
2. Volume of displaced fluid
3. Gravitational acceleration

Drag changes with

1. velocity increases
2. Fluid density
3. Area of sphere

Seawater has a higher density than purewater. Explain why position of the same
cylinder is higher above surface in seawater than in purewater?
⁃ upthrust is equal to weight of fluid displaced
⁃ Upthrust equals weight of the cylinder
⁃ Weight of displaced water equals weight of cylinder
⁃ So a smaller volume of seawater needs to be displaced as sea water has
greater density.

Free fall-
1. initially weight is greater (than tension in rope)
2. So acceleration is downwards of 9.81
3. Resultant force is downwards