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Electrostatic

Electrostatics is the study of electric charge at rest, focusing on forces, electric fields, and potentials. Electric charge can be positive or negative, with protons being positive and electrons negative, and it is conserved and quantized. Methods of charging include friction, conduction, and induction, and the behavior of electric charges is described by Coulomb's law and the principle of superposition.

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Electrostatic

Electrostatics is the study of electric charge at rest, focusing on forces, electric fields, and potentials. Electric charge can be positive or negative, with protons being positive and electrons negative, and it is conserved and quantized. Methods of charging include friction, conduction, and induction, and the behavior of electric charges is described by Coulomb's law and the principle of superposition.

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Electrostatics is a branch of physics which deals with the study of electric charge at rest Or It is a branch of physics which deals with the study of force, electric field and potential due to electric charge at rest What is an electric charge? Electric charge is a basic property of a body due to which the body attracts or repels another body. Charge is a scalar quantity.S.I. unit of charge is coulomb (C) Note: Electric charge is best understood by what it does and not by what it is ‘Types of charges: There are two types 1) Positive charge, 2) Negative charge By convention: The charge on proton is taken as positive charge. ‘The charge on electron is taken as negative charge. Note: Old convention 1, Charge on glass rod is called positive charge, Charge on plastic rod is called negative charge 2. The charges were named as positive and negative by an American scientist Benzamin Franckline. Neutral body or uncharged body: The body is said to be neutral if it has no charge. Ex: Atom Charged body or electrified body:The body is said to be charged if it has net charge Ex: Ion Polarity of charge: The property which differentiate the two types of charges is called polarity of charge. Note: 1. When two bodies are rubbed together, then electrons are transferred from one body to another body. The body which looses an electron becomes positively charged body and the body which gains an electrons becomes negatively charged body 2. Addition of electrons gives negatively charged body and removal of electrons gives positively charged body. « ve at 7 0 (Electric Charges and Fields 3. When the substance listed in column (1) are rubbed with the substances listed in column (2). Then the substances in column (1) acquire the positive charge and the substance in column(2) acquires negative charge. Column (1) (ve charge) _| Column (2) (ve charge) Glass rod Silk cloth Cat skin or fur Ebonite rod Woollen cloth ‘Amber rod Woollen cloth Plastic Woollen cloth rubber 4. Thales of Miletus was the first scientist who discovered the fact that an amber rubbed with sille or wool attracts the light objects. It was around 600 B.C. 5. Mass of a body is always is positive, whereas charge can be either positive or negative. Electroscope: It is a device used to detect the charge on a body. Gold leaf electroscope: It is one type of electroscope used to detect charge on a body. _ Metal knob Metal rod_ Construction: It is one type of electroscope used to detect the charge on a body. It consists of a vertical metal rod kept on a box.A metal knob is present at the upper end and gold leaves are attached at bottom end of a metal [Link] a charged body touches the metal knob, the charge flows to the gold leaves and gold leaves diverge (repelled).The degree of divergence of leaves depends on charge on a body. Conductor:The substance which allows the charges to pass through it easily is called conductor Ex:All metals (Cu, Al, Ag, Fe etc...), thehumanbody, animal body and earth. Insulator: The substance which doesnot allow the charges to pass through it is called insulator. Ex:Wood, plastic, Diamond, Glass —————— 7 oO Note (1): When a conductor is charged then charges are distributed over the entire surface of the conductor ia aes g22ooooes = — | E 7 | ~ 3 =———— oF Negatively charged conductor Positively charged conductor Note(2): If some charge is put on an insulator, it stay at the same place Ex: o 2 tL ] . Negatively charged Insulator _Positively charged Insulator ‘That is the charge doesn’t get distributed over the surface of insulator. Electrification: The process of charging a body is called electrification. Earthing or Grounding: ‘The process of sharing the charges with the earth is called earthing or grounding. Ex 1):When a negatively charged body is connected to earth, = then the electrons flow from body to earth till the body becomes neutral. Ex 2):When a positively charged body is connected to earth, then the electron flow from earth to body till the body becomes neutral. Ex 3):When a neutral body is connected to earth, then there is no flow of charge from body to earth. Earthing is necessary for house, why? The electricity from the mains is supplied to our houses using a 3 core wiring called live wire, neutral wire and earth wire. The live and neutral wires carry the current from the power station. One end of the earth wire is connected to a thick metal plate which is buried in the earth and the other end of earth wire is connected to metallic bodies of electrical appliances (refrigerator, T.V, etc). When live wire touches the metallic body then charges flow to the earth through earth [Link], there is no damages to the electrical appliances. = oO (Electric Charges and Fields Note: 1. Usually the live wire is red in colour neutral wire is black in colour and the earth wire is green in colour. Methods of charging a body There are three methods to charge a body a) Charging by friction b) Charging by conduction ©) Charging by induction Charging by friction: ‘When a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth then glass rod loses the electron and silk cloth gains electron therefore glass rod becomes positively charged body and the silkcloth becomesnegatively charged body. This process is called charging by friction Note:Normally insulator can be charged by friction method. In this method opposite charges are developed. Charging by conduction: A _|7 [|B uu “Tw © © Let A and B are the two conductors A is negatively charged and B is neutral when A and B are brought in contact, free electrons flow from A to B therefore conductor B gets negatively [Link] process is called charging by conduction. Note:Charging by conduction is suitable for conductors. In this method same charges are developed. Charging by Induction: When a charged body is brought near the neutral body then opposite charges are developed on a near surface of a neutral body. This process is called charging by Induction Describe how two spheres can oppositely charged by induction method B A B & 8 A 8 1 @ ®e © The two metal spheres can be oppositely charged by following step: A @ Step 1:Bring two metal spheres A and B in contact mounted on insulating stand as shown in fig (a). ee a oO ‘lectric Charges and Fields Step 2:Bring a positively charged glass rod near the sphere A. Then the free electrons in A and B are attracted towards glass rod. As a result excess negative charges and positive charges are developed on A and B as shown in fig (b). Step 3: Separate the spheres A and B by a small distance while the glass rod is held near ‘A’ as shown in fig (c). Step 4:Remove the glassrod, the negative charges on A and positive charges on ‘B’ are uniformly distributed as shown in fig (a). «By induction method the two metal spheres acquired equal and opposite charges Note: Charging by induction is suitable for conductors. In this method opposite charges are developed. |Note: Describe how canyou charge a single metal sphere positively without @ e metallic sphere can be positively charged by following steps tep 1:Consider a neutral metal sphere kept on insulating stand as shown in| ig (a). tep 2:Bring a negatively charged plastic rod near the sphere. Then free| lectrons move away from the rod due to repulsion. As a result excess| positively and negatively charges are developed (induced) on the sphere as| hown in fig (b) tep S:negatively charged part of a sphere is connected to earth ithoutremoving plasticrod, then electrons flow into earth as shown in fig (c). tep 4: Remove the plasticrod and earthing, now positive charges are| ldistributed over the surface of sphere as shown in fig (d). lie. Metallic sphere is positively charged by induction method Note: 1. Similar steps are involved on charging a metal sphere negatively by bringing a positively charged glass rod. 2. Why charged body attracts light objects? When a charged body is brought near the light objects like piece of paper, the charged body induces opposite charges on near surface of a light objects. As a result charged body attracts light objects. = ne se 2 0 (Electric Charges and Fields What are Point charges? Charges whose sizes are very small compared to the distance between them are called point charges. Basie unit of charge or elementary charge or fundamental charge The charge on an electron or proton is called basic unit of charge or elementary charge It is denoted by the letter ‘e’ The value of elementary charge is e=1.602192 x 1019C Note: 1) Charge on electro 1.602 x 10-C, 2) Charge on proton = +e = +1.602 x 10 C :. Magnitude of charge on electron and proton is equal 3) Charge on neutron = 0 4) The least possible amount of charge that can exist independently in the nature is called elementary charge. Basic properties of electric charge: The electric charge is conserved. ‘The electric charge is quantized. The charge is additive. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Charge is scalar, its SI unit is coulomb. ae FR Explain Additivity of charge: Charges can be added algebraically, ie., if a system contains positive charges +q,, +q,, +4, and negative charges -q,, — 4, —q, Then, total charges of a system or net charge =q, +4, +4,-4,-4—q- Ex: If a system contains the charges +4C, +2C, -3C and -1C ‘Then, net charge = 4C+2C-3C-1C=+2C Explain Conservation of charge: Conservation of charge states that “The total charge of an isolated system remains always constant”, i.e. total charge of the isolated system can neither be created nor be destroyed but there is a transfer of electrons from one body to another body. Therefore charge is conserved. Ex:In unstable nucleus neutron is converted into proton and electron. i.e, neutron = proton + electron A/C to law of conservation of charge, Charge on neutron = charge on proton + charge on electron O=+e-e 0-0 Explain Quantization of charge: ‘The charge on a body is always an integral multiple of charge on electron. > Quantization of charge means charge on a body can be increased or decreased in steps of ‘e’ “ ————————— oO (Glectric Charges and Fidds > Charge on a body is given by (Expression for quantization of charge) a-ne Where, n= number of electrons added or removed from the body Where,q= charge on a body e-elementary charge Note: 1. Quantization of charge was experimentally demonstrated by R.A Millikan through his oil-drop experiment. 2. Quantization of charge was first suggested by the experimental laws of electrolysis discovered by Faraday. 3. The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges at restis called electrostatic force. State and explain coulomb’s law: It states that “the force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitudes of two chargesand inversely proportional to square of the distance between them. The force is acting along the line joining two charges.” « — % % Let, q,andq,= two point charges, r = distance between them, F = force between qi and az Foqq, and F ot de F ohh “P Gd, rex Sh r Where, K = proportionality constant but, K = ane, po ah ‘ane, F This is the expression for electrostatic force or columb’s law Note 1:¢, is called permittivity of free space S.L unit is C2 Nm? £5" 8.854 x 10-!2C? Nt m? Note2:To find the value of — ine, 1 1 ane, 4x3.14x8.854x10™ 1 9.00899% 102 ane, 1 9.99 x 109 4ne, Leo x 109Nm2/02 ne, Note3: Coulomb used a Torsion balance for measuring the force between two charged metallic spheres, Note4:Torsion balance is a sensitive device to measure a force. Note5:Cavandis also used Torsion balance to measure the very feeble gravitational force. Define one columb using coulomb’s law: According to coulomb’s law pe) Ge if qi=q2=1C and r=1m Gre, 1 2a “dre, 1 Are, F=9x109N Then F= Definition:One columb is the charge that when placed at a distance of 1m from another identical charge kept in vacuum experiences a force of repulsion of 9x10°N. Note: Define one coulomb of charge in terms of current: One coulomb is that charge flowing through a wire in one second if the current is one ampere. Columb’s law in vector form: qh tb ss Ek q £1 9a; z = Bee E E Where, § £ £, =Fore ong, by q, , = position vector. {= unit vector which gives direction of force. Note:1) The force on q2 and q: = force on q: by q2 E,=-E Thus, Coulomb's law obeys Newton's III law. ST oO (Electric Charges and Fidds Note:2) Pictorial representation of force of repulsion between two like charges (a1 g2>0) fe ee Ei <—o—__-—__ b & Note3) Pictorial representation of force of attraction between two unlike charges (q: q2< 0). Principle of superposition of electrostatic forces : It states that ‘Force on any charge due to a number of other charges is the vector sum of all the forces on that charge due to other charges taken one at a time. The individual forces are unaffected due to the presence of other charges. Application of Principle of superposition to find the force between system. of charges: —————_ Consider a system of n stationary charges. Let force on qiby q2 is El aa, Et xe 8 Gey Tig Force on quby qs is Tr i= x Shi, me Similarly, oe on q, by q, is : Ey= Shs, aa z (Electric Ci rand Fields Electric field or electric field intensity or strength: Electric field at a point is the force per unit positive charge. Force i.e, Electric fiekd-—Fore _ Me eee ait positive charge Es D S.1. unit is newton /coulomb(N/C)or volt / meter (v/m), Electric field is a vector quantity. Source charge: The charge which produces the electric field is called source charge. ‘Test charge: The charge that detects the effect of source charge is called test charge, Note: UPC=Unit positive charge. In SI, UPC = 1 coulomb. Mention the expression for electric field due to a point charge: ig gL ft r —__ Let, q=source charge, qo=test charge (upc), P=any point According to coulomb’s law 1% re, Fla t-1,4 q 4s, But 4-5 pectic field % E= 1 x—| “ane, ‘This is the expression for electric field at a point p due to a charge. Note: 1. Electric field in vector form: 2. Ow , E The electric field due to positive charge is directed radially outward. ——— k The electric field due to negative charge is directed radially inward. 0 slectric Charges and Fields Principle of superposition of electric field: It’s state that “The net electric field at a point is the vector sum of all the electric fields at that point due to number of charges.” Application of principle of superposition to find Electric field due to system of charges: Consider a system of ‘n’ charges arranged as shown. Electric field at a point P by qi charge is r E, 1 4 wpe bh Ae, Tp Electric field at a point P by q2 charge is Physical significance of electric field: Electric field is a vector quantity. Electric field was first introduced by Faraday. Electric field transport the energy. It is a characteristic of system of charges and it does not depend on test charge. It deals with theelectromagnetic phenomena. Electricfield lines or Electric lines of force: It is a curved path drawn such that tangent at any point on it gives the direction of net electric field at that point. Or It is an imaginary path along which unit positive charge moves. The concepts of electric field lines was developed by Faraday. ee 1 = 0 (Electric Changes and Fielcis Note: 1. Electric field lines due to a single positive charge are directed radially outward. 2. Electric field lines due to a single negative charge are \t/ directed radially onward. Se 3. The electric field lines around two opposite charges are as shown in figure. 4. The electric field lines around two same charges are as shown. Properties of electric field lines: 1, The electric field lines start from the positive charge and ends at negative charge. 2. The electric field lines donot intersect each other. 3. The electric field lines donot form a closed loop. 4. The electric field lines are normal to the surface of charged conductor. Note: If electric field lines intersect, the field at the point of intersection will not have a unique direction. That’s why two electric field lines never intersect. Electric flux: ‘The total number of electric field lines passing through the surface area held perpendicular to the direction of field lines is called electric flux. [Link] is NC m?. Electric flux is @ scalar quantity. Electric flux through an area element: ‘Normal to AS E Normal Consider a surface ‘S’. Let, AS = small area element of surface E = Electric field @ = Angle between ©’ and normal to AS —=, oO lectric Charges and Fics A@ = Electric flux through AS. The projection of area ‘AS’ normal to E is given by AScos® ‘The electric flux through the area element AS is given by Ag = E AS cos0 a= Boas Therefore, electric flux through a surface is defined as the dot product of electric field and area clement. Note 1) Electric flux through small area AS is given by ‘Ag = EAS cose ap-£- aS Note 2) Total electric flux through entire surface is given e=ZEMS or gagh-as Note 3) We have Ad = E AS cos0 __4¢ ~ AScOsO* i.e. Electric field is the electric flux per unit normal area. 1f8=0°, cos0®=1, then E~A¢ as Note 4) If @= 0°, cos0? =1 al ‘Ap = EAS cos0? as Normal to AS Ao = EAS i.e. flux is maximum Shen pi, Note 5)If @=90", cos90° =0 Then, Ap=EASx0=0 st i.e. flux is minimum. . Electric dipole:A set of two equal and opposite point charges separated by a small distance is called electric dipole. +q -q +q and -q = point charges ——_—______+ 2a = distance between +q and ~q = dipole length H—— 2a ——— Note: Net charge of an electric dipole is zero we 0 ve = e| (Bioctric Charges and Frets Electric dipole moment (b): It is the product of magnitude of one of the charges and the distance between two charges of dipole. Dipolemoment = charge x distance P=qx2a S.1 unit is coulomb x metre (Cm) Dipole moment is a vector quantity Note (1) Dipole moment in vector form B=qx2aP Where? = unit vector which gives direction of dipole moment. Note (2) The direction of dipole moment is directed from negative charge to positive charge along the dipole axis ~ ‘4 P @—_=—___9 Note (3) ‘Equatorial line Obtain an expression for the electric field at a point along the axis of dipole Consider a point M on the axis of electric dipole. Let _O = mid point of dipole +q and -q = two point charges, = magnitude of point charge 2a = dipole length, 1 = distance between O and M P = dipole moment acting from —q to +q, P = unit vector of P but P=qx2a - --> (1) Electric field at M due to +q charge is 1 gq 4 Pe x P away from + “Ge, * ay 2 2 Electric field at M due to -q charge is ne a ie oO lectric Charges and Fields r E 1a “4 4ney (r+a) (-ve sign indicates that E_, is opposite to B) According to the principle of superposition the total electric field at M is =E + PB towards -q atk eo GS F ~ Gxe, (r—ayr pad | hs “Gxe,| (tay (rea) 2 |_4_Ip 11 _ (rea) -(r-al! © Are} (Pay (r-a)) (real (ra) (r+a)" If, ra P+a?+2ar-r ~a? + 2ar then (r-a*} = (Pf =1* (r-a) (rea)? dar |p —a_ 2 (ca) gq (2 are, (PF __1 [2x2axq], “ae 1 [2P}, tzeleP This is the expression for electric field at a point on the axis of dipole. Obtain an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of electric dipole. Consider a point M on the perpendicular bisector of the axis of dipole. Let = Midpoint of dipoles, +q and —q = two point charges = magnitude of charge, 2a = dipole length 3 oO (Electric Charges and Fields P = dipole moment acting from -q to +q, P = unit vector Magnitude of dipole moment is P=q* 2a ------ (1) From figure, AM? =12+a2 0 and BM? =r? + a2 < AM? = BM? = 1? + a? 1 AM = BM = (? +a? Electric field at M due to +q charge is uo rn = Tre, “AME P Eig=—-x—1 > away from +4 Electric field at M due to -q charge is -q= 1.4 Gre, BM @ 4 q aa wa towards -q Hence [Eu = [E4| (magnitudes) Resolving E-q and E-q in to two rectangular components each. Here, perpendicular components are equal and opposite. So they cancels each other. The components parallel to dipole axis are in same direction. So they add up Total electric field at M E =-[E+.coso+ E.>a then (Fr +a) s(ey'- ar 1 [PJs mel ‘This is the expression for electric field at a point on the equatorial plane, > Note WAElcene field at a point on the dipole axis. Eyaais -2(7 P r It is acting along dipole moment Note (2)Electric field at a point on the equatorial plane r 1(P E = =|? se ae, { 5} ~ve sign indicates that net electric fieid is opposite to dipole moment Note (3): From note (1) and (2). It is clear that, Euipoie axis = 2 Equatorial (magnitude wise) Note (4) : Force acting on positive charge is along the electric field direction. The force acting on negative charge is opposite to the field direction. Obtain the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric fiel Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field ©’. Let +q and -q = two charges of dipole ‘AB = 2a = dipole length 6 = angle between £ and dipole moment P. The fore acting on +qis Fi-qE along E The force acting on -q is . F,=4E opposite to E ie. F, and F, are two equal and opposite force acting on the dipole. As a result, torque is acting on the dipole but, torque = force x perpendicular distance between two forces. t=gExBC ----- (1) From right angled triangle BCA se ve oe Ty e| (Electric Charges and Fields amo < BC _BC sing = BC_BC AB 2a BC = 2a sin8 s-equation (1) becomes t= qx2axExsind <=PEsino (Qqx2a=P) This is the expression for torque acting on the dipole Note-1:We have <= PE sin = PxE—> Vector form i.e. Torque is the cross product of dipole moment and electric field, Torque is a vector. S.1 unit of torque is Nm (newtonmetre) Note-2: If dipole is along the electric field Then @=0° Or 0 = 180° a? +4 Q— _>—_@_»—E a Then sinO = sin0® = sin180° = 0 1.1 = PE x sin6 E x 0 i.e no torque is acted on dipole (Torque is minimum) Note-3: oan If dipole is perpendicular to Electric field. Then, 6=90°. ? Then sin@ = sin 90° = 1 .t=PEsin® e908 t=PE Torque is maximum when the dipole is placed perpendicular to the direction of field. mt Linear charge density (2): It is defined as the charge per unit length. ie: Linear’chargerdenaity » SME Tength a=4a aL S. unit is coulomb/metre (c/m) pAV Ane, iy T This is the expression for electric field due to continuous charge distribution. State Gauss law: It states that “Total electric flux flow through the closed surface is equal That is, Total electric flux =-4 Ey Where, _ q=total charge closed by the surface eo= permittivity of free space. $$ ror ec i] oO (Electric Charges and Fields Deduce Gauss law: Consider a sphere of radius ‘r’, divide the sphere into small area element as shown in figure. Normal 1.85 Let, q = charge enclosed by a sphere, r= radius of sphere. As = small area element Electric field at the surface is aad, Ane, Small electric flux flows through AS is Ag=EAScos@, but 8 = 0°, cos0* = 1 :, Total electric flux through entire sphere. o=> Ao 1 > 4né, o-— yas a ps But (AS = 4ar =area of sphere 1 o= Ant This is called Gauss law. re er = oO Teetric Charges and Fieiis Significance of Gauss law: 1. Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size. & here q is the sum of all the charges enclosed & 2. According to Gauss law, by the surface. 3. The surface that we choose for the application of gauss law is called Gaussian surface. 4. Gauss law is based on inverse square dependence on distance contained in coulombs law. Applications of Gauss law: Using Gauss law 1. Electric field due to infinite long straight uniformly charged wire can be found. 2. Electric field due to uniformly charged infinite sheet can be found. 3. Electric field due to a charged thin spherical shell can be found. Derive an expression for electric field due to infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire using Gauss law: q ‘4 Nonmal to AS 6=90° >. a| 0:0 | |Normal to AS_E 0 6=90 Y Nommal to AS Consider an infinitely long straight charged wire. Let 4 = Linear charge density of wire, E=Electric field at a point P” r= Distance between wire and P. Draw a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius ‘r’ passing through point ‘Pa shown in figure. ‘The electric field is radially outward. i.e. perpendicular to wire. Electric flux through 1* circular end of a cylinder (Gaussian “ey 2: 1 (Electric Charges and Fields Agi=0 Similarly electric flux through 2" circular end of cylinder (G.S.) is Ago= 0 Electric flux through curved surface of cylinder (Gaussian surface) is Ags-EAS cos® 00°, cos0%=1 Ags = EAS But, AS = 2zrL = Total surface area of cylinder, Where, L=length of cylinder. Ags-Ex2rrL Total electric flux is bit Ado tAgs +0+ Ex2nrL g-Ex2arl ~ (y) Let, q= charge enclosed by cylinder (Gaussian surface) But 9, = Chase From equation (1) and (2) Ex2nn,- AL & kh ~ Qnet This is the expression for electric field due to a charged long wire. i. ret unit vector which gives directions of E and it is radially directed. r Note: 1) In vector form, E = Note: 2) Electric field due to a wire is radially outward if charge is +ve (or 2. is +ve). Electric field due to a wire is radially inward if charge is negative (or ) is negative): « vec eer a Oo [Electric Charges and Fields Derive an expression for electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet: Plane sheet Consider a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. Let, c= surface charge density of plane sheet E-Electric field at a point P due to plane sheet, it is directed outward. Draw a cylindrical Gaussian surface, perpendicular to plane sheet passing through a point ‘P’ as shown in figure. Let, A=cross sectional area of cylinder. Electric flux through 1* circular end of cylinder (Gaussian surface) is Agi= EAS cos) But, AS=A, 0=0°, cos0°=1 AgisEA Similarly, electric flux through 2 circular end of cylinder is Ago=EA Electric flux through curved surface of cylinder is Ags= EAS cosé 0=90°, cos90°=0 Ags= EAS x 0 Ags=0 =Total electric flux through cylinder (Gaussian surface) is O= Abi tAgatAda $-EA+EA+0 $-2EA -- a) Charge enclosed by cylinder = q But «= awe ‘Area q WL, gua. o-4 aro According to Gauss law (2) (Electric Charges and Fields From equations (1) and (2) This is the expression for electric field due to plane sheet. Note: r 1. In vector form E=—2-A. Where ft=unit vector. 0 2. Bis directed outward if o is +ve (i.e. q is +ve) and E is directed inward if is negative (i.e. q is negative) 3. E is independent of distance from plane sheet. Derive an expression for electric field due to a charged thin spherical shell using Gauss law: Case 1: Electric field outside the shell: Consider a charged thin spherical shell. Let, R= radius of spherical shell, _q=charge on spherical shell Ez electric field at a point ’, o=surface charge density Area of spherical shell = 4xR? Consider a point P out side the shell. Imagine that a spherical Gaussian surface around the shell passing through point ‘P’ with the centre ‘O’ as shown in figure. :, r-radius of Gaussian surface Let AS=small area element around point :. The electric flux through AS is a om oO AQ=EAS cos0 But 0-0, cos0=1 Total electric flux through entire Gaussian surface is = DAG $=DEas $= [Link] (Electric field E is same at all point on Gaussian surface) But ))AS=4nr’ = area of Gaussian surface. = Ex 4ar- = (2) According to Gauss law [ from equation (1), q=ox4nR?] From equations (1) and (2), o4rR* & Ex4ar = oR! et” This is the expression for electric field at a point ‘P” Case 2:Electric field inside the shell: Consider a point P inside the spherical shell. Consider a Gaussian surface passing through point ‘P’ as shown in figure. Electric flux through the Gaussian surface is =Ex4nr (Refer equation 2) According to Gauss law, Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface. i.e. q=0. (No charge is present inside the shell) 7 E=0 i.e. Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell is zero at all point inside the shell. ———=— 3 oO (Electric Charges and Fields _oxR? ee gaa anR’ LR p- aR er E-—4 ane i4 4ne, This is the expression for electric field at a point out side the charged spherical shell. Note: E But One mark questions What is an electric charge? What are point charges? Define polarity of charge. What is gold leaf electro scope? What is meant by earthing? What is significance of earthing? Define elementary charge. What is meant by additivity of charge? The net charge of a system of point charges -4, +3, -1 & +4 ([Link]) =? 10. What is meant by conservation of charge? 11. What is quantisation of charge? 12. Mention the S.I. unit of charge. (March-2014) 13, State coulomb’s law (March-2017) 14. Define one coulomb of charge. (March-2015) 15. State the principal of super position of electro statics. 16. Which principle is employed in finding the force between multiple charges? 17. Define electric field. 18 Is electric field a scalar/vector? 19. Mention the S.I. unit of electric field. 20. What is the direction of electric field due to a point positive charge 21. What is the direction of electric field due to a point negative charge? 22, What is a source charge? 23. What is a test charge? 24. How do you pictorially map the electric field around a configuration of charges? 25. What is an electric field line? 26, What is electric flux? 27. Mention the [Link] of electric flux. 28. What is an electric dipole? (29. What is the net charge of an electric dipole? Define dipole moment. oO PENA Rw ne 26 ‘Charges and Fields O.{s dipole moment a vector / scalar? 4. What is the direction of dipole moment? ‘2. What is the net force on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field? 53. When is the torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field maximum? 34, When is the torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field minimum? 35. State Gauss’s law. 36. What is a Gaussian surface? 37. What happens to the force between two point charges if the distance between them is doubled? 38. If two charges kept in ‘air’ at a certain separation, are now kept at the same separation in ‘water’ of dielectric constant 80, then what happens to the force between them? 39. On a macroscopic scale is charge discrete or continuous? ‘Two mark questions 1. Explain construction of gold leaf electroscope. Earthing is necessary for house, Why? Write the expression for quantisation of charge and explain the terms in it. 4. State and explain Coulomb's law of electrostatics. (March-2014, July-2015, March-2017) 5. Write Coulomb's law in vector notation and explain the terms. (March-2015) 6. Write the pictorial representations of the force of repulsion and attraction, between two point charges. Explain the principle of superposition to calculate the force between multiple charges. 8. Mention the expression for the electric field due to a point charge placed in vacuum. 9. Write the expression for the electric field due to a system of charges and explain it. [Link] electric fieid lines in case of a positive point charge. [Link] electric field lines in case of a negative point charge. 12. Sketch the electric field lines in case of an electric dipole. [Link] the electric field lines in case of two equal positive point charges. [Link] any two properties of electric field lines, (July-2015, March-2015, March-2017) [Link] the expression for the torque acting on an clectric dipole placed in a uniform electric field and explain the terms in it. [Link] linear density of charge and mention its SI unit. [Link] surface density of charge and mention its SI unit. 18. Define volume density of charge and mention its SI unit. [Link] is the effect of a non-uniform electric field on an electric dipole? ‘Three mark questions [Link] three properties of electric charge. (July-2014) [Link] a diagram to show the resultant force on a charge in a system of three charges [Link] is the electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell, zero? Explain. 7 0 Electric Charges and Fidds 4. Obtain the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field. Five mark questions 1. Obtain an expression for the electric field at a point along the axis of an electric dipole.(Mar-16) 2. Obtain an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole.(March-2015) 3. State Gauss’s law. Obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged conductor. (July-2015) 4. State Gauss’s [Link] an expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. 5. State Gauss’s [Link] an expression for the electric field at an outside point due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell. (March-2014, July- 2014)

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