1

Problem set 4 :
cyclic groups
A. 39 Find osdossofe1ementsinU#
Solution .
V42> =
{ 1,5 ,
>
,
/I
} . 5%25--1,72--49=1 ,

11 ? 121=1 f) en ce 097=1 ◦ (5) = 067=0 (1) 7=2 .

.
,

② 40 Show
.
01497
cyclic of order
is 42 .
How
many
elements
generate V49 ) ?
'

can

solution . 41497=0/67--7 .
(7-1)=42 .

÷÷t÷::÷::÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷
7- 6
=> ◦ [ 23=21 .

8.3=24
'

-12 -24 1

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 31° 314 315316

} 312 313
"
3 3 3
§ 27 32 -2 -6 -18 -5 -15 -
5 12 36 to 30 -8 -24

317 318 319 320 321 3%-1-7%-1 .

Soo (3) = z
-11 -33 I
-
23 -20
-

then { 37--01493
^
:
V14 97=137 .

If (n ,
427=1 .

So
41427--917 .
3. 2) = 12
powers g- 3
generate
U[ 493 .

Q41 Show that not

UCMJ is
cyclic for 273 .

Check that 4+2 7? 1+2^+22^-2=-1 and

" '
Solution
_

.
 (-1+22-3)? I -2^+22^-3--2 .
Hence 73=1 has
at least solutions 1
,
-1 1+22-3 -1+27 ? Since
,

has
only
'
order 2T
_

a
cyclic group of one

subgroup of order 2 27=1 has only 2- Solutions

,

Hence UCB)
if 0127 more
cyclic .

for n ≥3 ,
is

not
cyclic .

List all
442 .

cyclic subgroups of U 1301 .

Solution .
30 = 2.5.3
41307=912791579137--8 .

V13) =
{ 1,711,13 17,1=9,23 293 ,
=
,
_

7,7%49--19,73=133--13 ,
74=91--1 147>1--4

11,112--121=1 i. 141171--2

13,133=169--19 ,
133--247=7
,
134=91--1 < 737=577

IT ,
173-289--19,173--323=23 ,
17%391=1 K 177 / = 4

29=-1 i. 29 ? C- DEI .

{ 1,7 ,
19,133=47%3%7719,233--4177
I /
< 19 > =
{ 1,19} 297={3293,4117--2,17}
y
 Q 43 show that there
-

are 4 cyclic subgroups in V62> .

Solution .
✗ C) 2) =
91334147=2.2--4
V62) =
{ 1,5 7 It } 52--25=1 7%49=1 117-121 = J
, , , ,

Hence v42.3 has cyclic subgroups .

Exhibit
45
cyclic subgroup FCQ
⑦ •
a
proper non -
+7
9

Solution .
Let H= { ÷ : a c- 2
} is a
subgroup
ME 21
under addition
of Q .

If +1 =
{ In > for some

and 2 then mtZ

Izzy for
a c- Z n c- = m a- some

zn
But then which '

contradiction
ma=± is a
.

Q -46 List all elements of order 2 in 5¢ How

.

many
elements of Sn have order 2
?
Solution .
A transposition has order 2 .
There are
(1) = 6

transpositions Product of has

. 2
disjoint transpositions
order Note that and d)
2 .

if cab ? are
disjoint then

( ab) Ccd ) = (ed ) cab) .

Hence there are 3 such elements .

So there elements order 2-

are 9
of
A permutation rodeo is
product F
of
2 a

disjoint 2-cycles Let .

m= 2m .

Suppose / r / =3 and - is
 product of K cycles k Let
is a

disjoint 2-
,
≤ in . .

• =
0,02 _
.

ok ,
% is a 2- cycle and 03 ,
- -

, % are

disjoint .
Then 0
,
can be chosen in
(3) ways
chose in
Cm 2) ways etc Hence the
-

% con be . . - -

2- ,

number
m
of such permutations is

I (7) (
2m "
( )/ kf
a

]
'
2m
- -

. . .

-
2
.

k= 1

Any permutation of 0. . .
.sk gives the same 0

When
.

similar
n=2mH
,
a
argument can be
given
-

0153 . Let olx)=n .

Show that [Link]?7=Lxs >
if and
only if [Link]
Solution .
067 ) =
E- = 01st ) -
I

[Link] [Link]
godown > =

[Link] .

Q -47 Let
.
[Link]-2 .
Find a
generator Fsm> nos >
 then { }
Solution .

If either moon is zero { m >non> = o .

So 0 is a
generator .

Let m
1=0 We also M h
≥/
,
n .

may assume ,
.

Then k= 1cm ( mis ) Ehm > nsn> .

Moreover K It if mlt
and nlt .
So < [Link] > = Lm> Ahn > .

Determine the lattice of

Q 48
.

subgroups of 2,3g .

Solution The
.

Subgroups of Rpgs are

cyclic . no
of
divisors each divisrrd there
of p3q2 are 12 .
For
,
is a
unique
cyclic group 9 of ordered .

If [Link]/p3q2
then this draw
Ce E. Cd .
Using we can

the lattice
of subgroups

Show the set

Q 49 .
.

of position rationals
G- Q_

> ☐
is not
cyclic under
multiplication
solution .

If G is
cyclic then G =L % > where § -421 .

2b¥ I / an 3) =) ( a

So 2) b *
,

2 =
for some 72>-2--7 .

If has
Q
exactly three

subgroups
50
group
a
-

G and order
subgroup 9- e
,
a 7 .

that is § .

rodent
Solution .
=
Cz =
cyclic group of
If g
C- G- { } e then <9> =
G N Los > =
Cy .

If 297--2 ez then 297--9 .

If G is
infinite
infinite
"
then 2g ] 2=1,2, proper
- .
are
,

subgroups .
So 4=67 is
finite . But
then 0153=7 and =

Cy .

Q 51 -

Let 8=2×7 be a

cyclic
group Food -

Ho Find elements order

. all
of / • .

Solution .
There is a
unique Sabgooupof order
Then
say 1-1=117
to _
of -13=10 . So

◦
1) a) to [ = a
,
so) = 1<=7 9=1,3-7,9 -

we can take 1-1=2×43 .

Then
"
×
"
,
1×53 457 ,
_

elements codes
are all
of 10 .

Q 52 all
-
. Find
cyclic subgroups of D8 .

Solution .

Dz={ e. [Link]?[Link]?sr3}
( SSI )=2 [ It>
'

0
g-
1=0
, 32,3 .
◦ = 2 .

So the
cyclic subgroups are

297 Sri > -5--0,7>2,3

,
Srt ? < for .
Q . Let
p
be an odd
prime .
Show that
in UC pn )
◦ sit f) = .

Solution .
Let ◦ < is ph and i. =

pkj where
Cj ,p)= / and K
( %) Indeed
k
Then
ph /
-

◦ ≤ - n .
.

E.) th
-

Ii / it
(
'

( )
=
'
=

g- i -
i

j ( F.) =p
"

k( F- '
) 5,1%1--1,1>11:3
k
-

n -

i _ , . Since
.

-1
-1 pn
pn
°
I

-2 ( pnE) 71=1 Cmodpn )

-

(1+7) = it .

2=1

F- / ( Ff) pn / É F- ti
' '

If lie
, f) then .
So ≥ , .

If Pti and E- jpk where

Cj ,p7=I then

[Link]?.-Jp'
¥
by is divisible ≥ ;s?

Hence ocitp) / pn ?

Ex . Show that [Link]/--1(modp7-