MANGROVE INTERPRETATION AND RESEARCH

CENTER

ADITI .R. TANDEL

B. ARCH. DESIGN DISSERTATION
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25
2020HA0022
EXAM NO.

PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,

RASAYANI

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2024-25
 Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOCL Colony, Rasayani – 410 207

Certificate
This is to certify that the Design Dissertation titled
Mangrove Interpretation and Research center
Is the bona fide work of
Aditi. R. Tandel
for the Final Year [Link]. examination
and was carried out in the college under the guidance of
Prof. Aswathy Rajgopal

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 Plagiarism Declaration by Student

I, Aditi. R. Tandel confirm that the Design Dissertation titled Mangrove Interpretation and
Research center is my own work and is not copied from any other person's work (published or
unpublished), and has not previously been submitted for assessment either at Mumbai
University or elsewhere. I confirm that ALL the work submitted for assessment is my own
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I understand that Mumbai University may take disciplinary action against me if I sound
plagiarized or I have failed to acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my writing.

Aditi. R. Tandel
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Date: Place: Rasayani

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all those who have supported and guided me
throughout the journey of creating this book. To my family, thank you for your unwavering
love, encouragement, and patience. Your constant support has been a foundation of strength
for me, and I am deeply grateful for your belief in me. To my friends, thank you for being my
sounding boards, for your creative insights, and for keeping me motivated during challenging
times. Your companionship and laughter made this journey all the more memorable. To my
mentor, Aswathy Rajgopal, your guidance and wisdom have been invaluable. You have not
only taught me the importance of perseverance but also how to approach challenges with a
calm and thoughtful mind. Your mentorship has been instrumental in the development of this
book. To the principal and faculty, thank you for fostering an environment of learning and
creativity that encouraged me to explore my ideas and push boundaries. Your support and
resources have been vital in helping me bring this project.
 Abstract

Mangroves are one of the most

important ecosystems, providing coastal
protection, supporting biodiversity, and
mitigating climate change. However,
rapid urbanization and pollution have
led to their significant decline,
particularly in Mumbai. This thesis
explores the design of a Mangrove
Research & Education Park in Ghansoli,
which aims to serve as a hub for
conservation, research, and public
awareness.

It focuses on creating sustainable and interactive spaces that facilitate scientific

study, ecological restoration, and community engagement. Through educational
exhibits, research facilities, and guided nature trails, the park will promote awareness
and encourage long-term conservation efforts.

By integrating research, education, and public participation, this project seeks to

bridge the gap between urban development and ecological preservation, ensuring a
harmonious coexistence between nature and the city.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 1

 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................5
1.2 Why this project?...........................................................................................................5
1.3 Aim ...............................................................................................................................6
1.4 Objectives......................................................................................................................6
1.5 Needs.............................................................................................................................7
1.6 Issues.............................................................................................................................8
1.7 Scope.............................................................................................................................8
1.8 Limitations....................................................................................................................9
1.9 Methodology...............................................................................................................10
1.10 Problem statement.....................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND STUDY

2.1 Mangroves...................................................................................................................13
2.2 Importance of mangroves............................................................................................13
2.3 Ecosystem services.......................................................................................................15
2.4 Mangroves along Indian coast.....................................................................................16
2.5 Mangrove distribution in India....................................................................................17
2.6 Mangrove distribution in Maharashtra........................................................................18
2.7 Mangrove distribution in Mumbai...............................................................................19
2.7.1 Key species in Mumbai’s mangroves.........................................................................19
2.7.2 Challenges to Mumbai’s mangroves..........................................................................19
2.8 History and evolution of mangroves............................................................................20
2.8.1 Historical significance of mangroves.........................................................................21
2.8.2 Factors influencing evolution....................................................................................21
2.8.3 Milestones in mangrove conservation........................................................................22
2.9 Thane creek - A Ramsar site.........................................................................................23
2.9.1 Challenges and conservation efforts...........................................................................24
2.9.2 Thane creek importance.............................................................................................24
2.9.3 What are the types of mangroves found in Thane creek?............................................25
2.9.4 What are the other wildlife and bird species found in mangroves?..............................27
2.10 What are the actions taken by government to conserve mangroves?............................28

CHAPTER 3 - ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH

3.1 Experiential Architecture...............................................................................................30

3.2 Principles of experiential architecture.............................................................................30
3.3 Experiential architecture attributes.................................................................................32
3.4 Colour and light..............................................................................................................32
3.5 Form and function..........................................................................................................33
3.6 Materials and space.........................................................................................................34
3.7 Plant based relationship..................................................................................................34
Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 2
CHAPTER 4 - ARCHITECTURAL STUDY

4.1 Interpretation center.....................................................................................................36

4.2 Library design considerations.......................................................................................37
4.3 Auditorium design considerations ...............................................................................38
4.4 Research laboratories...................................................................................................39
4.4.1 Site planning..............................................................................................................39
4.4.2 Design guidelines.......................................................................................................39
4.4.3 Basic lab module........................................................................................................40
4.4.4 Two dimensional lab module.....................................................................................41
4.4.5 Three dimensional lab module...................................................................................41
4.4.6 General finishes .........................................................................................................42
4.4.7 Acoustics and vibration ............................................................................................43
4.4.8 Lighting.....................................................................................................................43
4.4.9 Classification of labs..................................................................................................44

CHAPTER 5 - CASE STUDY

5.1 Case study 1- Coastal marine biodiversity center..........................................................47

5.2 Case study 2- Hongkong wetland park.........................................................................51
5.3 Case study 3- Sungei buloh wetland reserve..................................................................57
5.4 Case study 4 - Chilika wetland research and training center.........................................62
5.5 Comparative analysis of case studies............................................................................66

CHAPTER 6 - SITE STUDY AND SITE ANALYSIS

6.1 Site selection criteria.....................................................................................................68

6.2 Proposed site location...................................................................................................69
6.3 Accessibility..................................................................................................................69
6.4 Site................................................................................................................................70
6.5 Site photos....................................................................................................................70
6.6 SWOT analysis.............................................................................................................71
6.7 Climate study...............................................................................................................73
6.8 Surrounding context.....................................................................................................73

CHAPTER 7 - USER STUDY

7.1 Users.............................................................................................................................75
7.2 Users behavior and interaction pattern.........................................................................76
7.3 Psychological and emotional impact.............................................................................76

CHAPTER 8 - AREA PROGRAM..........................................................................................78

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................81

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 3

 Chapter 1 - Introduction

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 4

 1.1 Introduction

Mangroves are vital coastal ecosystems that protect shorelines, support biodiversity, and help
combat climate change. However, rapid urbanization, pollution, and industrial activities
especially in cities like Mumbai have led to their alarming decline.

This thesis proposes a Mangrove research and interpretation center in Ghansoli, designed as a
space for research, education, and conservation. The park will serve as a hub for scientific
study, environmental awareness, and ecotourism, engaging researchers, students, tourists, and
the local community. It will include a research and education center, an interpretation center,
and nature trails that allow visitors to explore the mangroves without disturbing them.

By blending conservation with public engagement, this project aims to raise awareness, support
mangrove restoration, and create a meaningful connection between people and nature.

Fig no. 1 - Mangrove affected due to pollution

1.2 Why This Project?

Mumbai’s mangroves are disappearing due to rapid urbanization and pollution, even though
they play a key role in protecting the coast and supporting wildlife. Yet, there aren’t enough
places dedicated to studying or spreading awareness about them.
This project aims to change that by creating a Mangrove Park that brings people closer to
nature. It will provide space for research, learning, and public engagement, helping visitors
understand why mangroves matter and how to protect them. Through thoughtful design and
sustainable practices, the park will inspire people to care for the environment and be a part of
conservation efforts.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 5

1.3 Aim-
To design a mangrove park that serves as a hub for conservation, research, and education,
promoting a deeper understanding of mangrove ecosystems.
The project will focus on creating an environment that encourages public engagement, supports
scientific research, creating awareness and contributes to mangrove conservation.

Fig no. 2 - Aims

1.4 Objectives-
Design spaces that actively contribute to the recovery and protection of mangrove ecosystems,
preserving their diversity and ecological function over time.
Creating a hub for research and education.
Develop engaging and accessible spaces where visitors can learn about mangroves through
exhibitions that connect them to nature.
Provide platforms for communities to gain knowledge, develop skills, and participate actively in
mangrove restoration.
Incorporate design elements that support mangrove regeneration while creating safe and
nurturing habitats for the diverse species that depend on these ecosystem.
Build a center that raises awareness about mangrove importance, encouraging sustainable
practices that benefit both people and the environment.

Fig no. 3 - Objectives

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 6

1.5 Needs-
Coastal Erosion Protection
Mumbai's coastline is vulnerable to erosion, increased by rising sea levels. Restoring mangrove
forests is essential to strengthen the shoreline and reduce the effects of erosion, helping to
protect both natural landscapes and urban infrastructure.
Biodiversity Preservation
Mangrove ecosystems are home to a wide array of species, many of which are under threat due
to urbanization. Protecting these ecosystems is vital to preserving biodiversity and maintaining
the health of marine and terrestrial life in the region.
Public Awareness
Many residents are unaware of the vital functions of mangroves. There is a need to educate the
public about their role in environmental protection, their importance for wildlife, and their
contributions to water purification and climate regulation.

Fig no. 4 - Needs

Sustainable Resource Management
Mumbai's coastal resources are under increasing pressure from pollution and overuse.
Sustainable management practices are needed to ensure that mangrove ecosystems continue to
thrive while supporting the livelihoods of local communities through eco-friendly industries like
fishing and tourism.
Climate Change Mitigation
Mangroves act as carbon sinks, capturing carbon dioxide and helping to mitigate climate
change. Protecting and restoring these forests will not only help reduce Mumbai’s carbon
footprint but also contribute to global efforts to combat climate change.
Water Quality Improvement
Mumbai face challenges related to pollution, particularly from industrial waste, strengthening
mangrove habitats can contribute to cleaner coastal waters and healthier marine ecosystems.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 7

1.6 Issues-
Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and land reclamation in Mumbai have significantly
encroached on mangrove habitats.
Pollution from industrial discharge, untreated sewage, and solid waste threatens mangrove
health, while climate change impacts like rising sea levels and extreme weather events further
stress these ecosystems.
Additionally, habitat fragmentation due to development reduces connectivity, hindering species
movement and threatening biodiversity.

Fig no. 5 - Threats to mangrove ecosystem

1.7 Scope-

This project is dedicated to restoring and protecting Mumbai's mangrove ecosystems, with a
focus on safeguarding coastal areas, enhancing biodiversity, and tackling the effects of climate
change. It will involve the creation of a mangrove park that includes spaces for research,
education, and community involvement.
The project will explore practical approaches to rehabilitating damaged mangrove areas,
ensuring the health of existing ecosystems, and raising awareness about the crucial role
mangroves play in protecting our coastlines. By collaborating with local communities,
researchers, and authorities, the project aims to build a sustainable future for Mumbai’s
mangroves and ensure their resilience for generations to come.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 8

1.8 Limitations
Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and land reclamation in Mumbai have significantly
encroached on mangrove habitats.
Pollution from industrial discharge, untreated sewage, and solid waste threatens mangrove
health, while climate change impacts like rising sea levels and extreme weather events further
stress these ecosystems.
Additionally, habitat fragmentation due to development reduces connectivity, hindering species
movement and threatening biodiversity.

Fig no. 6 - Mangroves as dumpyards

Fig no. 7 - Mangroves as dumpyards

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 9

1.9 Methodology-

Aim

Objectives

Raise awareness about Create hub of research

mangrove conservation. and education.

Background study

Architectural approach

Architectural study

Case study

Site study

User study

Design brief

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 10

 1.10 Problem statement

Mumbai’s mangrove ecosystems are rapidly disappearing due to urbanization and

pollution, highlighting the need for a dedicated center to educate the public and inspire
long-term conservation actions.

Mangroves are often the unnoticed contributors of our coastal ecosystems. They act as
natural barriers against storms, provide a safe place for wildlife, and help maintain the
balance of our environment. Yet, these important habitats are disappearing at rapidly.
In Mumbai, mangroves are under constant threat from urban expansion, pollution, and
general neglect. What was once a thriving green belt is now shrinking, and with it, we
lose the essential benefits that mangroves provide benefits that are crucial to both our
environment and our everyday lives.
A big part of the problem is that people don’t have enough opportunities to connect
with mangroves or truly understand how important they are. Without this connection,
how can we expect anyone to care about protecting them? The few places that exist
around mangroves rarely focus on educating the public or encouraging conservation.
These spaces miss a huge chance to inspire change.
What we need is a place that’s more than just a park—a place where people can get up
close to mangroves, learn about their vital role, and be inspired to take action. A
mangrove research and education center would be a space where we can not only
celebrate these incredible ecosystems but also help ensure they survive for generations to
come.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 11

 Chapter 2 - Background study

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 12

2.1 Mangroves

Mangroves are type of trees and shrubs that grow in coastal areas where saltwater and freshwater
mix, such as river mouths, estuaries, and creeks. These plants are adapted to survive in salty and
waterlogged soils. Their roots often extend above the ground, helping them absorb oxygen in low-
oxygen environments and survive themselves in soft, muddy grounds.

Fig no. 8 - Mangroves Fig no. 9 - Mangroves

2.2 Importance of mangroves

Mangroves act as natural shields against storms, strong waves, and even tsunamis. Their dense
root systems reduce the impact of water currents, helping to prevent soil erosion and keeping
coastal areas intact.
They provide a home for many species, including fish, crabs, shrimp, and birds. They act as
breeding and nursery grounds for marine life, supporting biodiversity and maintaining healthy
ecosystems.
Mangroves absorb and store large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to reduce greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere. This makes them an important tool in the fight against climate change.
The roots of mangroves trap sediments and filter pollutants from the water. This improves water
quality and keeps nearby coral reefs and seagrass beds healthy.
Coastal communities rely on mangroves for fishing, as they serve as breeding grounds for many
commercially important fish species. Mangroves also provide resources like firewood, honey, and
medicinal plants.

Fig no. 10 - Mangroves protecting shoreline

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 13

 Fig no. 11 - Mangroves ecosystem benefits
Good Social Relations
Mangroves play a crucial role in maintaining social cohesion, cultural values, and community identity.
They offer recreational spaces, spiritual significance, and cultural heritage that strengthen social bonds.
However, the fragmentation of communities and loss of cultural values due to mangrove depletion lead
to social disintegration. This results in increased isolation, loss of identity, and growing inequalities in
wealth, gender, and social status.

Security
Mangroves serve as one of nature’s most effective protective barriers for coastal regions, acting as
natural buffers against the devastating impacts of environmental threats such as storms, sea-level rise,
and coastal erosion. These ecosystems, with their intricate root systems, stabilize the soil and minimize
the erosion caused by wave action and tidal currents. By doing so, they preserve not only the physical
integrity of coastlines but also the livelihoods of communities dependent on these regions for their
survival.
During storms or cyclones, mangroves act as frontline defenders, dissipating wave energy and reducing
storm surges, thereby shielding inland areas from flooding and destruction. This role becomes even
more critical in areas prone to tropical storms and rising sea levels caused by climate change.
Mangroves mitigate the force of these natural events, protecting vital infrastructure, homes, and
agricultural lands. Without this natural barrier, coastal regions face unrelenting exposure to these
forces, making them highly vulnerable to devastation.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 14

Health
The health benefits provided by mangroves are multifaceted. They support nutritious and
diverse food sources, clean water, and traditional medicines. The loss of mangroves results in
polluted water supplies, reduced access to medicine, and diminished protein intake from
fisheries. These challenges exacerbate health issues, increase food prices, and make
communities more dependent on imported food, further threatening food security.

Fig no. 12 - Mangroves ecosystem services

2.3 Ecosystem Services

At the foundation of this framework, the image highlights the key ecosystem services
provided by mangroves:
Recreational and cultural benefits: Offering spaces for tourism and cultural
practices.
Timber and forest products: Supplying materials for construction and trade.
Fisheries: Supporting marine biodiversity and food security.
Climate regulation: Sequestering carbon and mitigating the impacts of climate
change.
Shoreline stabilization: Reducing erosion and maintaining coastal landscapes.
Coastal protection: Acting as a natural shield against storms and flooding.
Water quality maintenance: Filtering pollutants and maintaining clean water
sources.
Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 15
2.4 Mangroves along Indian coast

Fig no. 13 - Mangrove cover in India

India's mangroves span approximately 4,992 sq. km, contributing significantly to global
mangrove cover. They are primarily located along the country's eastern and western coastlines
and in island territories

Top Three States by Mangrove Cover:

West Bengal: 2,114 sq. km.
Gujarat: 1,177 sq. km.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands: 616 sq. km.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 16

2.5 Mangroves distribution in Indian

Odisha
Maharashtra 5%
6.3%

West Bengal
42.1%
Gujarat
23.5%

Goa
0.5%

Andhra Pradesh
8% Island & union terretories
13.3%
Chart no 1. Mangrove distribution in India

Eastern Coast Western Coast Island & union terretories

Sundarbans (West Bengal) Gujarat Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Odisha Maharashtra Daman & Diu
Andhra Pradesh Goa Puducherry
Tamil Nadu Karnataka
Kerala

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 17

 2.6 Mangroves distribution in Maharashtra

Name of
[Link] Major areas of mangrove
district

1. Thane Vasai, Vaitarna river, Dandi, Dahanu creek

Thane creek, Mahim, Malad creek, Manori

2. Mumbai
creek.

Harihareshwar, Shrivardhan, Murud,

3. Raigad
Korlai, Uran

4. Ratnagiri Vijaydurg, Puranagad, Bhatye, Mirya, Jaigad,

Dabhol, Anjarle, Kelshi.

Phanasewadi, Wadatar, Mith Mumbri,

5. Sindhudurg
Mithbav, Achara, Kolamb, Karli, Vengurla,
Kelus, Mochemad, Reddi, Terekhol

Table no. 1 - Distribution of mangroves in Maharashtra

Maharashtra's coastline spans about 720 km, stretching from the Zai River near
Gujarat in the north to the Terekhol River near Goa in the south. Within this vast
stretch, mangroves thrive in around 68 specific locations, particularly in creeks and
river mouths where conditions for mangrove ecosystem is ideal. However, they rarely
grow along rocky or sandy shores. While the state’s coastal belt has an estimated 300
sq. km of mangrove forests, the actual recorded mangrove cover is 222 sq. km (FSI,
2015).
The region is home to 20 species of true mangroves, some of which are so rare they are
on the brink of disappearing from the western coast of India. A striking example is
Heritiera littoralis, also known as ‘Sundari,’ which flourishes in the Sundarbans of
West Bengal but is nearly extinct here. Only a few of these trees survive in
Maharashtra, found in the Sindhudurg district.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 18

2.7 Mangroves distribution in Mumbai

Table no. 2 - Distribution of mangroves in Mumbai

2.7.1 Key Species in Mumbai's Mangroves
Flora: Rhizophora, Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Excoecaria species dominate the mangrove flora
in Mumbai.
Fauna: Includes crabs, mudskippers, mollusks, and fish. Birds such as flamingos, egrets, and
herons are commonly spotted.

2.7.2 Challenges to Mumbai's Mangroves

Urbanization: Rapid construction, especially in areas like Mahim, Mithi River, and Powai, has led
to mangrove destruction.
Pollution: Untreated sewage and industrial waste are dumped into creeks and rivers, degrading
mangrove ecosystems.
Encroachments: Illegal settlements and land reclamation projects pose a significant threat to
mangrove cover.
Waste Dumping: Solid waste and debris accumulation in areas like Versova and Mithi River is
smothering mangrove roots.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 19

2.8 History and evolution of mangroves in Mumbai

Fig no. 14 - Mangrove evolution

Ancient Times
- Mangroves existed naturally along Mumbai's coastline and creeks.
- Coastal tribes like the Koli community utilized mangroves for fishing and protection.
- Mangroves provided natural flood control and a habitat for diverse species.

Medieval Period
- Increased settlements near the coast began altering the natural mangrove cover.
- Mangroves were harvested for timber, firewood, and construction materials.
- Trade and port activities began to put pressure on mangrove ecosystems.

Colonial Period
- Reclamation of land by the British started to affect mangroves significantly (e.g., construction of
roads and railways).
- Swamps and mangrove areas were drained to develop Mumbai's infrastructure.
- Industrial development began polluting mangrove habitats, especially near Mahim and Sewri.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 20

Post-Independence
- Rapid urbanization and industrial growth led to large-scale destruction of mangroves.
- The Mithi River, Thane Creek, and Mahim Creek saw significant degradation due to untreated
sewage and waste dumping.
- Land reclamation projects for residential and commercial purposes drastically reduced
mangrove cover.

Modern Era
- Environmental awareness led to efforts to conserve mangroves.
- Legal frameworks like the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules were introduced.
- Restoration projects, afforestation, and protected areas like the Thane Creek Flamingo
Sanctuary were established.
2.8.1 Historical Significance of Mangroves

1. Natural Protection: Historically, mangroves shielded coastal communities from floods, storm
surges, and erosion.
2. Cultural Importance: For the Koli fishing community and other indigenous groups,
mangroves were integral to their livelihoods and spiritual beliefs.
3. Biodiversity Hotspot: Mumbai's mangroves have always been a hub of biodiversity, hosting
species of crabs, mollusks, and migratory birds.

Fig no. 15 - Mangrove evolution and protection

2.8.2 Factors Influencing Evolution

1. Urbanization: The 19th and 20th centuries saw extensive land reclamation for roads, ports,
and housing.
2. Industrialization: Pollution from factories near creeks like Mahim and Sewri began degrading
mangrove ecosystems.
3. Legal Protection: The implementation of CRZ rules in the late 20th century helped curb
further destruction.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 21

 2.8.3 Milestones in Mangrove
Conservation

1. 1970s: Recognition of mangroves'

importance in preventing flooding
and erosion.
2. 1991: Introduction of the Coastal
Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules,
protecting mangroves.
3. 2007: Declaration of the Thane
Creek Flamingo Sanctuary, a
protected area for mangroves and
wildlife.
4. 2010s: NGOs and government
agencies initiated mangrove
plantation and clean-up drives. Fig no. 16 - Mangrove protection journey

Table no. 3 - Evolution of mangroves

Mumbai's mangroves have evolved over centuries, serving as vital ecological and cultural assets.
However, they have faced immense pressure due to urbanization, industrialization, and land
reclamation. While modern conservation efforts have made strides in protecting these ecosystems,
continued vigilance, community participation, and stricter enforcement of environmental laws are
essential to ensure their survival.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 22

2.9 Thane creek - A Ramsar site

Country: India
Site number: 2490
Area: 6,521.1 ha
Designation date: 13-04-2022
Coordinates: 19°06'N 72°57'E

Thane Creek, located in Maharashtra, India, lies between Mumbai and Thane districts. It spans
about 26 kilometers and is a mix of seawater from the Arabian Sea and freshwater from rivers
like the Ulhas. The creek is surrounded by dense mangroves and mudflats, making it a thriving
ecosystem.

Fig no. 17 - Thane creek- Ramsar site

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 23

2.9.1 Challenges and Conservation Efforts

Thane Creek faces issues like pollution, illegal construction, and habitat loss due to urban
growth. To protect it, mangrove restoration projects, waste management initiatives, and
awareness campaigns have been introduced. The Ramsar designation and the sanctuary are
key to preserving this vital ecosystem for future generations.
Thane Creek is a reminder of how nature and cities can coexist, highlighting the need to
protect natural spaces even as urban areas expand.

Fig no. 18 - Flamingos migration at Thane creek

2.9.2 Thane creek importance

1. Thane Creek is home to a variety of plants and animals, including over 200 bird
species.
2. It is an important stop for migratory birds like flamingos.
3. The mangroves protect the coast from erosion and storms.
4. Thane Creek helps prevent floods by managing water flow.
5. It absorbs carbon, helping to fight climate change.
6. Local communities rely on the creek for fishing and salt farming.
7. The creek is recognized as a Ramsar site, highlighting its importance for conservation.
8. The Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary attracts tourists and raises awareness about the
environment.
9. It helps maintain balance in nature, even with growing cities nearby.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 24

2.9.3 What are the types of mangroves found in Thane creek

Thane Creek is a unique ecological region that supports a variety of mangrove species. These plants
play an important role in preserving the region's biodiversity, protecting the coastline, and sustaining
the local marine ecosystem.

1. Avicennia marina Vahl. (Grey Mangrove) -

Description: This is among the most common

mangrove species in Thane Creek. It is easily
identified by its pencil-shaped
pneumatophores and leaves that often exhibit
salt crystals on their surfaces.
Fig no. 19 - Avicennia marina Vahl. (Grey Mangrove)
Ecological importance:
-Stabilizes sediment in intertidal zones.
-Provides a habitat for various marine
organisms.
-Contributes to nutrient recycling in
coastal areas.

Fig no. 20 - Avicennia marina Vahl. (Grey Mangrove)

2. Avicennia officinalis L.

Description: Similar to Avicennia marina, this

species thrives in saline environments and
features salt-secreting leaves. Although less
widespread, it plays an essential ecological
role.

Ecological importance:
-Promotes soil accretion in mangrove
habitats.
-Serves as a shelter for aquatic fauna like
fish and crustaceans.
-Absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide, Fig no. 21 - Avicennia officinalis L.

aiding in climate regulation.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 25

[Link] cylindrica Bl. (Small-leafed Orange
Mangrove)

Description: A medium-sized mangrove with

characteristic knee roots and small, elliptical leaves.
This species grows well in sandy and muddy soils.

Ecological importance:
-Protects the soil from erosion through its
extensive root network.
-Provides a safe breeding ground for aquatic
birds and crabs.
Fig no. 22 - Bruguiera cylindrica Bl.
-Enhances biodiversity in intertidal zones.

4. Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. (Mangrove Apple)

Description: Known for its cone-shaped

pneumatophores and large, leathery leaves, this fast-
growing mangrove species is commonly found along
water edges.

Ecological importance:
-Reduces wave energy, serving as a natural
barrier against coastal flooding.
-Produces fruit that supports local fauna such as
birds and bats.
-Supplies organic matter through the Fig no. 23 - Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.
decomposition of its leaves.

5. Ceriops tagal Robin (Indian Mangrove)

Overview: Recognizable by its bright green leaves

and buttress roots, this species often grows in
slightly elevated parts of mangrove forests.

Key Contributions:
-Stabilizes soils in tidal zones.
-Supports juvenile aquatic species by providing
shelter.
-Its wood is valued in traditional uses for fuel
Fig no. 24 - Ceriops tagal Robin (Indian Mangrove)
and construction.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 26

2.9.4 What are the other wildlife and bird species found in mangroves?

Over 200 bird species inhabit Thane Creek, with many being exclusively aquatic.

Greater and Lesser Flamingos are the most iconic species found in the region.

A diverse range of waders, raptors, sandpipers, gulls, and terns are commonly
observed.

Waders form the majority of aquatic bird species, relying heavily on wetland
ecosystems.

Plovers and sandpipers are the most prominent wading birds in the area.

Other waterbirds, including storks, ibises, spoonbills, herons, and egrets are also
found.

Rare species like the Osprey (protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection
Act) can be found.

The Greater Spotted Eagle, classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, is also occasionally
spotted in the region.

Flamingos Kingfisher Brahminy Crabs Cormorant

Kite
Fig no. 25 - Other wildlife and bird species found in mangroves

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 27

2.10 What are the actions taken by government to conserve mangroves

Fig no. 26 - Mangroves conservation actions

Legal Actions:
Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Protects ecologically sensitive areas.
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification – Restricts construction in mangrove areas.
Forest Conservation Act, 1980 – Prevents deforestation.
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 – Protects mangroves in wildlife sanctuaries.

National-Level Initiatives:
National Mangrove Conservation Program (NMCP) – Identifies and protects mangroves.
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) – Supports climate adaptation,
including mangrove conservation.
National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) – Focuses on biodiversity conservation.
Mangrove Genetic Resource Conservation Program – Preserves mangrove species.

State-Level Actions:
Maharashtra Mangrove Cell – Declares mangroves as protected forests.

International Initiatives:
Ramsar Convention – Protects mangrove wetlands.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 28

 Chapter 3 - Architectural approach

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 29

3.1 Experiential Architecture
Experiential Architecture is a design approach focused on creating spaces that deeply engage the
senses and emotions of users, going beyond functional or aesthetic considerations. It aims to craft
environments where occupants not only inhabit the space but also experience it on a deeper, more
personal level, forging memorable and meaningful connections.

Fig no. 27 - Experiential architecture

3.2 Principles of Experiential Architecture:
Sensory Engagement:
The essence of experiential architecture lies in engaging the senses. Light, texture, sound,
temperature, and even smell are carefully curated to enrich the user's experience.

Light: Natural light is harnessed through skylights, courtyards, and dynamic facades, while
artificial lighting adds drama and focus. For example, Peter Zumthor’s Therme Vals uses light to
create a calming, almost spiritual ambiance.
Materiality: The choice of materials—from warm woods to cool metals—plays a pivotal role in
tactile engagement, offering a sensory dialogue between the user and the space.
Soundscapes: Acoustic design incorporates ambient sounds to enhance the experience, such as
the soothing rustle of leaves in biophilic spaces or the echo of footsteps in vast, contemplative
halls.
Emotional Impact:
Spaces are designed to evoke specific feelings, such as tranquility, excitement, nostalgia, or awe.
Architects study how spatial arrangements influence emotions, like using high ceilings for grandeur
or cozy corners for intimacy.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 30

Contextual Responsiveness:
The architecture harmonizes with its surroundings, reflecting cultural, environmental, and historical
contexts.
Adaptive reuse and sustainability often play a vital role.

Journey and Flow:

Design narratives guide users through the space, often incorporating sequences of discovery, transition,
and destination.
For example, a museum might use a winding pathway to gradually reveal exhibits.

Fig no. 28 - Experiential architecture elements

Human-Centered Design:
Prioritize user comfort, accessibility, and interaction.
Spaces should cater to diverse user groups and their unique needs.

Interactivity:
Encourage participation or interaction with the space, whether through technology, installations, or
flexible design elements.
Examples include kinetic facades or touch-responsive surfaces.
Memory Creation:
Create experiences that leave lasting impressions, often through unique architectural features or
immersive storytelling.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 31

3.3 Experiential Architecture Attributes

Architecture influences human

perception, evoking emotions and
connections with spaces.

Elements like color, light, form, and

materials shape ambiance and
character.

Thoughtful design and construction

create immersive and meaningful
experiences.

Fig no. 29 - Experiential architecture attributes

3.4 Colour and Light

Fig no. 30 - Impact of colour and light

Color and light influence well-being and are essential for all living beings.
Green hues in plants result from chlorophyll, which enables photosynthesis.
Colors evoke psychological and physiological responses, shaping human perceptions and
emotions.
Thoughtful use of color can enhance architectural spaces, aligning with their function.
Sunlight, through its dynamic play of light and shadow, creates an engaging spatial
experience.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 32

 Fig no. 31 - Colour’s psychological impact

1. Yellow - conveys brightness and intensity, often linked to the sun.

2. Red - enhances focus and precision, as it is associated with alertness and caution.
3. Blue - promotes relaxation and creativity, reminiscent of the sky and ocean.
4. Green - represents nature and balance, symbolizing stability and harmony.
5. White - signifies openness, purity, and a sense of cleanliness.

Light is a mediator between space and form. Light changes expressions with time. I believe that the
architectural materials do not end with wood or concrete that have tangible forms, but go beyond to
include light and wind which appeal to our senses. - Tadao Ando

3.5 Form and Function

Architectural form is influenced by various factors, including the sun’s movement, proportional
systems, and natural elements.
The use of shape as a sculptural or symbolic expression has been a long-standing practice in
architecture.

"Form follows function," as architects are well aware, is a well-known saying. "Form follows
budget" is a play on the phrase once said by Ben Shacklette to shed light on a practical scenario.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 33

3.6 Materials and Space

Construction relies on various materials, and even the simplest ones can exhibit quality when
used thoughtfully.
The way materials are placed, treated, and showcased determines their impact and
craftsmanship.
A material's true value is not just in its cost but in how effectively it is utilized to enhance
design.

Architecture needs a soul. A structure sits silently alone, but susceptible individuals silently feel the soul
instilled in the construction. The soul is found in attention to detail, which is condensed in space and
concretized in a love of construction. - Steven Holl's

3. 7 Place Based Relationship

Fig no. 32 - Architecture’s multifaceted impact

Architecture has the power to create environments that are not only functional but also rich
in meaning and quality. This potential emerges from the careful interaction between the
building’s form, its materials, construction methods, and the way it uses light and color. A
well-designed building should connect with its surroundings in various ways—whether
through its physical structure, its relationship to nature, its psychological impact, or its
cultural context. It is the role of architecture to harmonize all these elements, ensuring that
the resulting spaces are both purposeful and of high quality.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 34

 Chapter 4 -Architectural study

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 35

 The recommendations and the standard are referred from the Neuferts Standards.

4.1 Interpretation center

Site planning- Position the interpretation center near mangrove areas to maximize experiential
learning opportunities and visual interaction with the ecosystem.
Visitor Circulation: Design pathways that clearly separate visitor, staff, and researcher
movements to ensure efficient circulation and prevent overcrowding.

Fig no. 33 - Interpretation center planning

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 36
 Fig no. 34 - Interpretation center planning
4.2 Library Design Considerations
The library will
comprise of resources, including
periodicals, newspapers, journals, and
magazines. These materials will focus
on the ecological and environmental
importance of mangroves, the adverse
global impacts of mangrove
deforestation, and the critical need for
their growth, preservation, and
protection.

Internal Layout
Zoning: Separate the library into
distinct zones for reading, research,
and interactive activities. Provide
quiet zones for individual study
and collaborative zones for group
work.
Book Storage: Incorporate open
shelving for frequently accessed
materials and compact shelving for
Fig no. 35 - Library design considerations
archival storage.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 37

 Fig no. 36 - Library design considerations

4.3 Auditorium Design Considerations

Sound Insulation: Use materials with

high sound absorption coefficients for
walls, ceilings, and floors to enhance
acoustics.
Seating Layout: Arrange seats in a radial
or curved pattern for optimal sightlines
and sound distribution.
Stage Design: Ensure the stage has
sufficient depth and width to
accommodate performances and
presentations, with access to green
rooms and technical control areas.
Emergency Exits: Provide a minimum of
two exits for all auditoriums, with Fig no. 37 - Auditorium design considerations
illuminated exit signs and clear
evacuation routes.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 38

4.4 Research Laboratories

4.4.1 Site Planning

Noise Mitigation: Research laboratories should be located in quiet areas away from major noise
sources like highways, railways, or industrial zones. Where external noise is unavoidable,
consider soundproofing strategies and position buildings as far from the noise source as
possible.
Openings: Limit the number and size of openings like windows and doors on façades facing
noise sources. Utilize acoustic glazing to reduce sound transmission.

Fig no. 38 - labs Fig no. 39 - labs

4.4.2 Design Guidelines

Natural Lighting: Laboratories should be designed to use natural light where possible, while
controlling sunlight and glare. Avoid operable windows in the lab.
Separation of Spaces: Laboratories should be separate from offices, common areas, and
equipment rooms.
Easy Access: People should not need to go through the lab to exit non-laboratory spaces.
Foot Traffic: Minimize foot traffic in areas with sensitive equipment like biological safety
cabinets and fume hoods.
Door Requirements: Doors leading to labs should be at least 36 inches wide (42 inches preferred)
and include a view panel. The size should allow easy access for equipment and carts.
Modular Design: Design lab furnishings, services, and lighting in a modular way for flexibility
and future changes.
Adjustable Lab Benches: Use movable, adjustable-height lab benches with overhead service
connections, ideally with quick disconnects.
Accessibility of Devices: Mechanical and electrical devices should be easily accessible, with local
shutoff options as directed by Facilities.
Collaboration Area: If possible, include a separate area for collaboration and meals, outside the
lab space.
Server Location: For projects requiring heavy computing (e.g., bioinformatics), place servers in
a separate room outside the wet lab to improve energy efficiency.
Mechanical Room Access: Lab mechanical rooms should be accessible via common corridors
for easy maintenance, without entering the lab.
Gas Storage: Plan for easy access to and changeover of lab gas tanks.
Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 39
The laboratory module serves as the fundamental unit in any lab facility. When properly designed,
it integrates architectural and engineering systems seamlessly. A thoughtfully planned modular
layout offers several advantages:

Adaptability: Modular labs are designed to accommodate change, which is crucial in dynamic
research environments. Research priorities and methods often evolve, requiring adjustments to
lab layouts. Private research organizations typically modify around 25% of their lab spaces
annually, while academic institutions adjust 5-10% of their labs each year.
Scalability: Modular lab designs enable easy expansion or downsizing of the facility without
disrupting its overall functionality, ensuring the space remains efficient and operational.

Fig no. 40 - lab module

4.4.3 Basic lab module- It is typically 10'6" wide, with depths ranging from 20' to 33', depending on
lab needs and the cost of the structural system. The 10'6" width includes two rows of lab furniture
and equipment (each 2'6" deep) along opposite walls, a 5' central aisle, and 6" for the wall separating
labs. If the building uses an exterior brick wall or accommodates larger equipment like 3'-deep
machinery or biosafety cabinets, the module width may increase to 10'8" or 11'.
A wider module (10'8" instead of 11') can save space and add functionality. For instance, a 30,000
sq. ft. lab building could fit an extra module across its depth, adding over 150 feet of bench space
for researchers. The 5' aisle width ensures accessibility, meeting ADA standards and allowing
researchers to move safely without crowding.
The lab module must balance circulation and workspace. If it’s too wide, valuable space is wasted
on pathways. If it’s too narrow, the aisle may become unsafe, or there may only be room for
furniture on one side. Buildings not designed with proper lab modules can face higher initial costs
and ongoing inefficiencies due to poor space utilization.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 40

4.4.4 Two-Directional Lab Module-
A two-directional lab module increases flexibility by allowing labs to be organized in two directions.
Using a standard width of 10'6" (about 3.2 meters), you can design labs with a depth of either 21' (2
modules) or 31'6" (3 modules). This allows for better organization of lab furnishings, making the
space more adaptable to different needs. However, this setup may require more space compared to
a single-direction module.
With a two-directional grid, you can adjust the length of the lab’s workstations. If the furniture is
movable, the space can be re-arranged to fit different research needs. Utility connections should be
placed where the modules meet.

4.4.5 Three-Dimensional Lab Module-

A three-dimensional (3D) lab module combines
basic or two-directional lab modules with various
corridor designs on each floor of a building. For
example, one floor might have a single corridor,
and another could have two.
A 3D lab module includes these requirements:
A basic or two-directional module must be
defined.
Vertical systems (such as elevators, fire stairs,
restrooms, and utility shafts) must be well-
coordinated.
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems
must fit into the ceiling space to support
different corridor layouts.
The 3D approach allows more flexibility to adjust
to researchers' needs on each floor and makes it
easier to renovate in the future. Although this
design requires more detailed planning upfront,
it’s recommended for most facilities because of its
flexibility.

Fig no. 41 - 3 dimensional lab module

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 41

4.4.6 General Finishes
Acoustic, maintenance, and durability considerations are the primary concerns in finishes for
laboratories. Sound transmission classification (STC) ratings of structural components and finishes
should be taken into consideration when selecting materials and systems. Interior finishes shall
contain low or no Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), and to the greatest extent possible, be
obtained to achieve the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) or similar national sustainability
certifications. Materials shall to the greatest extent possible contain recycled content, be recyclable,
be sustainably produced, and meet cradle-to-cradle standards. Examples include recycled steel,
ceiling tiles, and wallboard as well as rubber flooring. Rapidly renewable materials shall also be
considered where suitable. In cases where corrosive chemicals are in heavy use, all laboratory
finishes' chemical resistances should be cross-referenced with expected chemical use in the lab to
ensure minimal corrosion.

Walls and Doors

• Select materials that allow for normal cleaning, upkeep, and maintenance.
• Wall and corner protection shall be provided where cart or equipment traffic occurs regularly.
• Doors into laboratories shall be provided with fire-rated vision panels (to observe whether the
laboratory is in use), self-closing door hardware, and kick plates.

Floors
• Wet chemical laboratories shall have chemically resistant flooring.
• Floors shall be level and non-slip.
• Floor drains shall only be installed based on a demonstrated engineering need. Where floor drains
are indicated, they must be outfitted with a trap seal primer to prevent the escape of sewer gas.
• Finished flooring shall be installed throughout the laboratory to accommodate flexible laboratory
conditions and room modifications.
• Floors shall have a minimum 4-inch high cove base.
• Where an integral continuous base is not provided, a continuous bead of sealant will be provided
between wall plates and floors.
• If needed, conductive tile shall be set in approved conductive adhesive and provided with an
appropriate grounding strip for connection to an external ground. Ground connection to an
external ground shall be indicated. Conductive flooring shall be provided with a conductive cove
base. Special cleaning and maintenance requirements shall be specified.

Furniture
Furniture shall be scheduled to the extent possible with standardized dimensions and parts and in
compliance with national or institutional campus standards.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 42

Window Treatment
• Review need for sunlight filtering in laboratories; 1% to 3% openness of roller shades is generally
recommended. Standard room darkening shades may be manual or motorized.
• Solar controls to support the HVAC needs must be considered for both the exterior and interior of
the laboratory space in new construction.

Casework
• Work surfaces must be chemical-resistant, smooth, and
easy to clean, with splashbacks on lab benches.
• Filler panels should be included at inside corners for
smooth door and drawer operation.
• Work surfaces, including computer areas, should have
ergonomic features like adjustability and proper lighting.
• Bench areas must provide knee space for chairs and
equipment.
• Cup sinks should only be installed based on specific
research needs and approved by EH&S, with a lip to
prevent spills.
• Open shelving must have a maximum height of 36 inches
from the ceiling, with 18 inches of clearance above stored
items.
• Epoxy resin countertops are standard, with other Fig no. 42 - lab workstation
materials requiring approval.

4.4.7 Acoustic and Vibration

The design team must consider maximum acceptable noise and vibration criteria in each equipment
selection, location, and system design and discuss those considerations with the relevant authority.
The design team must incorporate appropriate noise and vibration control devices.

4.4.8 Lighting
• Maximize natural light for comfort. Ensure even
lighting with 75 foot-candles on work surfaces. Follow
Indian lighting standards for non-laboratory areas.
Use lighting zones, dimmable fixtures, and occupancy
sensors.
• Public space lighting is controlled by occupancy
sensors. At least one light should be on an emergency
circuit.
• Use ultrasonic sensors in corridors to turn off lights. Fig no. 43 - lab lighting
In animal areas, use infrared sensors. Some lights
should stay on for security, maintaining a minimum of
2 foot-candles.
Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 43
 4.4.9 Classification of labs -

ASPECTS WET LABS DRY LABS

Hands-on experiments with Computational research,

Primary Focus liquids, chemicals, and simulations, and data analysis.
biological materials.

Experimental research Theoretical and computational

Type of Research requiring physical research using software and
manipulation of substances. models.

Fume hoods, wet benches, Computers, servers, data

Equipment pipettes, glassware, analysis tools, modeling
centrifuges. software.

High focus on personal Minimal physical safety

Safety Concerns protective equipment (PPE) like concerns, focusing more on data
gloves, lab coats, and goggles. security.
Safety equipment like fume
hoods is essential.

Environment Strict control over temperature, Controlled computational

Control humidity, and ventilation to models; physical environment is
ensure accurate experiments. less critical.

Substance Usage Frequent use of chemicals, Limited to minimal or no use of

liquids, and biological materials. wet substances; focuses on digital
tools.

Table no. 4 - Difference between dry and wet labs

Fig no. 44 - wet lab Fig no. 45 - dry lab

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 44

 Fig no. 46 - lab layouts

Wet labs are much important for mangroves research laboratories.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 45

 Chapter 5 - Case studies

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 46

 5.1 CASE STUDY 1- COASTAL MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY CENTER

Location - Airoli , Navi Mumbai

Site area - 5 acres
Completion year - 2017
Implemented by - Maharashtra Mangrove cell
Recorganized as a Ramsar site on April 13,
2022.

The Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Centre

(CMBC), situated near Thane Creek, a Ramsar-
designated site, is committed to preserving
coastal and marine ecosystems. The center
focuses on public education and recreation,
highlighting the region's rich biodiversity,
especially mangroves and marine life. CMBC
plays a vital role in raising awareness about the
environmental challenges faced by these
ecosystems, including habitat loss, pollution,
and climate change. Fig no. 47 - CMBC Airoli.

Ecological Importance

The Thane Creek area is part of a protected

Ramsar site (designated in 2022), making it
internationally recognized as a wetland of
global importance. It is home to:
Mangrove forests: The mangroves protect
the coastline from erosion, act as a breeding
ground for marine species, and absorb
carbon dioxide, thus playing a vital role in
combating climate change.
Birdlife: The creek is a popular feeding and
nesting site for several migratory and
resident bird species, including flamingos,
herons, egrets, sandpipers, and more. The
Greater Flamingo is a key attraction in the
sanctuary.
Fig no. 48 - CMBC Airoli outdoor activities
Marine and Aquatic Species: The
mangroves and wetlands support marine
biodiversity, including fish, crabs, mollusks,
and small amphibians.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 47

 Plan 1: Administrative and
Service Block

TOILET
SOUVENIER

COUNTER
SHOP

TICKET
FOREST
OFFICER
CABIN

ADMIN
OFFICE

GREEN WALL ENTRANCE GREEN WALL

Fig no. 49 - CMBC Airoli admin block

Plan 1: Administrative and Service Block

Souvenir Shop:
A compact space offering eco-friendly and educational products, highlighting local craftsmanship and
supporting sustainable practices.

Administrative Offices:
Offices for administrative staff and forest officers to manage conservation activities.

Ticket Counter:
Conveniently placed near the entrance, allowing for an easy and efficient visitor check-in process.

Forest Officer’s Cabin:

A designated space for forest officers to oversee and coordinate onsite activities, ensuring effective
management of the center.

Restrooms:
Located near public areas for easy access and convenience.

Green Walls:
Incorporated along the entry points to harmonize the building with its natural surroundings, enhancing
air quality and promoting a sustainable aesthetic.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 48

 Plan 2 :Visitor Interaction and Education
Block

INTERACTIVE AWARENESS
TOUCH ROOM
SCREEN
TABLE

BIO
DIVERSITY
INFORMATION
ROOM

RECEPTION AV ROOM

GREEN WALL ENTRANCE GREEN WALL

Fig no. 50 - CMBC Airoli interpretation center

Plan 2 :Visitor Interaction and Education Block
Reception:
The entry point for visitors, ensuring smooth navigation within the center.
A welcoming space with clear visibility of all exhibit and activity areas.
Biodiversity Information Room:
Displays educational materials, diagrams, and models related to marine ecosystems.
Facilitates hands-on learning about mangroves, coastal biodiversity, and marine species.
Interactive Touchscreen Table:
A central feature encouraging interactive learning, ideal for children and researchers.
Mangrove Awareness Room:
A dedicated space for awareness campaigns about conservation.
AV Room:
Designed for screenings of documentaries and presentations, equipped with state-of-the-art audio-
visual equipment.
Green Walls:
Emphasized along external and internal facades to enhance and improve thermal comfort.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 49

 User group-

Fig no. 51 - CMBC Airoli users

Conclusions-

Incorporates interactive exhibits, nature trails, and bird-watching activities which engages
visitors in environmental education and raise awareness about conservation.
Combines recreational and educational activities, drawing a wide audience of students, tourists,
and researchers.
The design is functional but not fully immersive for visitors seeking an experiential connection
with biodiversity.
Greater involvement of local communities through workshops and eco-tourism initiatives can
strengthen conservation efforts.
Expansion of community-driven mangrove conservation initiatives and educational outreach
programs.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 50

 5.2 CASE STUDY 2 - HONGKONG WETLAND PARK

Fig no. 52 - Hongkong wetland park

Location - Hongkong, China.

Site area - 151 acres
Phase 1 (2000): Created a small gallery and garden to showcase sustainable
practices.
Phase 2 (2006): Expanded with wetlands, a visitor center, discovery hub, and
boardwalks.
Developer- Architectural Services Department Hong Kong, China
Owner- Agriculture, Fisheries, and Conservation Department Hong Kong,
China
Landscape Architect- Urbis Limited Hong Kong, China
Designated as a Ramsar Site on September 4, 1995.

The Hong Kong Wetland Park, located in the northeastern part of Tin Shui Wai, New
Territories, is a perfect example of how human development and nature can coexist.
Initially a small project to protect wetlands, it has become a thriving park that focuses on
conservation, education, tourism, and recreation. Today, the park is a sanctuary for
wildlife and a model of sustainable design.

The park covers 151 acres, providing a green space in the busy city.
It acts as a buffer for the nearby Mai Po Marshes and Deep Bay, protecting wildlife
and offering a peaceful space for people.
The park helps raise awareness about wetlands, encourages environmental
responsibility, and promotes sustainable tourism.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 51

Site plan -

Fig no. 53 - Hongkong wetland park site plan

The Hong Kong Wetland Park exemplifies a well-planned balance between conservation, education,
and recreation. It integrates natural habitats with visitor infrastructure, promoting ecological
awareness while supporting biodiversity. The design highlights sustainable management practices
and provides an engaging experience for learning about wetlands.

Reception Centre and Visitor Centre: The entry points to the park for visitors.
Entry Plaza and Car Park: Functional spaces for accessibility.
Wetland Discovery Centre: An educational area highlighting wetland ecosystems.
Freshwater Marsh and Mangroves Board Walk: Natural zones for ecological preservation and visitor
exploration.
Bird Hides (Mudflat, Fish Pond, and Inner Deep Bay): Designated areas for birdwatching and
biodiversity observation.
Reed Bed Filters and Maintenance Area: Features for ecological functioning and management.
Grassland and Woodland: Habitats representing diverse ecosystems.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 52

 Fig no. 54 - Hongkong wetland park ground floor plan

Fig no. 55 - Hongkong wetland park first floor plan

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 53
Fig no. 56 - Hongkong wetland park trails Fig no. 57 - Hongkong wetland park visitor center
[Link] Center:
Size: A 10,000 m² space.
Facilities: Includes galleries, a resource center, classrooms, a café, and a play area for children.
Green Roof: Acts as a hill, helping cool the building and blending it with the landscape.
Geothermal Cooling: Uses the earth's natural temperature for energy-efficient climate control.

[Link] Center: Features interactive exhibits about wetlands.

[Link] Features:
Walkways, bird hides, and observation decks allow visitors to explore.
Restored habitats and ponds show the diversity of wetlands.

Fig no. 58 - Hongkong wetland park features

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 54

 Fig no. 59 - Hongkong wetland park visitor engagement

Innovative Systems

Geothermal Heat Pump System: An energy-efficient system that uses underground

temperatures for heating and cooling. Geothermal heat pumps cut energy use by up to 25%,
reducing the park's carbon footprint.
Natural Ventilation and Lighting: Skylights and vents reduce the need for artificial lighting and
air conditioning.
Recycled Materials: Materials like crushed concrete, reclaimed bricks, and oyster shells are
reused in construction.
Water Management: Rainwater is collected, and lake water is recycled to maintain the park's
landscaping.

Chart no 2. - Sustainable concepts of Hongkong park

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 55

 Fig no. 60 - Hongkong wetland park roof
Conclusion-
The Visitor Center with its green roof, geothermal cooling, and natural ventilation, sets a
great example of energy-efficient building design.
Recycled materials like concrete and bricks were cleverly used, proving that sustainable
construction can be both practical and eco-friendly.
Natural lighting and airflow are used effectively throughout the design, reducing the need for
artificial systems while keeping spaces comfortable.
Elevated boardwalks and trails allow visitors to explore the wetlands without disturbing the
ecosystem, creating a balance between accessibility and conservation.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 56

 5.3 CASE STUDY 3 - SUNGEI BULOH WETLAND RESERVE

Fig no. 61 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve

Location: 60 Kranji Way, Singapore 739453
Architects: LOOK Architects
Year Completed: 2014
Site Area: 130 hectares (entire reserve)
Client: National Parks Board, Singapore
Primary Function: Conservation, education, and ecotourism hub

Located along Singapore's northwestern coastline, adjacent to the Johor Straits. The
wetlands serve as a natural buffer and filtration system while supporting habitats like
mangroves, freshwater swamps, and mudflats.
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is home to more than 75% of Singapore’s mangrove species
and over 60% of its bird species. Many of these are rare or endangered, making the area
important for conservation. At the same time, it’s a place where people can connect with
nature, so a careful balance is needed between protecting the environment and creating
visitor-friendly spaces.
To achieve this, studies were done to identify areas with the most plants and animals.
These areas are kept untouched to help the ecosystem thrive, while nearby zones are used
for facilities like visitor centers and trails.
The main reserve is left in its natural state, while the area near Kranji Dam has been
developed into the Sungei Buloh Wetland Park. This part offers new amenities and spaces
for visitors, ensuring the wetland is both protected and welcoming.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 57

 Fig no. 62 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve zoning
Zoning

Chart no 3. - Sungei buloh wetland reserve zoning

Fig no. 63 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve zoning

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 58
 Fig no. 64 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve

Visitor center -
Located within lush secondary forests and a lowland swamp, the Visitor Centre near Kranji
Reservoir Park was carefully chosen to bring visitors closer to the Sungei Buloh wetlands. This
center serves as the official entry point to the Sungei Buloh Wetland Park, symbolizing a bridge
between people and nature. Here, visitors can explore the fascinating transition of water from river
to sea while learning about the diverse plants and animals that inhabit this unique ecosystem.

Fig no. 65 - Experience at Sungei buloh wetland reserve

The single-story structure is designed to resemble a bird in flight, featuring an interpretive gallery
along with essential amenities and cafeteria.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 59

 To make learning fun and
engaging, interactive exhibits
and teaching models are
incorporated to appeal to all
five senses - sight, touch,
sound, smell, and taste.
Children and visitors can
explore simulations of wetland
ecosystems, such as mangrove
swamps, sandbars, and tidal
coastal areas.
They can learn about unique
root systems, like stilt roots
and knee roots, and discover
how tiny fish use mangrove
roots as a safe haven from
predators.
Chart no 4. - Sungei buloh visitor center

Fig no. 66 - Visitor center

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 60
 Research and education center -
The old visitor center is modified into a Research & Education center.
It acts as a hub for learning, research, and conservation awareness.
Education center has spaces for briefings, lessons, and meetings.
Workspaces and quarters are provided for researchers.
Resource Library for wetlands research and learning.

Fig no. 67 -Sungei buloh wetland reserve

Nature trails -

Fig no. 68 -Sungei buloh wetland reserve nature trails

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 61

Conclusions -

Designs blends harmoniously with the natural environment, minimizing ecological impact.
It prioritize sustainable, eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient passive design strategies.
Create engaging, interactive spaces for educational purposes and hands-on learning.
Use elevated walkways to protect sensitive ecosystems while providing access.
Creating space for visitors to interact directly with nature and wildlife.
Focus on preserving and enhancing the wetland environment.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 62

 5.4 CASE STUDY 4 - CHILIKA, WETLAND RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER.

Location: Chilika Lake, Odisha, India.

Year completed: 2002, upgraded in 2010.
Purpose: Research, conservation, and ecological monitoring of wetlands, particularly Chilika
Lake.
Land area: 4.3 acre
Building area: 2000 sq.m
Building typology: Research and training center
Recognized as a Ramsar Site in 1981.

Fig no. 69 - Chilika WRTC Fig no. 70 - Chilika WRTC pond

The Wetland Research and Training Centre (WRTC), located near Chilika Lake in Odisha,
serves as a dedicated space for wetland conservation, research, and education. Its primary
purpose is to support the sustainable management of Chilika Lake, a vital Ramsar site
known for its ecological and cultural significance.

Fig no. 71 - Chilika WRTC facilities

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 63

 Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon formed due to the long-term interplay between
rivers, sea tides, and sediment deposition. It was created as a result of the Mahanadi
River depositing sediment along the eastern coast, forming a barrier and enclosing a part
of the Bay of Bengal.
Today, Chilika Lake is a thriving wetland supporting over 200 fish species, 700 species of
flora and fauna, and nearly 1 million migratory birds annually.

Fig no. 72 - Chilika WRTC pond Fig no. 73 - Chilika WRTC interpretation
center

Types of labs-

Fig no. 74 - Chilika WRTC labs

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 64

 Site plan-

Hostel Chief Bungalow

Chilika Pond WRTC Jetty

development
authority

Fig no. 75 - Chilika WRTC site plan

Conclusion

Site-sensitive planning minimizes ecological disturbance.

Research hub for biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
Community engagement through education and awareness programs.
Architectural integration with the wetland ecosystem.
Model for conservation-centric development in sensitive areas.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 65

5.5 Comparative analysis of case studies-

Criteria Coastal & Wetland

Hong Kong Sungei Buloh
Marine Training &
Wetland Park Wetland
Biodiversity Research
Reserve
Centre, Airoli Center, Chilika

Climate Hot-humid Subtropical Tropical Hot-humid

monsoon
climate

Site & Nature Near mangroves. Next to a Minimal Near

Integration wetland reserve. intervention in chilika lake
mangroves.

Building Exhibits & Visitor center, Research, trails, Research labs,

Layout walkways. exhibitions, trails. bird-watching training areas,
areas. dorms.

Pathways & Elevated Meandering Wooden Bridges,

Trails walkways for paths, boardwalks with pathways, open
mangrove boardwalks. minimal footprint. spaces.
protection.

Education & Interactive Interpretation Research Scientific

Research Focus exhibits, zones, research programs, research &
conservation spaces, tours. awareness tours. training hub.
training.

Tourism & Boating, bird- Themed exhibits, Bird-watching, Limited public

Recreation watching, nature wetland eco-trails, access, mainly
trails. experiences. guided tours. research-focused.

Table no. 5 - Comparative analysis of case study

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 66

 Chapter 6 - Site study and site analysis

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 67

6.1 Site selection criteria - Development plan

Proposed location

Fig no. 76 - Development plan of Ghansoli

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 68
Site selection criteria -

The site should host a healthy mangrove ecosystem or have potential for ecological restoration.
Must be easily accessible through well-established transportation networks, including roads, rail,
or waterways.
Development should have minimal adverse effects on the natural environment, preserving the local
biodiversity.

6.2 Proposed site location-

Fig no. 77 - Site location

Site is located in Ghansoli, New mumbai near thane creek.

6.3 Accessibility-

The site is well-connected to public transport surrounding areas,

Nearby bus stop - 400 m

Nearby railway station - Rabale railway station 1.8 km.
Mulund - Airoli road 6.5 km.
Thane creek Vashi bridge - 18 km.
Thane - Belapur highway - 3.5 km.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 69

6.4 Site-

Site area - 18.5 acres (74,500 sq.m approx).

Fig no. 78 - Site area

6.5 Site photos-

Fig no. 79 - Site photos

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 70

6.6 SWOT analysis

Site area - 18.5 acres (74,500 sq.m approx).

WINDFLOW

SUNPATH

Fig no. 80 - Site sunpath and windflow

Strengths Weakness
Close to Thane Creek and mangroves, Potential difficulties in balancing
offering eco-friendly design potential. development with environmental
Area is growing with new infrastructure protection.
developments.
Good accessibility.

Threats Opportunities

Flooding risk due to proximity to Chance to design with a focus on nature

Thane Creek. and community.
Proximity to mangroves may disturb Potential for sustainable design using eco-
species over there. friendly techniques.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 71

 6.7 Climate study-

Yearly climate

Fig no. 81 - Site yearly climate

Precipitation over the year

Fig no. 82 - Site precipitation over the year

Humidity throughout the year

Fig no. 83 - Site humidity throughout the year

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 72
Climate study-
Ghansoli has a hot and humid climate, with warm to hot temperatures throughout the year. Summers,
from March to May, are the hottest, while December and January are slightly cooler.
The area is very humid, especially during the monsoon season from June to September, with humidity
levels reaching 85-90%. It also gets heavy rainfall during this time, with July being the wettest month,
receiving about 500 mm of rain. The rest of the year is mostly dry, with very little rainfall.

6.8 Surrounding context-

Chart no 5. - Surrounding context of site

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 73

 Chapter 7 - User study

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 74

 7.1 Users-

Fig no. 84 - Types of users

The park will cater to a diverse group of users, each engaging with the space in different ways:

Researchers & Scientists – Studying mangrove ecosystems, monitoring biodiversity, and

working on conservation projects.

Students & Academics – Learning about coastal ecology, participating in workshops, and
conducting field studies.

Conservationists & Environmentalists – Raising awareness, conducting community

programs, and driving conservation efforts.

Tourists & Nature Enthusiasts – Exploring trails, observing wildlife, and engaging with
interactive exhibits.

Local Communities & Fisherfolk – Understanding the role of mangroves in their livelihoods
and participating in conservation efforts.

Government Bodies & NGOs – Using the park for policy discussions, research
collaborations, and environmental awareness campaigns.

Photographers & Artists – Capturing the unique beauty of mangroves, wildlife, and
changing landscapes.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 75

 7.2 User Behavior & Interaction Patterns-

Preferred Exploration Methods → Some users prefer guided tours, while others
enjoy self-paced learning.

Time Spent on Site → Researchers and students might spend a full day, while
tourists may visit for 1-2 hours.

Peak Visitation Periods → Tourists increase during winter (October-February)

for birdwatching, while researchers visit year-round.

Engagement Styles →
Interactive learners → Prefer digital screens, AR/VR experiences.
Nature-focused visitors → Enjoy silent observation decks, mangrove
trails.
Hands-on participants → Engage in clean-up drives, tree planting, and
workshops.

7.3 Psychological & Emotional Impact

Connection to Nature → The park should promote a sense of appreciation

and responsibility toward the environment.

Restorative Experience → Spaces should encourage calmness, mindfulness,

and mental well-being.

Impact on Consciousness → Visitors should leave with a deeper awareness of

mangrove conservation and its role in climate resilience.

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 76

 Chapter 8 - Area program

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 77

Area program -

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 78

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 79
 Bibliograpghy

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 80

 List of figures-

Fig no. 1 - Mangrove affected due to pollution

ig no. 2 - Aims
Fig no. 3 - Objectives
Fig no. 4 - Needs
Fig no. 5 - Threats to mangrove ecosystem
Fig no. 6 - Mangroves as dumpyards
Fig no. 7 - Mangroves as dumpyards
Fig no. 8 - Mangroves
Fig no. 9 - Mangroves
Fig no. 10 - Mangroves protecting shoreline
Fig no. 11 - Mangroves ecosystem benefits
Fig no. 12 - Mangroves ecosystem services
Fig no. 13 - Mangrove cover in India
Fig no. 14 - Mangrove evolution
Fig no. 15 - Mangrove evolution and protection
Fig no. 16 - Mangrove protection journey
Fig no. 17 - Thane creek- Ramsar site
Fig no. 18 - Flamingos migration at Thane creek
Fig no. 19 - Avicennia marina Vahl. (Grey Mangrove)
Fig no. 20 - Avicennia marina Vahl. (Grey Mangrove)
Fig no. 21 - Avicennia officinalis L.
Fig no. 22 - Bruguiera cylindrica Bl.
Fig no. 23 - Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.
Fig no. 24 - Ceriops tagal Robin (Indian Mangrove)
Fig no. 25 - Other wildlife and bird species found in mangroves
Fig no. 26 - Mangroves conservation actions
Fig no. 27 - Experiential architecture
Fig no. 28 - Experiential architecture elements
Fig no. 29 - Experiential architecture attributes
Fig no. 30 - Impact of colour and light
Fig no. 31 - Colour’s psychological impact
Fig no. 32 - Architecture’s multifaceted impact
Fig no. 33 - Interpretation center planning
Fig no. 34 - Interpretation center planning
Fig no. 35 - Library design considerations

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 81

 Fig no. 35 - Library design considerations
Fig no. 36 - Library design considerations
Fig no. 37 - Auditorium design considerations
Fig no. 38 - labs
Fig no. 39 - labs
Fig no. 40 - lab module
Fig no. 41 - 3 dimensional lab module
Fig no. 42 - lab workstation
Fig no. 43 - lab lighting
Fig no. 44 - wet lab
Fig no. 45 - dry lab
Fig no. 46 - lab layouts
Fig no. 47 - CMBC Airoli.
Fig no. 48 - CMBC Airoli outdoor activities
Fig no. 49 - CMBC Airoli admin block
Fig no. 50 - CMBC Airoli interpretation center
Fig no. 51 - CMBC Airoli users
Fig no. 52 - Hongkong wetland park
Fig no. 53 - Hongkong wetland park site plan
Fig no. 54 - Hongkong wetland park ground floor plan
Fig no. 55 - Hongkong wetland park first floor plan
Fig no. 56 - Hongkong wetland park trails
Fig no. 57 - Hongkong wetland park visitor center
Fig no. 58 - Hongkong wetland park features
Fig no. 59 - Hongkong wetland park visitor engagement
Fig no. 60 - Hongkong wetland park roof
Fig no. 61 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve
Fig no. 62 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve zoning
Fig no. 63 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve zoning
Fig no. 64 - Sungei buloh wetland reserve
Fig no. 65 - Experience at Sungei buloh wetland reserve
Fig no. 66 - Visitor center
Fig no. 67 -Sungei buloh wetland reserve
Fig no. 68 -Sungei buloh wetland reserve nature trails
Fig no. 69 - Chilika WRTC
Fig no. 70 - Chilika WRTC pond
Fig no. 71 - Chilika WRTC facilities
Fig no. 72 - Chilika WRTC pond
ig no. 73 - Chilika WRTC interpretation center
Fig no. 74 - Chilika WRTC labs
Fig no. 75 - Chilika WRTC site plan

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 82

 Fig no. 76 - Development plan of Ghansoli
Fig no. 77 - Site location
Fig no. 78 - Site area
Fig no. 79 - Site photos
Fig no. 80 - Site sunpath and windflow
Fig no. 81 - Site yearly climate
Fig no. 82 - Site precipitation over the year
Fig no. 83 - Site humidity throughout the year
Fig no. 84 - Types of users

List of tables-

Table no. 1 - Distribution of mangroves in Maharashtra

Table no. 2 - Distribution of mangroves in Mumbai
Table no. 3 - Evolution of mangroves
Table no. 4 - Difference between dry and wet labs
Table no. 5 - Comparative analysis of case study

List of charts-

Chart no 1. Mangrove distribution in India

Chart no 2. - Sustainable concepts of Hongkong park
hart no 3. - Sungei buloh wetland reserve zoning
Chart no 4. - Sungei buloh visitor center
Chart no 5. - Surrounding context of site

Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 83

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Interpreting mangroves - A conservation & research hub 84