Introduction to Internet of Things

Week 8

Presented By: Riya Tapwal

Under the supervision of

Prof. Sudip Misra

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

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 Traditional (Wireless) Mobile Network

✔ Problems in Traditional Mobile Network

▪Difficult to Scale – static over-provisioned network are inflexible to
manage the mobile traffic with high demand
▪ Difficult to manage – many times lead to misconfigurations
▪Inflexible – Requires too much time to introduce a new service as
the hardware architecture is inflexible
▪Cost-expensive – Both capital expenditure and operational
expenditure are high

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 SDN for Mobile Networking
✔ Flow-Table Paradigm of SDN
▪Well suited for end-to-end communication over multiple
technologies such as WiFi, 3G, 4G, etc.

✔ Logically Centralized Control

▪ Particularly useful for efficient base-station coordination for
addressing inter-cell interference

✔ Path Management
▪Data can be routed based on service requirements without
depending on core routing policies

✔ Network Virtualization
▪ Abstracts the physical resources from the network services
▪Helps in providing seamless connectivity and service
differentiation among users

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SDN for Mobile Networking: Key Benefits
✔ Centralized control of devices manufactured by multiple vendors
✔ Higher rate of integration of new services
✔ Abstracted network control and management
▪ Network abstracted from the user

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 Rule Placement at Access Devices
Challenges
▪ General OpenFlow does not support wireless network
▪ Modified version of OpenFlow is required
▪ Typically, users are mobile in nature – network is highly dynamic
▪ Frequent changes in rule placement is also required
▪ Presence of heterogeneous devices in the network
▪ How to support such heterogeneous devices in a single platform

Approaches

▪ ODIN
▪ Ubi-Flow
▪ Mobi-Flow

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 ODIN
✔ An agent is placed at access points to communicate with controller
✔ Two components are present
▪ Odin agent – placed with the physical devices
▪ Odin master – placed at the controller end

✔ Conversion of 802.11
✔ LVAP – Light virtual AP

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 Ubi-Flow
✔ Mobility management in SDIoT
▪ Scalable control of the APs
▪ Fault tolerance

✔ Flow-Scheduling
▪ Network partition
▪ Network matching
▪ Load balancing

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 Mobi-Flow
✔ Proactive rule placement depending on users’ movement in the network
✔ Approach
▪ Predict location of end-users at (t+1) time, while the users are at (t) time
▪ Place flow-rules at the APs which can be associated to the users based on their predicted locations

✔ Location prediction
▪ Order-K Markov predictor – takes last k-th location instances to predict next location
✔ Flow-rule placement
▪ Linear programming can be used to select optimal AP

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 Rule Placement at Backbone Network
✔ Existing rule placement schemes for wired network can be used
✔ Load balancing is an important issue due to the dynamic nature of the IoT network
✔ Dynamic resource allocation can also be integrated

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 Data Centric Networking
✔ Mice-Flow – Wildcard rules can be placed to deal with miceflows
✔ Elephant Flow – Exact match rules are useful
✔ We need to classify the flows before inserting flow-rules at the switches to adequately forward them in the network

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 Anomaly Detection in IoT Network
✔ Monitor the network through OpenFlow to detect any anomaly in the network
▪ This can be done by monitoring each flow in the network
▪ We can also collect the port statistics of the switches
▪ If there is any anomaly, it may generate large number of packets in the network – it can be detected by monitoring the flows

Experimenting with Wireless Network

✔ Mininet-WiFi
▪ Can be used to deploy a network
▪ Supports both wired and wireless network
▪ Wired – Ethernet protocol
▪ Wireless – WiFi protocol (IEEE 802.11 group)
✔ ONOS
▪ Can be used to place the controllers

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 Cloud Computing
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., network infrastructures, servers, storage, applications, etc.)” – NIST

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 Evolution of Cloud Computing
▪ It can be envisioned as step on from Utility Computing
▪ It provides high level generalization (abstraction) of computation and storage model
▪ It can be rapidly allocated and released with low management effort
▪ It has some essential characteristics, service models, and deployment models
▪ It provides on-demand services, that can be accessed from any place and at anytime

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 Business Advantages of Cloud Computing
Business Advantages
✔ Nearly zero cost for upfront infrastructure investment
✔ Real-time Infrastructure availability
✔ More efficient resource utilization
✔ Usage-based costing
✔ Reduced time to market

General Characteristics
✔ Improved agility in resource provisioning.
✔ Ubiquitous – independent of device or location
✔ Multitenancy – sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users
✔ Dynamic load balancing
✔ Highly reliable and scalable
✔ Low cost and low maintenance
✔ Improved security and access control

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 NIST Visual Model of Cloud Computing

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 Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing
✔ Broad network access ✔ On-demand self-service
▪Cloud resources should be available over the ▪ Provide server time and network storage to users
network automatically
▪ Should support standard mechanisms for ▪ This facility should be available as a self-service
information retrieval using traditional interfaces
▪Supported clients: heterogeneous thin or thick
✔ Resource pooling
client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and
▪ Automatically pool the whole available resources
PDAs)
▪ Serve multiple end-users using a multi-tenant model
▪ Resources should be allocated according to user’s demand
✔ Rapid elasticity
▪Cloud resource allocation should be rapid, elastic
✔ Measured service
and automatic ▪ Resource usage should be recorded and monitored
▪ Dynamic allocation/release facility for scale-out and ▪ Facility to dynamically control and optimize the resource
scale-in usage
▪ Consumers should feel infinite resources ▪This facility should be transparent between the service
▪ Facility for add/remove of quantity should be there provider and consumer

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 Components of Cloud Computing

✔ Clients /end-users: Thick, Thin, Mobile

✔Services: Products & solutions (Identity, Mapping, Search,
etc.)
✔ Applications: Web apps, SaaS, etc.
✔ Platform: Apps/Web hosting using PaaS
✔ Storage: Database, Data-Storage-as-a-Service (DSaaS)
✔ Infrastructure: Virtualization, IaaS, EC2

Service Models
✔ Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
✔ Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
✔ Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

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 Service Model of Cloud Computing
✔ Public cloud
✔ Private cloud
✔ Hybrid cloud
✔ Others:
▪ Community cloud
▪ Distributed cloud
▪ Multi-cloud
▪ Inter-cloud

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 Service Model of Cloud Computing
Public Cloud Private Cloud
✔ Cloud set-up for the use of any person or industry ✔ Cloud set-up functioned only for a single organization
✔ Typically owned by an organization who offers the cloud ✔ Typically managed by the organization itself (on-premises) or a
service. third party
(off-premises)
✔Examples: Amazon Web Service (AWS), Google Compute
✔ Advantages:
Engine, Microsoft Azure ▪ Total control over the system and data
✔ Advantages: ▪ Minimum security concerns
▪Easy to set-up at low cost, as provider covers the ✔ Disadvantages:
hardware, application and bandwidth costs. ▪ Regular maintenance
▪ Scalability to meet needs.
▪ Pay-per-use ensures that from user’s perspective no
resources wasted.

Hybrid Cloud
✔Cloud set-up constructed by two or more unique cloud set-up
(private, community, or public)
✔ Pooled together by standardized tools
✔Supports data and application portability (e.g., facility for load-
balancing between clouds)
✔IIT Kharagpur
Provides multiple deployment models Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 19
 Other Types of Cloud
✔ Community cloud
▪ Shared set-up between several organizations having common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.)
▪ Managed by internally or by third party
✔ Distributed Cloud
▪ Collection of scattered set of computing devices in different locations, however, connected to a single network
▪ Two types – Public-resource Computing and Volunteer Cloud.

✔ Multi-cloud
▪ Multiple cloud computing services offered via single heterogeneous architecture
▪ Increases fault-tolerance and flexibility
✔ Inter-cloud
▪ Unified global ‘cloud of clouds’ based on the Internet
▪ Supports interoperability between cloud service providers

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 Comparison of Different Deployment Models

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 Service Models

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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
“Infrastructure-as-a-Service, abbreviated as IaaS, contains the basic building blocks for cloud IT and typically provide access to
networking features, computers (virtual or dedicated hardware), and data storage space.” – Amazon
✔ On-demand delivery of computing infrastructure
✔ IaaS provides the following:
▪ Servers- Compute, machines
▪ Storage
▪ Network
▪ Operating system

Working Methodology

• The user rents servers, software, data center space

or network equipment
• Cloud service provider offers resource management
• Outsourced service on-demand model

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Why Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)?
✔ New businesses can operate without investing on computer hardware.
✔ Scalable for rapidly growing businesses. (Organizations that experience huge success immediately)
✔ Suitable for serving fluctuating computing demands. (Ex. Flipkart, Amazon during festival seasons)
✔ Suitable for new business model trials.
✔ Helps in minimizing the capital expenses. (entrepreneurs starting on a shoestring budget)

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Characteristics of IaaS
✔ Manageability and interoperability ✔ Accessibility and portability
▪ Clients have total control of the virtualized ▪ Facility for client to ease various tasks – control, manage and
infrastructure resources access
▪ Pre-configured facility for allocation of virtualized infrastructure resources
resources ▪ To facilitate easy reallocation and duplication of allocated
▪The virtualized resources are to be monitored for their infrastructure resources
running status
▪The Usage and Billing system records the use of ✔ Performance and optimization
infrastructure resources and accordingly calculate payment ▪ High utilization of physical resources among different clients
▪ To enable high computing power with the large pool of
✔ Availability and reliability physical
▪ Stored data can be retrieved at any time without resources using parallel processing
failure ▪ To optimize the deployment of physical resources by dynamic
▪ The clients should be able to access the computational configuration of virtual infrastructure resources
resources without failure
▪Uninterrupted facility for computation and
communication

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Categories of IaaS
✔ IaaS can be obtained as:
▪ Public Cloud
▪ Shared infrastructure resources
▪ Available for self-service basis
▪ Private Cloud
▪ Private infrastructure resources
▪ Access control
▪ Hybrid Cloud: A blend of public and private

IaaS – Challenges and Limitations

✔ Sometimes the regulatory approval does not allow outsourcing the storage and processing of sensitive data.(Ex.: Medical
records)
✔ Network latency may degrade the level of expected performance
✔ Users may require automated decision making of job scheduling to available resources
✔ Seamless scaling of services independent of traffic variation
✔ Developers have to focus on low level system details

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Platform as a Service
“Platform-as-a-service remove the need for organizations to manage the underlying infrastructure (usually hardware and
operating systems) and allow you to focus on the deployment and management of your applications.” – Amazon

✔ PaaS provides the platform which allows developers to create applications which can be offered as services via Internet
✔ Simplifies the application development and deploy providing the cloudaware feature
✔ PaaS is an application middleware offered as a service to developers
✔ Provides abstraction and security for deployed applications.
✔ Facilitates development and managing applications without the complexity of maintaining the underlying
infrastructure
✔ Allows customers to rent virtualized servers and associated services
✔ Provides elastic scaling of the user’s deployed application

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 Platform as a Service
Features of PaaS Offering PaaS Working Model
✔ Operating system ✔Allows users to create software applications using offered
✔ Server-side scripting environment tools
✔ Database management system ✔ Provides preconfigured features that customers can
✔ Server Software subscribe
✔ Support ✔Support available for managing the infrastructure and
✔ Storage applications for customers
✔ Network access
✔ Services are regularly updated with new features
✔ Tools for design and development
✔ Hosting

Business Advantages
✔Facility for accessing key middleware services without worrying about the underlying complexities of managing
individual hardware and software elements
✔ Ease of access for the development and deployment tools
✔ Freedom from managing development and deployment tools individually

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Software as a Service
“Software as a Service provides you with a completed product that is run and managed by the service provider. In most cases,
people referring to Software as a Service are referring to end-user applications.” – Amazon

✔ SaaS is a simplified model of software delivery over Internet

✔ Operation, maintenance and technical support is provided by the service provider
✔ Typically offered via web browser working as a thin-client
✔ Supports a fully pay-as-you-go model
✔ Remote access of software via Internet where web-browser acts as a thin-client
✔ Facility for access and control of commercial software via Internet
✔ Multi-tenant application delivery in a one-to-many model

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Architecture of Software as a Service
✔ Scalability
▪ To maximize application concurrency
▪ To optimize the shared pool of resources such as threads and network connections
✔ Multi-tenancy
▪ Important architectural shift from designing isolated, single-tenant applications
▪ Ability to accommodate users from multiple companies at the same time
▪ Transparency to all the users
▪ Maximize the sharing of resources across tenants while distinguishing user’s individual data
✔ Configurability
▪ To facilitate parallel allocation of a single application on a single server to several users
▪ To customize the application for one customer will change the application for other customers as well
▪ Separate data space for different users

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Limitations of Software as a Service
✔ Centralized control
✔ Switching cost
✔ Limited flexibility
✔ Data security and privacy

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 Comparison of Different Service Models

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 Service Management and Security
✔Deals with the world of cloud computing and service management, ensuring optimal performance and
efficiency in on-demand, virtual environments
✔ Aims to provide equal importance to desired outcomes of customers
✔ Management of services at no cost and risk

Objectives
✔ To provide standard services
✔ Clear & complete description of services
✔ Usage monitoring and billing
✔ High availability of networks and connectivity
✔ Ease of access
✔ Portals for service selection
✔ Rapid fulfillment/decommissioning of resources
✔ Service guarantees
✔ Secure computing and storage

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 Service Level Agreement
✔ Defines the non functional requirements expected from the service provider
✔ Provides a roadmap with clearly defined deliverables
✔ Describes the quality, utility and warranty of services expected by the customer

Accounting and Billing

✔ Service Accounting
▪ Aims to obtain resource usage information, typically in the form of records
▪ Depends on infrastructure and service monitoring, as usage information is obtained from metric measurements
✔ Billing
▪ Service provider calculates billing information using
▪ Accounting records
▪ Resource prices
▪ Billing rules

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 Comparing Scaling Hardware: Traditional vs. Cloud
✔ Traditional data centres
▪ Heterogeneous hardware
▪ Networked computing
▪ Remote server
✔ Cloud Computing
▪ Off-premises
▪ Virtual hosting solution
▪ Heterogeneous hardware, software and networks on the cloud

✔ Major differences include

▪ Resilience and Elasticity
▪ Flexibility and Scalability
▪ Automation
▪ Running Costs
▪ Security

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 Managing Data in Cloud
✔ Steps in evaluating database manager
▪ Define the type of application that will be served like data asset protection, business intelligence, e-commerce
▪ Determine how suitable these apps are for public or private clouds
▪ Factors affecting easy development process

✔ Demands of cloud database management system

▪ Efficiency
▪ Fault-Tolerance
▪ Adaptive to heterogeneity
▪ Operational comfort on encrypted data
▪ Capable of interfacing with other products/solutions

✔ Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS)
▪ MicrosoftAzure/SQLDatabase
▪ AmazonWebServices/DynamoDB/RelationalDatabaseService
▪ GoogleCloudSQL/GoogleAppEngine Datastore
▪ ClearDB
▪ [Link]

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 Cloud Security

✔ Problem: User loses control of information available on public cloud

✔ Security concerns:
▪ Loss of data
▪ Account seizing
▪ Service traffic hindrance
▪ Vulnerable APIs
✔ Solution: Protection from theft, leakage and deletion by providing secure policies

Infrastructure Security Network Level Security

✔ Security of cloud infrastructure must be implicitly ✔ Public clouds
assured ▪ Small change severely affects the network topology
▪ For public or private cloud ▪ Proper access control for using resources
▪ For services SaaS, PaaS, IaaS ✔ Achieving confidentiality and integrity of data-in-transit
✔ Building Levels for viewing, evaluating and executing to and from the cloud service provider
infrastructure security are ✔ Availability of internet resources correctly to genuine
▪ Network level security users from cloud service provider
▪ Host level security
▪ Application level security

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 Cloud Security Contd…
Host Level Security
✔ Host security at PaaS and SaaS Level:
▪ Hide the host operating system from end-users
▪Security responsibilities are transferred to Cloud service
providers
✔ Host security at IaaS Level:
▪ Primary objective is to secure the allocated hosts
▪ Example of threats: Blue Pill attack on hypervisor

Application Level Security

✔Both CSP and the customer are responsible for security at
application level

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 Data Security
✔ Objectives:
▪ Confidentiality
▪ Integrity
▪ Availability
✔ Solution:
▪ Identity management
▪ Encryption
▪ Access control

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 Identity and Access Management

✔A branch of cloud security that allows the legitimate persons to retrieve the legitimate resources at the
legitimate time for the legitimate reasons
✔ User identities and access permissions are instigated, caught, administered and recorded by IAM
✔ Authentication, authorization and evaluation of all users are done according to the terms and
conditions and the roles of users
Features of IAM Access Control
✔ Single Access Control Interface ✔ Access control layers in cloud include:
✔ Increased security ▪ Cloud access
✔ Access Control over Resource-level ▪ Server access
✔ Improvement of operational efficiency ▪ Service access
✔ Organizations attain access control and operational ▪ Database access (direct and queries via web services)
security ▪ VM access
using IAM ▪ Access to objects within a VM
✔ Improvement of regulatory compliance management ✔ Management of these layers depends on provider or
consumer, based on the deployment model

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 Trust and Reputation
✔ Trust: Independent expectancy between two entities for any specific context at a given time
✔ Reputation: Belief of an entity’s standing by the community
✔ These concepts are needed by the customer to select appropriate cloud provider
✔ Different modes of trust establishment include
▪ Accomplishment of Service Level Agreement
▪ Application of audit standards
▪ Measuring and ratings
▪ Questionnaires for self-assessment

Risk Assessment
✔ Categorization of different assessment methodology
▪ Formal versus informal procedures
▪Qualitative (high/moderate/low) versus quantitative
(numbers) techniques
▪ Consequence versus cause analysis
▪ Inductive versus deductive techniques

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 Authentication in Cloud Computing
✔ User Authentication
▪ What: User authentication process between new users and service provider
▪ When: During the authentication, the properties and safety of process can be invaded by attack causing severe damages
▪ Where: User authentication is done at PaaS layer
▪ Consequence: Threat to authentication process can lead to divulge of confidential data to a fake user

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 Cloud Simulations
✔ Simulation tools provide reliable, scalable and repeatable environment for performance evaluation
✔ The simulators facilitate pre-deployment tests of services
✔ As the demand of cloud computing is growing everyday, the simulators and technologies are needed to be studied

✔ Cloud simulators allow customers to ✔ Different Cloud Simulators are:

▪ Evaluate the services ▪ CloudSim
▪ Testing at no cost ▪ CloudAnalyst
▪ Enable repeatable evaluation ▪ GreenCloud
▪ Control the environment ▪ iCanCloud
▪ Pre-detection of issues affecting performance ▪ GroudSim
▪ Design of countermeasures ▪ DCSim

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Question No: 1

Which of the following is an issue prevalent for communication in wireless sensor networks?

a. Diffusion
b. Interference
c. Diffraction
d. Inheritance

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Question No: 1

Which of the following is an issue prevalent for communication in wireless sensor networks?

a. Diffusion
b. Interference
c. Diffraction
d. Inheritance

In any wireless networks that communicate using radio frequency, interference is a major issue.

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Question No: 2

In a cloud computing paradigm, the user does not have availability to on-demand services.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 2

In a cloud computing paradigm, the user does not have availability to on-demand services.

a. True
b. False

Cloud computing is built for providing dynamic on-demand services

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Question No: 3

Which among the following can be rented as a utility service by a client remotely in Cloud Computing?

a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Memory and storage
d. All of these

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Question No: 3

Which among the following can be rented as a utility service by a client remotely in Cloud Computing?

a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Memory and storage
d. All of these

Cloud computing provides clients on-demand services to all computing features, from hardware to software to
infrastructure.

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Question No: 4

When you are accessing Google docs or Microsoft Word online for accessing the features of a document
writing software from your browser without specifically installing them, which cloud service model you
are using?

a. SaaS
b. PaaS
c. IaaS
d. DaaS

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Question No: 4

When you are accessing Google docs or Microsoft Word online for accessing the features of a document
writing software from your browser without specifically installing them, which cloud service model you
are using?

a. SaaS
b. PaaS
c. IaaS
d. DaaS

This is an example of SaaS, since you are accessing a word/document processing software as a client through the client.

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Question No: 5

In cloud computing service model, what does ‘XaaS’ stand for?

a. Security-as-a-Service
b. Connectivity-as-a-Service
c. Network-as-a-Service
d. Anything-as-a-Service

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Question No: 5

In cloud computing service model, what does ‘XaaS’ stand for?

a. Security-as-a-Service
b. Connectivity-as-a-Service
c. Network-as-a-Service
d. Anything-as-a-Service

‘X’ in XaaS stands for anything. XaaS is a collective term that refers to the delivery of anything as a service.

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Question No: 6

Microsoft Azure is an example of service provider.

a. SDN
b. Cloud computing
c. Batch computing
d. Operating System

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Question No: 6

Microsoft Azure is an example of service provider.

a. SDN
b. Cloud computing
c. Batch computing
d. Operating System

Azure is the cloud service by Microsoft

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Question No: 7

No virtualization is used in cloud service provisioning.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 7

No virtualization is used in cloud service provisioning.

a. True
b. False

Cloud computing uses the concept of virtualization heavily to provide continuous, dynamic on-demand services.

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Question No: 8

What does DBaaS stand for in cloud computing service model?

a. Disk-as-a-Service.
b. Database-as-a-Service
c. Distribution-as-a-Service
d. Data buffering-as-a-Service

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Question No: 8

What does DBaaS stand for in cloud computing service model?

a. Disk-as-a-Service.
b. Database-as-a-Service
c. Distribution-as-a-Service
d. Data buffering-as-a-Service

DBaaS stands for Database-as-a-Service

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Question No: 9

Suppose a hospital that deals with sensitive patient data wants to have cloud support for all of its
computers, but it wants to set up its own secure cloud infrastructure. This is an example of which of the
following models?

a. Public cloud
b. Hybrid cloud
c. Private cloud
d. None of these

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Question No: 9

Suppose a hospital that deals with sensitive patient data wants to have cloud support for all of its
computers, but it wants to set up its own secure cloud infrastructure. This is an example of which of the
following models?

a. Public cloud
b. Hybrid cloud
c. Private cloud
d. None of these

As the computers can access the cloud set up by the hospital’s own infrastructure, this is an example of private cloud

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Question No: 10

What does ‘CIA’ in cloud data security stand for?

a. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

b. Confidentiality, Inheritance, Automation
c. Congestion, Integrity, Authentication
d. Criticality, Integrity, Accountability

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Question No: 10

What does ‘CIA’ in cloud data security stand for?

a. Confidentiality, Integrity,
[Link]
Confidentiality, Inheritance,
Automation
c. Congestion, Integrity, Authentication
d. Criticality, Integrity, Accountability

‘CIA’ stands for ‘Confidentiality, Integrity and

Availability’.

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Question No:
11
In virtualization, a hypervisor is responsible for orchestration between the underlying physical hardware
and the virtual machines being installed.

a. True
b. False

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Question No:
11
In virtualization, a hypervisor is responsible for orchestration between the underlying physical hardware
and the virtual machines being installed.

a.
b. False
True

Hypervisor provides the necessary orchestration between virtual machines and host computers. Orchestration is the
automated configuration, management, and coordination of computer systems, applications, and services.

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Question No: 12

For a secure cloud deployment, which among the following are needed to be considered?

a. Network Level Security

b. Host Level Security
c. Application Level Security
d. All of these

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Question No: 12

For a secure cloud deployment, which among the following are needed to be considered?

a. Network Level Security

b. Host Level Security
c. Application Level Security
d. All of these

Network, Host and Application level security are all important.

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Question No: 13

CloudSim is a type of

a. Cloud network
b. Cloud simulator
c. Cloud enhancement
d. Cloud model

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Question No: 13

CloudSim is a type of

a. Cloud network
b. Cloud simulator
c. Cloud enhancement
d. Cloud model

CloudSim is a type of cloud simulator.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 69

Question No: 14

Before cloud computing provisioning, the client is provided with the details of the various warranties in
which of the following document?

a. Service Level Authentication

b. Service Level Agreement
c. Software Level Agreement
d. Software Level; Authentication

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 70

Question No: 14

Before cloud computing provisioning, the client is provided with the details of the various warranties in
which of the following document?

a. Service Level Authentication

b. Service Level
c. Software Level Agreement
Agreement
d. Software Level; Authentication

SLA stands for Service Level Agreement. It defines all the service level requirements and promises bly the cloud service
provider.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 71

Question No: 15

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is an example of

a. Open source cloud

b. Deployment cloud
c. Commercial cloud
d. Not a cloud platform

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 72

Question No: 15

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is an example of

a. Open source cloud

b. Deployment cloud
c. Commercial cloud
d. Not a cloud platform

AWS is the commercial cloud service by Amazon.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 73

Question No: 16

The process of abstracting physical network hardware and resources from the network services and use cases are known as

a. Network Splitting
b. Network Virtualization
c. Network Scaling
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 74

Question No: 16

The process of abstracting physical network hardware and resources from the network services and use cases are known as

a. Network Splitting
b. Network Virtualization
c. Network Scaling
d. None of these

Network virtualization is the process by which various network services are abstracted from their underlying physical
hardware for smooth management.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 75

Question No: 17

ODIN is one of the proposed solutions towards Software Defined WSN and mobility management. As per the architecture of
ODIN, which component of ODIN is placed on top of the controller.

a. ODIN master
b. ODIN agent
c. Both ODIN master and agent
d. Neither ODIN Master and agent

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 76

Question No: 17

ODIN is one of the proposed solutions towards Software Defined WSN and mobility management. As per the architecture of
ODIN, which component of ODIN is placed on top of the controller.

a. ODIN master
b. ODIN agent
c. Both ODIN master and agent
d. Neither ODIN Master and agent

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 77

Question No: 18

Shared pool of resources with easy configurability are important aspects of cloud computing.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 78

Question No: 18

Shared pool of resources with easy configurability are important aspects of cloud computing.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 79

Question No: 19

In cloud computing, the users have specific knowledge about the exact physical location of the computing hardware with respect
to the cloud services.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 80

Question No: 19

In cloud computing, the users have specific knowledge about the exact physical location of the computing hardware with respect
to the cloud services.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 81

Question No: 20

Suppose there are two organizations, A and B both of which provide cloud services. Any user can access the cloud of A free
of cost whereas only employees of organization B can access the cloud of B. Also organization B has set up its cloud for only
its own needs. With respect to the type of cloud infrastructure provided by A and B, which among the following is true

a. A: Private Cloud, B: Public Cloud

b. A: Public Cloud, B: Private Cloud
c. A: Public Cloud, B: Public Cloud
d. A: Private Cloud, B: Private Cloud

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 82

Question No: 20

Suppose there are two organizations, A and B both of which provide cloud services. Any user can access the cloud of A free
of cost whereas only employees of organization B can access the cloud of B. Also organization B has set up its cloud for only
its own needs. With respect to the type of cloud infrastructure provided by A and B, which among the following is true

a. A: Private Cloud, B: Public Cloud

b. A: Public Cloud, B: Private Cloud
c. A: Public Cloud, B: Public Cloud
d. A: Private Cloud, B: Private Cloud

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 83

Question No: 21

Which among the following can be considered as a potential service model for cloud computing.

a. Software as a Service
b. Database as a Service
c. Platform as a Service
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 84

Question No: 21

Which among the following can be considered as a potential service model for cloud computing.

a. Software as a Service
b. Database as a Service
c. Platform as a Service
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 85

Question No: 22

Which of the following component can be considered as optional for a sensor node?

a. Sensing unit
b. Transceiver
c. Location finding unit
d. None of the above

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 86

Question No: 22

Which of the following component can be considered as optional for a sensor node?

a. Sensing unit
b. Transceiver
c. Location finding unit
d. None of the above

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 87

Question No: 23

You have bought a spreadsheet processing software in the form of a CD-ROM which you would need to install yourself on
your computer to run and then manage. Is it an example of SaaS in cloud computing?

a. Yes
b. No

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 88

Question No: 23

You have bought a spreadsheet processing software in the form of a CD-ROM which you would need to install yourself on
your computer to run and then manage. Is it an example of SaaS in cloud computing?

a. Yes
b. No

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 89

Question No: 24

Suppose two persons A and B both wish to access a particular SaaS feature from a cloud service provider through their
respective personal computers. Both of them log into the cloud at the same time. Then which among the following is true.

a. Neither A nor B will be able to access the services

b. A will be able to access the services but not B
c. B will be able to access the services but not A.
d. Both A and B will be able to access the services

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 90

Question No: 24

Suppose two persons A and B both wish to access a particular SaaS feature from a cloud service provider through their
respective personal computers. Both of them log into the cloud at the same time. Then which among the following is true.

a. Neither A nor B will be able to access the services

b. A will be able to access the services but not B
c. B will be able to access the services but not A.
d. Both A and B will be able to access the services

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 91

Question No: 25

Which among the following security paradigms is concerned with securing the in-transit data between the users and the
cloud through the Internet.

a. Network Level Security

b. Host Level Security
c. Application Level Security
d. None of these.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 92

Question No: 25

Which among the following security paradigms is concerned with securing the in-transit data between the users and the
cloud through the Internet.

a. Network Level Security

b. Host Level Security
c. Application Level Security
d. None of these.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 93

Question No: 26

“Cloud Security ensures that _____________ users can access their data after proper ____________________”
Choose which among the following should be the correct order of words to be filled in the blanks.

a. legitimate, authentication
b. illegitimate, authentication
c. malicious, inaction
d. malicious, attack

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 94

Question No: 26

“Cloud Security ensures that _____________ users can access their data after proper ____________________”
Choose which among the following should be the correct order of words to be filled in the blanks.

a. legitimate, authentication
b. illegitimate, authentication
c. malicious, inaction
d. malicious, attack

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 95

Question No: 27

Which among the following should be protected with proper access control in cloud computing

a. Database access
b. Server access
c. Virtual resource access
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 96

Question No: 27

Which among the following should be protected with proper access control in cloud computing

a. Database access
b. Server access
c. Virtual resource access
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 97

Question No: 28

Before launching your cloud services as a product to customers, it is always a good idea to test your cloud applications on a
cloud simulator first in the pre-deployment phase.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 98

Question No: 28

Before launching your cloud services as a product to customers, it is always a good idea to test your cloud applications on a
cloud simulator first in the pre-deployment phase.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 99

Question No: 29

With respect to virtualization in cloud computing, which among the following can be considered as
suitable virtualization paradigms.

a. Storage virtualization
b. Hardware virtualization
c. Application virtualization
d. All of these.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 29

With respect to virtualization in cloud computing, which among the following can be considered as
suitable virtualization paradigms.

a. Storage virtualization
b. Hardware virtualization
c. Application virtualization
d. All of these.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 30

Along with Accounting, which among the following is an essential component of cloud service management.

a. Virtualization
b. Billing
c. Deployment
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 30

Along with Accounting, which among the following is an essential component of cloud service management.

a. Virtualization
b. Billing
c. Deployment
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 31

Which among the following are core challenges of traditional mobile networks?

a. Scalability
b. Flexibility
c. Manageability
d. All of the given

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 31

Which among the following are core challenges of traditional mobile networks?

a. Scalability
b. Flexibility
c. Manageability
d. All of the given

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 32

Network virtualization enables ______________ of physical resources

a. Movement
b. Abstraction
c. Removal
d. Creation

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 32

Network virtualization enables ______________ of physical resources

a. Movement
b. Abstraction
c. Removal
d. Creation

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 33

In comparison to Software-Defined Networks, traditional networks are cost expensive with respect to which of the following?

a. Both capex and opex

b. Capex but not opex
c. Opex but not capex
d. Neither capex nor opex

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 33

In comparison to Software-Defined Networks, traditional networks are cost expensive with respect to which of the following?

a. Both capex and opex

b. Capex but not opex
c. Opex but not capex
d. Neither capex nor opex

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 10

Question No: 34

General OpenFlow supports both wireless and wired connections.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 34

General OpenFlow supports both wireless and wired connections.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 35

With respect to Software Defined Centre Network Networking (SD-DCN) ____________ can use wild
cards and _________________ uses exact match rules.

a. Mice flows, Elephant flows

b. Elephant flows, Mice flows
c. Mice flows, traditional flows
d. Traditional flows, Elephant flows

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 35

With respect to Software Defined Centre Network Networking (SD-DCN) ____________ can use wild
cards and _________________ uses exact match rules.

a. Mice flows, Elephant flows

b. Elephant flows, Mice flows
c. Mice flows, traditional flows
d. Traditional flows, Elephant flows

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 36

In cloud computing model, which among the following are characteristics of computing resources?

a. On-demand
b. Shared
c. Configurable
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 36

In cloud computing model, which among the following are characteristics of computing resources?

a. On-demand
b. Shared
c. Configurable
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 37

Iaas, PaaS and SaaS are examples of what type of cloud models?

a. Cloud deployment model

b. Cloud service model
c. Cloud access model
d. Cloud virtualization model

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 37

Iaas, PaaS and SaaS are examples of what type of cloud models?

a. Cloud deployment model

b. Cloud service model
c. Cloud access model
d. Cloud virtualization model

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 38

An organization A wants to deploy a cloud infrastructure, whereby it wants to push majority of the data to a cloud
whose servers can be situated anywhere within the globe, but it wants certain private data to be pushed only to cloud
servers that are present on-premise and are accessible by only authenticated members of the organization. In this
context which among the following deployment model should be used?

a. Private Cloud
b. Public Cloud
c. Hybrid Cloud
d. Any of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 38

An organization A wants to deploy a cloud infrastructure, whereby it wants to push majority of the data to a cloud
whose servers can be situated anywhere within the globe, but it wants certain private data to be pushed only to cloud
servers that are present on-premise and are accessible by only authenticated members of the organization. In this
context which among the following deployment model should be used?

a. Private Cloud
b. Public Cloud
c. Hybrid Cloud
d. Any of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 11

Question No: 39

Which of the following type of client requires constant communication/connection with the cloud server?

a. Thin client
b. Thick client
c. Both thin and thick clients
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 39

Which of the following type of client requires constant communication/connection with the cloud server?

a. Thin client
b. Thick client
c. Both thin and thick clients
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 40

Fill in the blank: Typically, cloud computing have _____ components?

a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 40

Fill in the blank: Typically, cloud computing have _____ components?

a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 41

What does ‘CIA’ in cloud data security stand for?

a. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

b. Confidentiality, Inheritance, Automation
c. Congestion, Integrity, Authentication
d. Criticality, Integrity, Accountability

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 41

What does ‘CIA’ in cloud data security stand for?

a. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

b. Confidentiality, Inheritance, Automation
c. Congestion, Integrity, Authentication
d. Criticality, Integrity, Accountability

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 42

In SaaS model of cloud computing, which of the following acts as the thin-client?

a. Cloud gateway
b. Web monitor
c. Web browser
d. Local firewall

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 42

In SaaS model of cloud computing, which of the following acts as the thin-client?

a. Cloud gateway
b. Web monitor
c. Web browser
d. Local firewall

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 43

Data in __________ and Data at _______________ are two important aspects of data security

a. past, present
b. time, place
c. transit, rest
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 43

Data in __________ and Data at _______________ are two important aspects of data security

a. past, present
b. time, place
c. transit, rest
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 12

Question No: 44

Which among the following is a metric for Service Level Agreement (SLA) in Cloud Computing?

a. Availability
b. Portability
c. Response Time
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 44

Which among the following is a metric for Service Level Agreement (SLA) in Cloud Computing?

a. Availability
b. Portability
c. Response Time
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 45

Which of the following cloud computing models does AWS EC2 belong to?

a. IaaS
b. PaaS
c. SaaS
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 45

Which of the following cloud computing models does AWS EC2 belong to?

a. IaaS
b. PaaS
c. SaaS
d. None of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 46

Traditional Wireless Mobile Networks are cost expensive in terms of _____________?

a. Only CAPEX
b. Only OPEX
c. Both CAPEX and OPEX
d. Neither CAPEX and OPEX

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 46

Traditional Wireless Mobile Networks are cost expensive in terms of _____________?

a. Only CAPEX
b. Only OPEX
c. Both CAPEX and OPEX
d. Neither CAPEX and OPEX

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 47

High mobility of users is one of the key challenges in rule placement for software defined wireless mobile networks.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 47

High mobility of users is one of the key challenges in rule placement for software defined wireless mobile networks.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 47

Which among the following is a solution for mobility-aware flow rule placement in SDIoT?

a. Mobility-Flow
b. Mobile-Flow
c. Mobi-Flow
d. M-Flow

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 47

Which among the following is a solution for mobility-aware flow rule placement in SDIoT?

a. Mobility-Flow
b. Mobile-Flow
c. Mobi-Flow
d. M-Flow

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 13

Question No: 48

Cloud, Utility, Grid and ______________________ have been the major trends in computing

a. Clone
b. Cluster
c. Closure
d. Cloud

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 48

Cloud, Utility, Grid and ______________________ have been the major trends in computing

a. Clone
b. Cluster
c. Closure
d. Cloud

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 49

Cloud computing models allow different users to share the same physical resources?

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 49

Cloud computing models allow different users to share the same physical resources?

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 50

As per NIST Visual Model of Cloud Computing, ‘Hybrid Cloud’ model and PaaS model both fall in the same category.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 50

As per NIST Visual Model of Cloud Computing, ‘Hybrid Cloud’ model and PaaS model both fall in the same category.

a. True
b. False

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 51

When you are accessing Google docs or Microsoft Word online for accessing the features of a document writing software
from your browser without specifically installing them, which among the following cloud service models is the most
appropriate one that you are using.

a. SaaS
b. PaaS
c. IaaS
d. DaaS

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 51

When you are accessing Google docs or Microsoft Word online for accessing the features of a document writing software
from your browser without specifically installing them, which among the following cloud service models is the most
appropriate one that you are using.

a. SaaS
b. PaaS
c. IaaS
d. DaaS

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 52

An organization A wants to deploy a cloud infrastructure, whereby it wants to push majority of the data to a cloud whose
servers can be situated anywhere within the globe, but it wants certain private data to be pushed only to cloud servers that
are present on-premise and are accessible by only authenticated members of the organization. In this context which among
the following deployment model should be used?

a. Private Cloud
b. Public Cloud
c. Hybrid Cloud
d. Any of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 52

An organization A wants to deploy a cloud infrastructure, whereby it wants to push majority of the data to a cloud whose
servers can be situated anywhere within the globe, but it wants certain private data to be pushed only to cloud servers that
are present on-premise and are accessible by only authenticated members of the organization. In this context which among
the following deployment model should be used?

a. Private Cloud
b. Public Cloud
c. Hybrid Cloud
d. Any of these

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 14

Question No: 53

Cloud services and resources should be rapidly ______________ in order to achieve their required performance.

a. entrusted
b. elastic
c. enterprise
d. None of the given

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 53

Cloud services and resources should be rapidly ______________ in order to achieve their required performance.

a. entrusted
b. elastic
c. enterprise
d. None of the given

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 54

Suppose that a start-up wants to enter into online book delivery business. It wants to create the user interface
and the application by itself, but it does not have any networking or storage facility, so it wants to adopt the
cloud computing practice. In this respect, which among the following cloud service models is most suitable
for the start-up.

a. Only SaaS
b. Neither PaaS nor IaaS
c. Both PaaS and IaaS can be adopted
d. Neither SaaS, PaaS or IaaS

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 54

Suppose that a start-up wants to enter into online book delivery business. It wants to create the user interface
and the application by itself, but it does not have any networking or storage facility, so it wants to adopt the
cloud computing practice. In this respect, which among the following cloud service models is most suitable
for the start-up.

a. Only SaaS
b. Neither PaaS nor IaaS
c. Both PaaS and IaaS can be adopted
d. Neither SaaS, PaaS or IaaS

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 55

Data security and client authentication is an issue in which of the following cloud service models?

a. SaaS
b. SaaS and PaaS
c. IaaS
d. All of them

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 55

Data security and client authentication is an issue in which of the following cloud service models?

a. SaaS
b. SaaS and PaaS
c. IaaS
d. All of them

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 56

Network, ___________________ and application level securities are the three aspects of cloud infrastructure securities.

a. Client
b. Web
c. Host
d. Wireless

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 56

Network, ___________________ and application level securities are the three aspects of cloud infrastructure securities.

a. Client
b. Web
c. Host
d. Wireless

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 57

When a new user logs into a cloud framework, the first thing that needs to be done is______________________________.

a. User should be authenticated

b. User should immediately be granted all the resources
c. User should log off
d. User should be penalized

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 57

When a new user logs into a cloud framework, the first thing that needs to be done is______________________________.

a. User should be authenticated

b. User should immediately be granted all the resources
c. User should log off
d. User should be penalized

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 15

Question No: 58

Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are mutually agreed by the client (customer) and cloud service provider (CSP) at the
beginning. With respect to SLAs, what are the views that SLAs provide?

a. Customer Point of View

b. CSP Point of View
c. Both Customer and CSP Point of View
d. Neither Customer nor CSP Point of View

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 16

Question No: 58

Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are mutually agreed by the client (customer) and cloud service provider (CSP) at the
beginning. With respect to SLAs, what are the views that SLAs provide?

a. Customer Point of View

b. CSP Point of View
c. Both Customer and CSP Point of View
d. Neither Customer nor CSP Point of View

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 16

Question No: 59

CloudAnalyst simulation tool provides GUI and is written on top of CloudSim modules.

a. Yes
b. No

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 16

Question No: 59

CloudAnalyst simulation tool provides GUI and is written on top of CloudSim modules.

a. Yes
b. No

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 8 16

 Thank
You

IIT Kharagpur Annual Review Presentation Week 6 16