Heat Transfer Models in Advanced

Materials

References:
[1] Arpaci, V. S. (1996). Conduction Heat Transfer. Addison-Wesley.
[2] Bergman, T. L., Lavine, A. S., Incropera, F. P., & DeWitt, D. P. (2011). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (7th
ed.). Wiley.
[3] Cengel, Y. A., & Ghajar, A. J. (2014). Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications (5th ed.). McGraw-
Hill Higher Education.
[4] Nomura S., Haji-Sheikh, A. (2018) Heat Transfer in Composite Materials (1th ed.), Destech Publications.
[5] Pandey, P.M., Rathee, S., Srivastava, M., Jain, P.K. (2022) Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs): Fabrication,
Properties, Applications, and Advancements (1th ed.), CRC Press.
[6] Delouei, A. A. (2023). Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer in Multi-layer Composite and Functionally Graded Structures.
University of Bojnord Publishing.
[7] Hahn, D. W., & Özisik, M. N. (2012). Heat Conduction (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
[8] Holman, J. P. (2009). Heat Transfer (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering.

Dr. Amin Amiri Delouei

1
Chapter 1: Foundations of
heat transfer (Review)

2
Heat
Heat is a form of energy transferred between systems due to a temperature
difference.
The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfers is
heat transfer.

Heat flows in the direction of

decreasing temperature.

We are normally interested in how long it takes for the hot

coffee in a thermos to cool to a certain temperature, which
cannot be determined from a thermodynamic analysis alone.

3
Mechanism Of Heat Transfer

Heat transfers in three ways:

– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation

4
Conduction
How are the particles arranged in a solid, a liquid and a gas?

solid liquid gas

Particles that are very close together can transfer heat

energy as they vibrate. This type of heat transfer is called
conduction.
5
Conduction
Conduction is heat transfer by means of molecular agitation
within a material without any motion of the material as a
whole. Higher speed particles will collide with the slower ones,
with a net transfer of energy to the slower ones

6
Fourier's law
One-dimensional heat transfer by conduction

Heat transfer rate (W)

The minus sign shows that heat is
transferred in the direction of Thermal conductivity (W/m·K)
decreasing temperature.
Temperature (K)

7
Fourier's law
Heat Flux is the heat transfer rate in the x-
direction per unit area perpendicular to the
direction of transfer

Heat flux (W/m²)

Thermal conductivity (W/m·K)

Temperature (K)

8
Fourier's law
Under the steady-state conditions shown in the
Figure, where the temperature distribution is linear,
the temperature gradient may be expressed as:

9
Thermal conductivity

A simple experimental setup to

determine the thermal conductivity
of a material.

10
Thermal conductivity

The range of thermal conductivity of various

materials at room temperature.

11
Thermal conductivity

The variation of the thermal

conductivity of various solids,
liquids, and gases with temperature

Could the variation also

depend on the
coordinates?

12
Example 1-1
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having
a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/mK. Measurements made during steady-state
operation reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a wall that is 0.5 m × 1.2 m on a side?

13
Example 1-1
Solution:

14
Other Relevant Properties

Volumetric heat capacity 𝟑

Density specific heat

Thermal diffusivity

The ratio of the thermal conductivity to the heat capacity

It measures the ability of a material to conduct thermal energy relative to its
ability to store thermal energy.

respond quickly to changes in their thermal environment

𝒑
taking longer to reach a new equilibrium condition

15
Example 1-2
The bulk thermal conductivity of a nanofluid containing uniformly dispersed,
noncontacting spherical nanoparticles may be approximated by

where w is the volume fraction of the nanoparticles, and kbf, kp, and knf are the thermal
conductivities of the base fluid, particle, and nanofluid, respectively. Likewise, the
dynamic viscosity may be approximated as

Determine the values of knf, nf, cp,nf, nf,

and nf for a mixture of water and Al2O3
nanoparticles at a temperature of T=300
K and a particle volume fraction of
w=0.05.

16
Example 1-2
Solution:

17
Example 1-2
Solution:

18
Convection
Convection is the heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or
water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of
heat, carrying energy with

The particles spread out and become

less dense.

Heat
This effects fluid
movement of a liquid or
gas.

19
Convection heat transfer processes

Natural
Forced convection convection

Boiling Condensation

20
Newtons law of cooling Heat transfer rate (W)

Heat flux (W/m²)

convection heat transfer

coefficient(W/m·K)
Surface Temperature (K)

Fluid Temperature (K)

Boundary layer development in

convection heat transfer

21
Typical values of the
convection heat transfer coefficient

•The convection coefficient of

liquids is higher than gases.

•The heat transfer rate in free

convection is less than forced
convection.

•The heat transfer rate in boiling

and condensation is higher than
free and forced convection.

22
Example 1-3
A transistor with a height of 0.4 cm and a diameter
of 0.6 cm is mounted on a circuit board. The
transistor is cooled by air flowing over it with an
average heat transfer coefficient of 30 W/m2 · °C. If
the air temperature is 55°C and the transistor case
temperature is not to exceed 70°C, determine the
amount of power this transistor can dissipate safely.
Disregard any heat transfer from the transistor base.

23
Example 1-3
Solution:

24
The third method of heat transfer

How does heat energy get from the There are no particles
Sun to the Earth? between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT travel by
conduction or by convection.

Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic

waves such as visible light, UV and infrared
radiation.

RADIATION

25
Stefan Boltzmann law
The maximum radiant heat flux
emitted by a black body.

Radiative heat flux of a black body

( / ²)

Stefan Boltzmann
constant

absolute temperature (K)

of the surface

26
Black Body

• A body that absorbs all the incident radiative energy.

• The black body is an ideal emitter of radiation.
• Examples: The sun or the environment.

• Constructing a Black Body

27
Real Surface
heat flux emitted by a real surface is less than that of a blackbody.

Radiative heat flux of a real surface

The fraction of radiant energy emitted by a surface.

𝒃

An object that absorbs all incoming energy is called a perfect absorber.

An object that emits all of its radiant energy is called a black body.

28
Absorptivity ( )
The fraction of the incident radiant energy on a surface that is absorbed by
the surface.

The amount of radiant energy absorbed by the

surface ( / 2)

The total incident radiant energy on the

surface ( / 2)

• A black body is a perfect absorber.

• All the incident radiant energy is absorbed by the surface of a perfect absorber.

29
Gray Body
An object whose emissivity and absorptivity are equal.

• The radiation emitted by the surface depends on the surface

temperature.

•The radiation absorbed depends on the ambient temperature.

30
Opaque Surface
If <1 and the surface is opaque, portions of the irradiation are reflected. If the
surface is semitransparent, portions of the irradiation may also be transmitted.

31
Net rate of radiation
heat transfer
For a gray surface, the net rate
of radiation heat transfer from
the surface, expressed per unit
area of the surface, is:

𝟒 𝟒
𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒓

32
Combined Convection
and Radiation

33
Energy Conservation for
a Control Volume 𝒊𝒏 𝒈 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒕

𝒊𝒏 𝒈 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒕
𝒔𝒕 𝒔𝒕

𝒔𝒕

Total rate of mechanical and thermal energy (Watts)

𝒊𝒏 Rate of incoming mechanical and thermal energy (surface phenomena)

𝒐𝒖𝒕 Rate of outgoing mechanical and thermal energy (surface phenomena)

𝒈 Rate of mechanical and thermal energy generation (volume phenomena)

𝒈 V : Rate of heat generation per unit volume ( / ³)

𝒔𝒕 Rate of change of stored mechanical and thermal energy in the CV

34
Example 1-4
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at
25C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and
emissivity are 200C and 0.8, respectively. What are the surface emissive power and
irradiation? If the coefficient associated with free convection heat transfer from the
surface to the air is 15 W/m2K. What is the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit
length of pipe?

35
Example 1-4
Solution:

36
The Surface Energy
Balance

0
0
𝒊𝒏 𝒈 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒕

𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕

37
Example 1-5
Humans are able to control their heat production rate and heat loss rate to maintain a nearly constant core
temperature of Tc =37C under a wide range of environmental conditions. This process is called
thermoregulation. From the perspective of calculating heat transfer between a human body and its surroundings,
we focus on a layer of skin and fat, with its outer surface exposed to the environment and its inner surface at a
temperature slightly less than the core temperature, Ti =35C = 308 K. Consider a person with a skin/fat layer of
3 mm and effective thermal conductivity k = 0.3 W/m.K. The person has a surface area A=1.8 m2 and is dressed
in a bathing suit. The emissivity of the skin is ε=0.95.

1. When the person is in still air at 297 K, what is the skin

surface temperature and rate of heat loss to the environment?
Convection heat transfer to the air is characterized by a free
convection coefficient of h=2 W/m2.K.

2. When the person is in water at 297 K, what is the skin

surface temperature and heat loss rate? Heat transfer to the
water is characterized by a convection coefficient of h=200
W/m2.K.

38
Example 1-5
Solution:

39
Example 1-5
Solution:

40