DELA CRUZ, JUAN Philo 101
BSEED 1ST YEAR TthS 11-1230 am
ASSIGNED RESEARCH REPORT March 9, 2024
Chapter ___ Lesson ____ Part ____Reporter _____ Joselito R. Garciano, PhD.
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Importance of universal values.
The UNIVERSAL VALUES. Being aware of one's values helps us understand and direct our
attitudes and behaviours. Because all our important choices in life are directed by our values,
understanding these helps us understand ourselves, what motivates us and what causes us anxiety
and stress.
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FREEDOM AND FREE WILL
Freedom is widely regarded as a highly desirable component of human personalities,
interpersonal relations, and social and governmental arrangements. Despite multiple meanings,
the main types of freedom can be defined and distinguished.
Types of Freedom
Diverse freedoms contrast with different types of restrictions, limitations, or restraints that negate
them. Some freedom-inhibiting conditions are internal to persons, some external, some negative,
some positive. Joel Feinberg (1980) developed a useful four-way typology of constraints:
external positive, external negative, internal positive, and internal negative. Examples of these,
respectively, are lack of money, being handcuffed, fear, and weakness. In the free will
controversy, freedom of action equates with external freedom, both positive and negative, while
freedom of will is a variety of internal freedom.
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and-free-will
The influence of culture in moral development.
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Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people should
behave and interact with others. ... They act as prescriptions for correct and moral behavior, lend
meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving a sense of integrity, safety, and
belonging.
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Culture.
What if someone told you their culture was the internet? Would that make sense to you? Culture
is the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics shared by groups of people. Given this,
someone could very well say that they are influenced by internet culture, rather than an ethnicity
or a society! Culture could be based on shared ethnicity, gender, customs, values, or even
objects. Can you think of any cultural objects? Some cultures place significant value in things
such as ceremonial artifacts, jewelry, or even clothing. For example, Christmas trees can be
considered ceremonial or cultural objects. They are representative in both Western religious and
commercial holiday culture.
In addition, culture can also demonstrate the way a group thinks, their practices, or behavioral
patterns, or their views of the world. For example, in some countries like China, it is acceptable
to stare at others in public, or to stand very close to others in public spaces. In South Africa, if
you board a nearly empty bus or enter a nearly empty movie theater, it is regarded as polite to sit
next to the only person there. On the other hand, in a recent study of Greyhound bus trips in the
US, a researcher found that the greatest unspoken rule of bus-taking is that if other seats are
available, one should never sit next to another person. Numerous passengers expressed that “it
makes you look weird”. These are all examples of cultural norms that people in one society may
be used to. Norms that you are used to are neither right nor wrong, just different. Picture walking
into a nearly empty movie theater when visiting another country, and not sitting next to the only
person in the theater. Another person walks up and tells you off for being rude. You, not used to
these norms, feel confused, and anxious. This disorientation you feel is an example of culture
shock.
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